Life Skills | Popular Science https://www.popsci.com/category/life-skills/ Awe-inspiring science reporting, technology news, and DIY projects. Skunks to space robots, primates to climates. That's Popular Science, 145 years strong. Thu, 01 Jun 2023 18:21:04 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=6.1.1 https://www.popsci.com/uploads/2021/04/28/cropped-PSC3.png?auto=webp&width=32&height=32 Life Skills | Popular Science https://www.popsci.com/category/life-skills/ 32 32 6 clever ways to reuse silica gel packets https://www.popsci.com/environment/uses-for-silica-gel-packets/ Wed, 27 Jul 2022 16:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=458500
Opened silica gel packet on a wood countertop, ready for someone to find another use for them.
These little silica beads have a lot more uses than you may think. multifacetedgirl / Pixabay

Reduce plastic waste while keeping your prized possessions safe from moisture damage.

The post 6 clever ways to reuse silica gel packets appeared first on Popular Science.

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Opened silica gel packet on a wood countertop, ready for someone to find another use for them.
These little silica beads have a lot more uses than you may think. multifacetedgirl / Pixabay

If you’ve bought shoes, torn into beef jerky, or taken certain medication recently, you have likely handled at least one tiny silica gel packet. After briefly wondering why your new backpack contained a squishy little warning-labeled pillow, you probably chucked it into the garbage with the rest of the packaging.

Yet those little packets are as useful as they are ubiquitous, and you can find plenty of uses for silica gel around your home. It’s better to give them a second, third, or fourth life instead of sending them directly to the landfill

What is silica gel?

Before we get into alternative uses, it helps to understand why these silicone dioxide-based packets are in so many products. The jewelry-like silica gel beads are a desiccant, a category of materials used to keep products dry by attracting water to their surface (meaning they adsorb, not absorb, moisture). Their moisture-wicking power makes silica gel packets immensely appealing to manufacturers, preventing water damage to products in transit or sitting on store shelves.

Although silica beads are not gems, the porous mineral does come from the ground. Silica is harvested through a “straightforward” mining process using open pits or dredging, according to Robert Goodin, a mineral commodity specialist with the US Geological Survey’s National Minerals Information Center. He says this usually removes vegetation and disturbs the ground’s top layer, and adds that explosive charges will occasionally be used to break apart the rock.

[Related: Which expiration dates actually matter?]

“These little silica gel packets, they’re in everything, but [use in desiccation is] actually a very small percentage of what this industrial sand is used for,” Goodin explains. “It’s less than 1 percent of the eventual end use.” He estimates that over 60 percent of silica sand—similar to regular sand but with much more silica—goes to the oil and gas industry for fracking and other needs. Glass production uses up another roughly 10 percent.

“Recently, [the US has] been the top producer, a major exporter and self-sustaining in a lot of these end-uses for silica, so we have a strong silica—or industrial sand—mining industry” in this country,” Goodin says.

What happens if you eat silica gel?

Despite their ominous, all-caps warnings about consumption, silica gel packets are generally considered non-toxic. The real concern is the size of the beads—it’s pretty easy for a child to choke on the packet or the beads within it, although some beads are large enough for adults to choke on, too. Swallowing silica gel can also lead to dehydration, which could irritate your throat and nose, and cause stomach pains, vomiting, constipation, or nausea.

Even so, spending a lot of time up close with silica can lead to health problems. According to Goodin, industrial workers exposed to silica dust may develop respiratory illnesses if inhaled.

And Britta Baechler, senior manager of ocean plastics research at Ocean Conservancy, notes that some silica gel packets feature a color-changing moisture indication. These aren’t supposed to be used near food and contain a compound known as cobalt chloride, which several chemical manufacturers list as an irritant and a carcinogen.

“Overall it seems that when they do not contain cobalt chloride, silica gel packets are relatively safe to use,” Baechler says. Nevertheless, you should avoid reusing these packets for any food-adjacent uses, just in case.

How to use silica gel around your home

Even if you shouldn’t use silica gel packets around food, there are still plenty of ways to safely reuse the desiccant, but you’ll have to reactivate the packets first.

Keep meaningful papery goods safe

Passports, birth certificates, and insurance papers are all easier to use when they aren’t soaking wet. While they may survive a round in the washing machine or dryer, keeping them as dry as possible makes the most sense. Silica gel packets can do just the trick for your box of important papers.

Paper-based heirlooms—think old books, Gramma’s wedding photo album or your children’s handmade holiday decorations—are also frequently threatened by insidious moisture, leaks, or humidity. Tuck some silica packets into your memory box and breathe a little easier.

Protect—or revive—electronics

You’ll need quite a few to be effective, but keeping silica gel packets packed away with cameras, film, smartphones, video tapes, laptops, and other water-sensitive electronics and accessories can keep them safe until subsequent use. Dropped your phone or tablet in the bath? Try using a slew of silica gel packets to adsorb the water and bring the device back from its watery doom.

Keep moisture-prone areas dry

Your bathroom, basement and attic, are all places that can accumulate moisture easily. Adding silica gel packets near areas that might fog up, like windows and mirrors, can help prevent that slightly-annoying or even damaging condensation and slow down the growth of mold.

Abate rust and tarnish concerns

Metal tools, razors, or materials risk rusting if exposed to moisture. Add some silica gel packets to your toolbox, for example, to reduce that chance of exposure. You can also use the packets to mitigate tarnish or corrosion of metals, so stick some in your jewelry box, silverware drawer, or tackle box.

Dry out your travel gear

The ickiest part about swimming is figuring out how to bring home a soggy bathing suit. But storing the suit with silica gel packets can help wick that moisture away and make it easier to transport. That goes for other travel gear, too; tents, sleeping bags, and luggage can all benefit from a little less wetness.

[Related: The right way to wash your waterproof clothes]

Preserve unique, special-purpose, or expensive materials

Leather and sports gear might be fine in a bit of rain, but prolonged exposure to moisture can ruin, stain or mildew different specialty fabrics. And any boxes of seasonal clothing or items you only use once a year (think: holiday sweaters and decor) might get wet long before you open them up and realize it. Silica gel packets tucked into pockets and between layers of fabrics can adsorb water before anything is ruined. Other water-sensitive materials such as seed packets can benefit from nearby silica gel packs, and you can even speed up drying flowers with silica. 

What happens to silica beads in the environment?

For most silica gel packets, a single use is all they’re likely going to get. Still, the packets that encase the silica gel beads are a relatively understudied source of single-use plastic pollution, Baechler explains.

“By function, [silica gel packets are] a desiccant,” Baechler says. “So if these packets are being dumped into waterways, or even onto land, it can dry out whatever environment ends up in, which can be problematic.”

[Related: How to go zero-waste at the grocery store]

Additionally, silica works as an insecticide for indoor and outdoor uses in powdered form on “stored grain, other food, feed and ornamentals; in food handling areas; and on pets and their living/sleeping quarters,” according to a US Environmental Protection Agency fact sheet.

“That means it’s being applied in an environmental setting,” Baechler adds. “I would surmise that if silica is used in this way and released into the environment, especially in large quantities that could have some impacts in terms of water retention in ecosystems and, perhaps, impacts on [animal and plant life] as well.” 

For now, at least, the environmental effects of silica gel are uncertain, but we think it’s better to be safe than sorry.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on July 27, 2022.

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The best way to relieve sore muscles after a brutal workout https://www.popsci.com/health/relieve-sore-muscles/ Thu, 01 Jun 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=544167
White-skinned person pouring ice cubes into bath with a dark-skinned person recovering after a workout. Illustrated in orange, white, and black.
Ice might numb the pain after a workout, but it won't fix what's causing it. Julia Bernhard

Put down the massage gun and step away from the treadmill.

The post The best way to relieve sore muscles after a brutal workout appeared first on Popular Science.

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White-skinned person pouring ice cubes into bath with a dark-skinned person recovering after a workout. Illustrated in orange, white, and black.
Ice might numb the pain after a workout, but it won't fix what's causing it. Julia Bernhard

BEING SORE SUCKS. Anyone who’s exercised to an extent can probably complain about the stiffness, pains, or—worse—injuries the next day. But as annoying as the achiness gets, it’s a critical part of the recovery process

Under your skin, the all-important muscle fibers that push and pull bones to move you around tear slightly during a workout—a phenomenon called microtrauma. Combined with inflammation, these tiny ruptures may cause soreness, which your body alleviates by replacing the cells around the wound.

There are actually two kinds of muscular soreness that you feel after a workout, and they come from different sources. The microtrauma-based discomfort is known as DOMS, short for delayed-onset muscle soreness. You might feel it most between 24 and 48 hours after the workout—and for as long as three to five days. The other type, acute muscle pain, happens after you overwork your body. These pangs go away in about a day or two, just in time for the DOMS to peak. 

So are there surefire ways to get rid of your soreness? Not exactly. The problem is that to ease the aches, your body has to heal the microtears, which isn’t a process you can speed up. There is some good news, though: A solid post-workout ritual could have a placebo-like effect on your mind, blunting some of the pain you feel. And there could be other perks too.

For example, stretching does not lead to faster recovery, but it does make you more flexible and less prone to injury in the future, especially during high-intensity workouts. And while warm-ups don’t help with the healing process either, they do raise your heart rate, preparing you for the sudden jump in activity. 

Then there are the various salves, tools, and self-care schemes people try. A few studies show that proper use of compression gear could confer some benefits for blood flow and enzyme production. Some gymgoers pregame the pain with anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and ibuprofen, though they have no proven power against soreness. Elite swimmers might tolerate the bruises that come with cupping therapy—without any science to confirm the benefits of the practice. Even ice baths and far-infrared saunas (featuring high heat and low humidity) have minor, inconsistent results, according to researchers.

In general, getting a massage a day or two after a workout offers short-term relief for muscle tenderness. You will likely feel a little worse with a pair of hands or a percussive therapy device kneading into you, but as soon as it’s done, your pain will be more manageable for the next few hours. In certain circumstances, massages might even help reduce inflammation and DOMS.

There are three surefire things you can do, however, to soothe your soreness a bit. The first is to rest. Your body needs time to rebuild your muscle fibers, so getting a good night’s sleep and using the sore body parts less when you’re awake will help you recover faster. Weightlifters know this well and will work a different muscle group each session. If you’re a regular at the gym, commit to triceps one day and focus on a different group (biceps, maybe) the next.

The second is to make sure you’re eating well. Your body requires nutrients like proteins and carbohydrates to patch up your muscles, so enjoy a big bowl of pasta or a tall glass of chocolate milk a few hours after training. 

The third thing you can do is keep at it. DOMS hits harder when you try a new form of exercise because your body is not used to the strenuous activity. The first time will always be the most painful. But if you set a schedule and habit around the workouts you like best, it should hurt less after you crush all your reps. 

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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Why you should sleep naked tonight, according to science https://www.popsci.com/health/benefits-of-sleeping-naked/ Thu, 01 Jun 2023 10:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=544970
Baby sleeping naked in a white hammock
The secret to more youthful skin? Skip the pj's. Deposit Photos

Rest easy in your birthday suit.

The post Why you should sleep naked tonight, according to science appeared first on Popular Science.

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Baby sleeping naked in a white hammock
The secret to more youthful skin? Skip the pj's. Deposit Photos

Love it or hate it, sleeping naked hits different. Not only is it less laundry to wash, but taking off those pajamas can do wonders for your health. While you may feel self-conscious at first, the openness of resting in the nude can actually boost your confidence and help you look your best self. 

There’s no right or wrong way to get ready for bed—it’s all a matter of preference. And while nakedness won’t miraculously cure all your sleep problems, experts say there are some modest benefits to going au naturel.

1. Younger-looking skin 

James Walker, a medical advisor for the healthcare platform Welzo, says sleeping without clothes gives your skin an opportunity to breathe, allowing for better airflow. He explains that clothes, especially tight-fitting ones, can restrict blood circulation, making it harder for your skin to receive vitamins and minerals needed for collagen production. Certain materials also might add to your discomfort in bed. Aditya Kashyap Mishra, a sex educator and relationship expert for Lustyboy, says synthetic fibers like spandex and nylon trap moisture in your skin—the added heat can make it hard to fall asleep. Other synthetic fabrics and pajamas with dyed cotton may cause skin irritation and acne from the fabric rubbing against you.

[Related: 5 surprising beauty benefits of running]

Tossing and turning from wearing the wrong clothing can affect your quality of sleep and your skin. The body makes collagen during sleep, which is essential for supple and younger-looking skin. Research shows that getting less than the recommended seven hours of sleep for adults increases skin aging and slows down recovery from sun damage.

2. A cooldown for your body

As you might expect, sleeping with your skin exposed helps regulate your temperature at night, says Walker. The drop in body temperature can prevent overheating—a real concern in summer and in places where winter is virtually non-existent. Research shows that feeling extremely hot at night increases wakefulness. Even if you manage to land some shut-eye, it will likely be less restorative with shorter cycles of slow-wave sleep and REM sleep. 

Feeling colder, on the other hand, can also help you fall asleep faster. Your body temperature is synced up with the light-dark cycles outside; it normally falls when the sun goes down. A lower body temperature from sleeping nude tells your biological clock it’s time to shut down.

3. Fewer fungal infections

Fungi and bacteria thrive in warm and damp areas like your nether regions. Mishra explains that trapped sweat from moisture-wicking clothing increases the risk of microorganisms building up, resulting in yeast infections and jock itch. Jock itch can also come from constant friction from clothes. Stripping down to nothing will allow more air circulation and keep your intimate parts from getting overheated.

4. Better emotional intimacy

Skin-to-skin contact between partners can strengthen your relationship. Research shows touching among consenting adults releases the “love hormone” called oxytocin. This chemical reduces stress and encourages openness and social bonding with others. One US marketing poll of more than 1,000 adults found that 57 percent of couples who regularly snoozed in the nude were happy in their relationship compared to 48 percent of pajama wearers. Getting used to baring it all in front of a partner can counteract self-consciousness of how you look in bed. Mishra says this openness is a huge stress reliever, and the added relaxation can help you sleep better.

What if you want to sleep in clothes?

If you’re still not convinced about sleeping naked, there are other ways to improve your slumber. Avoid tight or constricting apparel that would restrict your movement, irritate your skin, or otherwise cause discomfort. Walker recommends going to bed in loose-fitting and breathable fabrics like cotton or bamboo, or one simple layer like an oversized T-shirt and shorts to avoid overheating.

[Related: 11 ways to sleep better in unbearable heat]

There’s nothing wrong with slipping on a pair of socks before bed, Walker adds. Some people find it comforting and helpful in keeping their feet warm, especially during colder seasons. However, he warns against sleeping in socks that are too tight as they could restrict circulation. 

Whether you go to bed nude or in clothes, you should always remove your makeup and any heavy jewelry. Snoozing with makeup on can clog pores and lead to future breakouts. “It’s best to cleanse the face thoroughly before sleeping to allow the skin to breathe and regenerate,” advises Walker. Additionally, laying down in chunky necklaces, bangles, and other jewelry can be painful and might even leave abrasions on the skin.

“Ultimately, the key is to prioritize comfort and choose sleepwear that allows for optimal relaxation,” Walker says. “It’s always a good idea to listen to your body and make choices that help you feel comfortable and at ease during sleep.”

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Don’t feed ducks bread. Here’s what to give them instead. https://www.popsci.com/animals/what-to-feed-ducks/ Thu, 15 Jul 2021 01:03:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=380041
A male and a female mallard duck in some green grass by some bushes.
They look hungry. Nikolay Tchaouchev / Unsplash

Don't give crackers to the quackers.

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A male and a female mallard duck in some green grass by some bushes.
They look hungry. Nikolay Tchaouchev / Unsplash

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Countless movies, TV shows, and even comics depict the age-old tradition of feeding bread products to ducks at the park. But don’t be fooled: this stereotype is actually an unhealthy practice that could lead to malnourishment and other health problems for these epicurean waterfowl.

But if you’re an animal lover determined to feed your local park’s residents, there are several healthy alternatives. Before you go stock up on snacks, though, always make sure you’re allowed to feed the critters in question—some areas’ rules are more lenient than others.

What to feed ducks (and other waterfowl)

The best advice we can give about feeding ducks (or other types of park fowl like swans and geese) is to imitate the types of food they naturally eat in the ponds and fields they call home. This means vegetables and nutritious grains work well, while processed “human” foods do not. Even though bread is typically made from grains, the breadmaking process renders it very filling with a relatively low amount of nutrients, two factors that can lead to malnourished ducks. Instead, try to stick with snacks that haven’t been highly processed.

For vegetables, the most important consideration is making sure that the bits and pieces you offer are small enough for waterfowl to handle. Ducks and their relatives aren’t great at chewing—while their bills help break down food, they don’t have teeth, at least in the traditional sense. Cut salad greens, vegetable peels, nuts, grapes, and other produce into small pieces before you toss them to these birds.

[Related: Why do ducks have orange feet?]

A bag of frozen mixed peas, corn niblets, and carrot pieces is one of the best options for waterfowl: these veggies are nutritious, affordable, and small enough for ducks to eat whole. Grains like oats, rice, and seeds make good waterfowl chow for the same reason. Even better, many of these little morsels will float on your local pond, keeping them easily accessible to ducks. Big chunks of food that sink to the bottom aren’t as useful.

If you’re looking to get fancy, you can also drop a couple more dollars on a bag of specially formulated waterfowl food. These pellets, available online or at your local pet store, are typically fed to pet birds and farm animals. These bite-size bits may not float on water, though, so test a few handfuls near the water’s edge before you start a feeding frenzy. This designer food may be best served up on the banks.

Other tips for feeding ducks

No matter how eager they are for a human-provided snack, your local park’s resident fowl are almost certainly not going to go hungry without you. Most ducks are perfectly capable of foraging for insects, plant life, and other nutrition sources on their own. That means you don’t need to feel bad if some of them miss out on the feast. In fact, overfeeding waterfowl can cause a host of problems, from teaching them to rely on human handouts to throwing off their natural nutritional balance. When in doubt, it’s better to stop feeding the birds sooner than you’d like than it is to feed them too much.

If you suspect a particular duck, goose, or swan may be unable to feed itself after you leave, it’s time to call in professional help. Waterfowl that live in parks are susceptible to a host of dangers from the human world, ranging from vehicle strikes to lead poisoning. Feeding them may be a temporary kindness, but it’s not a sustainable solution. If you see a bird having difficulty moving around or visibly in distress, contact your local wildlife specialists right away.

What to leave at home

If you grew up feeding bread to ducks at the park, don’t worry—it didn’t kill them. Bread is a lot like candy: it tastes good and provides some short-term energy, but it doesn’t contain many nutrients and too much of it can lead to poor health. It’s best to avoid these other food groups, too, as some are not safe to feed ducks and other waterfowl:

  • Bread products like stale donuts, crackers, and breadcrumbs—these simply aren’t healthy.
  • Any dairy products like cheese cubes or ice cream—ducks cannot digest these properly.
  • Any plants or foods from the nightshade family—this includes eggplants, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, and some types of flowers and foliage. Parts of these plants can be highly toxic to ducks.
  • Salty or sugary snacks—stay away from all junk food and highly processed foods.
  • Citrus fruits or spinach—these foods can hinder calcium absorption in ducks and may affect the health of their eggs.
  • Any spoiled foods—mold can be poisonous and may also damage the surrounding environment.
  • Any food packaging or non-edible items—litter not only ruins the appearance of your park, but it can also harm the animals who call it home. Be sure to properly dispose of everything you bring with you to keep your feathered friends safe and happy.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on July 14, 2021.

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How to improve your handwriting https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-improve-handwriting/ Sat, 13 Aug 2022 15:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=462376
Hand writing on notebook
Is that an A or a G?. Hannah Olinger / Unsplash

Practice will help you write pretty again.

The post How to improve your handwriting appeared first on Popular Science.

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Hand writing on notebook
Is that an A or a G?. Hannah Olinger / Unsplash

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With most of today’s written communication typed out on clackity keys or tapped out on a smudgy screen, you may not see much of a reason to improve your handwriting. But from time to time, you still need to fill out ye olde paper form, which is exactly the moment you realize your script looks, well, not great. 

It’s never too late to get better handwriting. We don’t mean calligraphy level, which would make your doctor’s office check-in forms look like royal decrees from the 1500s. We mean legible and consistent, regardless of whether you use print or cursive. 

Just like most aspects of life, you can improve your handwriting with practice. Repetition will help you gradually change your style, and you’ll eventually reach a point where letters flow naturally and beautifully from pen to paper. We can’t promise the words will make sense, but at least they’ll look pretty. 

1. Find a space and comfort

If you’ve ever struggled to sign a paper or write a note with no table or clipboard in sight, you know that comfort is of the essence when you want to jot down legible words. Start by giving yourself a fighting chance and sit down at a stable, spacious table or desk where you can write at your leisure. 

[Related: Eight great pens to match your writing style]

Keep lamps, mugs, and any decorations far from you: You want to be able to move freely without fear of knocking something down. 

2. Keep things flat

When it comes to the actual paper, it’s a good idea to keep things as flat as possible, so a loose sheet is better than a notebook. But if you hate the hassle of having random pieces of paper all over the place, the right notebook will work too. 

Avoid thick or spiral notebooks and instead opt for one with a flexible binding that you can open flat. This will prevent the heavier side of your book from trying to pull the whole thing closed, and eliminate any wrist discomfort a thick spiral may create as you approach the end of each line. Thinner notebooks will also keep your hand from losing support as you write the final lines on a page. 

3. Make the paper adapt to you

Speaking of lines, you should use some kind of guideline at this stage—it could be lines, a grid, or dots, whatever your handwriting-focused heart desires. This will help you gauge the direction of your script and the size and consistency of your letters, so we strongly recommend forgoing blank pages until you’re more comfortable with your new and improved penmanship. If you’re using loose paper instead of a notebook, you can buy lined, gridded, or dotted paper—or you can download and print your own from one of several free online resources

Next, find a paper layout angle that suits your writing. Don’t fall for the notion that the only correct setup is vertical, as that can force your hand and wrist to adopt an unnatural writing position, which could lead to pain and even injury. There’s absolutely no shame in positioning your sheet of paper or notebook at a 45-degree angle or even a totally horizontal alignment. The best way to find out what angle works for you is to start with your paper laid vertically and then rotate it to the left (if you’re right-handed) or the right (if you’re left-handed) until you’re comfortable. This is why having a spacious surface to write on matters, as you won’t want to knock down any desk trinkets while you play around with your paper. 

Take as much time as you need to ensure your setup is to your liking. You’ll find this will not only help you improve your handwriting but it will also be relaxing. You’re welcome. 

4. Find the right tool 

Now, to the fun part: get a pen you like. If you’re a leftie, stay away from broad-nibbed fountain pens that might dispense a lot of ink with each stroke—you’ll likely end up with smudged words all over your page as your hand crosses your freshly printed letters. Gel pens and ballpoint pens are usually quick-drying, so starting there is a good idea. Righties don’t have to think about anything—the world is built for you. 

The best way to know if a pen is right for you is to try it. If you can, go to a stationery store and take your time sampling the pens there—write a couple words on the provided pads and see how each pen feels. Maybe buy two or three to keep testing at home. If you have no idea where to start, you can always give some fan favorites a test drive. 

Many people swear by the Pilot G-2, for example. It comes in several formats, but the tried-and-tested version has a built-in grip, is retractable, uses quick-drying gel ink, and comes in myriad colors. If you want to go with a classic, try BIC’s Cristal or Round Stic pens. You’ve probably written with these a million times before, and they’re a staple because of how comfortable and reliable they are. Some more ideas: Uniball’s Signo, Pentel’s RSVP, Sakura’s Pigma Micron, or any gel pen at Muji. These are all inexpensive writing tools with their own fan bases, so you should be able to find something that works among them. 

If you want to try your hand at fountain pens, start with something designed for beginners that—hopefully—is compatible with disposable ink cartridges, or even comes pre-loaded with ink. This will prevent you from having to buy a bottle of ink and a refillable cartridge, unless you’d really like to. Pilot’s Kakuno or Schneider’s Ray fountain pens are solid, inexpensive choices—they’re light and comfortable, and can prepare you to move on to more serious fountain pens in the future. 

5. Calibrate your pace and grip

You’ve got your tools and your setup—it’s time to write. Start by filling between a half and a whole page with fresh handwriting. It can be anything: a story, your train of thought, or the transcription of a song you like. 

When you write, do it at a normal pace (not too fast, not too slow) and mind your hold on the pen. If your nails are white from the force you’re exerting, your grip is too strong—relax your hand and try again. This is important because an excessively strong grip will lead to pain and discomfort, which can result in hand and wrist cramping, as well as injury. On top of that, pain will also affect the consistency of your handwriting and eventually deter you from putting pen to paper at all, rendering this whole process useless. 

Once you have a comfortable grip, check it every few minutes and correct it if you need to. If you’re having trouble controlling your pen, you can always change your tool or try a pen grip—one of those small rubber tubes that slip right onto your pen or pencil for better control. 

6. Analyze your writing

When you’re done writing your practice page, take a look at your handwriting and analyze it. Pay attention to spacing, the slant of your letters, their height, their form, and where they are in relation to the guidelines you used. The most important element you’re looking for is consistency and legibility, so go through your lines and highlight which words and letters differ most from the rest, and which could be misread. 

These are the elements you’ll need to focus on to improve your handwriting. No matter if you do cursive, print, or a combination of the two, you want a style that anybody can read clearly, is mostly the same across the page, and has letters that look more or less consistent. This doesn’t mean your handwriting should be perfect or resemble words on a screen (let alone calligraphy)—your handwriting is unique to you and you should embrace it as such. 

If there are aesthetic elements you want to change, or if you want to alter the way you write altogether, draw inspiration from others. A quick web search will turn up thousands of handwriting enthusiasts sharing their own pristine note pages. Take a look at them, find what you like (loose elements or entire styles), mimic it, and make it yours. 

7. Practice, practice, practice

You knew it would come to this. Repetition is key to learning, and only writing, writing, and more writing will get your body used to the changes you want to make to your personal script. 

A helpful way to practice is by making your exercises a part of your everyday life. You can do this by taking up a hobby like journaling or meditative writing. This will give you the opportunity to sit down for a couple of minutes each day and put your growing skills to good use. 

If you’re not into journaling, you can just set aside some time to practice every day. Find books, poems, and songs you like, and transcribe them. You can also write down your own train of thought if you can keep up with it. Your writing doesn’t have to be good, or even make sense—the point is to write, and as long as you’re putting words together, you’re getting some practice. 

On top of that, take every opportunity you have to write instead of typing. Keep notepads and pens around your desk and home, and pick them up to write reminders, and lists. If time is not an issue, forgo emails and opt for writing a letter or sending a postcard instead. It’s not only extra practice, but it’s a nice, old-fashioned thing to do and people love it.

A reminder: take your time and be patient. Speed will come once your hand learns the movements you’re teaching it. The more you write, the faster and more organically your lines will come. In the meantime, focus on form and consistency. From time to time, take a moment to analyze your handwriting to see how much you’ve progressed and what you still need to improve. Don’t forget about your grip, either, and check on it often to see if you need to loosen up. 

8. Get some help

If you’re having trouble analyzing your own handwriting or what exactly you need to change, there are people who will do that for you. There are many courses (online and otherwise) that can teach you how to improve your handwriting and where to start. 

[Related: Turn your handwritten documents into searchable digital notes]

For the more independent learners, there’s also a lot of practicing material online, like worksheets and guides, that you can download at a cost or even for free. Some of them have slanted lines that can help you keep your angles consistent, and some of them have full instructions on the best ways to join letters and use spacing. 

It bears repeating: handwriting is not calligraphy, and it’s as unique to you as your fingerprints. It doesn’t have to be perfect, and it doesn’t have to look like someone else’s, so make embracing the chaos part of your process. 

Also, you should enjoy this—keep it fun and relaxing. If at any point it’s not, you can change it. Or you can try to find pleasure in filling out terribly formatted forms on your phone. Whatever works for you.

This post has been updated. It was originally published on August 13, 2022.

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The 6 essential parts of an effective workout https://www.popsci.com/health/basic-workout-routine/ Tue, 30 May 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=543866
Person with dark skin and short hair jumps rope while pregnant person with light skin and hair in a bun squats and lifts dumbells. Illustrated in orange, black, and gray.
Working out and winning. Julia Bernhard

Cardio or lifting? Why not both?

The post The 6 essential parts of an effective workout appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person with dark skin and short hair jumps rope while pregnant person with light skin and hair in a bun squats and lifts dumbells. Illustrated in orange, black, and gray.
Working out and winning. Julia Bernhard

MOST PEOPLE have a certain mindset when it comes to working out: They tend to stick to a familiar plan and will push their bodies to the brink to achieve their fitness goals. But a healthy exercise routine has several building blocks—and a surprising number of them depend on what you do outside your regular sweat sessions. 

Warm-up

Activities that prepare you for your main fitness practice can serve two primary purposes: reducing injury and improving performance. Warm-ups hit those marks by increasing blood flow, ramping up muscle and core temperatures, and disrupting the temporary connective tissue bonds that can make you feel tight and sore. This leads to performance-enhancing benefits like faster muscle contraction, better reaction time, greater muscle strength, lower muscle resistance, and more oxygen for your cells. Warm-ups should last at least 5 minutes and top out at 15 minutes, depending on the length and difficulty of your routine: They usually include stretching and a slow increase in exertion.

Cardio

Frequent exercise that raises your heart rate to your target zone has been shown to benefit cardiac health (though there is some evidence that consistent physical effort at this level, like during marathon training, could have negative effects). It can decrease the risk of developing and dying from heart conditions. Not only that, but cardio workouts are also associated with lower blood pressure and the suppression of atherogenesis, the buildup of fatty plaque in blood vessels that can lead to coronary artery heart disease.

Strength training

Weightlifting isn’t just for people who want to get ripped: It has more significant benefits, particularly as you age. For one, targeted muscle building can reinforce joints like knees, ankles, and hips. That offers better support for your body, which helps lower the chances of falls and injuries. Contrary to popular belief, strength training also promotes greater mobility and flexibility; plus it boosts brain health and cognitive abilities like processing speed, memory, and executive functioning.

Hydration

You have to stay hydrated before, during, and after your workout. Exercise depletes the body’s fluids, particularly as you sweat. Dehydration degrades your performance and can also impair certain cognitive functions, including short-term memory and attention. Hydrating sometimes alleviates fatigue and increases reaction time. Overall, drinking water when you feel a need, rather than on a fixed schedule, can improve performance measures like duration and speed. It’s possible to drink too much water (a potentially fatal situation known as hyponatremia), so take small sips rather than chugging a bottle all at once.

Cooldown 

Just as you don’t want to dive straight into your routine, you don’t want to end it abruptly. Build in some time to slow your roll and bookend your warm-up. An active cooldown in which you do something similar to your workout but at a lower intensity, like a light jog after a long run, can solidify the results from exercising and prep you for your next routine. Bonuses include accelerated recovery of lactate in blood, partial prevention of immune system depression, and faster recovery of the cardio­vascular and respiratory systems.

Rest days

Taking days off between workouts is a crucial part of any fitness routine. Studies indicate that rest is necessary for the body to recover: When exercise and exertion sap your energy stores and fluids, relaxation gives you time to replenish them. You need at least 24 hours to fully replace the carbohydrates in your muscles, which are important for maintaining an adequate level of glycogen and stabilizing blood sugar. Rest days help prevent overtraining syndrome too. The illness mostly comes up in competitive runners and elite athletes, with symptoms like fatigue, sleep loss, and depression. 

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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5 ways to ensure your cat actually likes playtime https://www.popsci.com/diy/cat-play-tips/ Tue, 30 May 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=544187
Tabby cat on hardwood floors playing with a fabric toy resembling a mouse
Good kitties deserve some prey at the end of every play session. cottonbro studio / Pexels

These science tips can help you find and make toys your furry friend will enjoy.

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Tabby cat on hardwood floors playing with a fabric toy resembling a mouse
Good kitties deserve some prey at the end of every play session. cottonbro studio / Pexels

Play is crucial for the social, physical, and cognitive development of many species, and even though cats are largely solitary creatures, they still need plenty of it. But people who are new to felines might not know what playtime actually looks like for these furry fellows.

Learning how to keep your cat properly stimulated is an essential part of sharing your home with them, and science can provide a couple of clues on where to start. Everyone in your household will benefit from it.

Your cat is a natural-born killer

“​​Let’s keep in mind one thing: playing for cats is very similar to predation,” says Carlo Siracusa, cat owner and associate professor of clinical behavioral medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. 

[Related: Outdoor cats are deadly—and not just for birds and squirrels]

He explains that despite their size and cuteness, cats are deadly hunters who would naturally kill 15 to 20 prey in a day. That’s why it’s important to stimulate them with activities that mimic predation.

Use toys like a string wand with a fake mouse three to four times a day in brief intervals, Siracusa says, and make sure to end every play session by letting your cat put something in their mouth. It will be a satisfying outcome for all their efforts. 

Offer predatory puzzles 

An important lesson all predators learn is figuring out how to get prey out of their burrows. This process, just like putting a puzzle together, stimulates your cat’s brain and keeps them happy and healthy. Siracusa recommends toys like these mice-shaped treat dispensers you can hide around the house. 

You can achieve a similar puzzle-solving effect by cutting out holes in an old plastic container, or a shoe or cardboard box, and filling it with toys. Cats can then reach in and figure out how to get their treats out through the openings. 

Watch TV and play videogames with your cat

Your cat also likes their screen time, so make sure you give it to them. It doesn’t need to be special-made cat TV: online videos showing birds flying around a forest can prove quite entertaining. 

If you have a tablet, there are apps specially designed for cats that you can download in lieu of a physical toy. For example, Cat Fishing 2 (available for Android and iOS) will turn the screen on your device into a pond with one, two or three fish that will disappear as your cat taps them with their paws. There are many apps out there that do the same with mice and birds if the fish aren’t alluring enough.

Trying and failing to catch intangible prey, like fish in a digital pond or a bright red dot on the wall, can be furr-straiting for your kitten, so be sure to reward them with a few treats or some wet food on a spoon.

Give your cat some safe space to climb on

Cats sometimes jump up on the counter, knocking off potentially delicate items as they do so. But try not to be mad—it’s their natural instinct. 

“Cats tend to go high because they are prey, and observing the world from a vantage point makes them feel safer,” Siracusa explains. The floor of a busy household also brings with it the possibility of being stepped on, so allowing cats some height can be comforting. A cat tree, a cheap bookshelf, or a similarly safe place to perch will do the job. 

And if even after getting them their own observation deck your chronic climber keeps breaking your expensive porcelain collectibles, don’t punish them. It sure must be annoying to say goodbye to every fragile belonging you own, but Siracusa warns against disciplining your cat for something that’s natural to them—it can lead to aggressive behavior toward you.

You have a cat toy store right at home

Experienced cat owners know that nearly anything can be a toy for their fur babies. From cardboard boxes or crumpled papers, felines can find fun in the most mundane objects. So before you spend your paycheck at the pet store, here are some items that your cat will love and you probably already have at home. 

Toilet paper rolls

Before throwing them into the recycling bin, let your cat play with your old used-up toilet paper rolls. You can decorate them with large pom poms to make them interesting, but make sure they’re big enough so that your feline friend can’t swallow them.

Knotted up t-shirts

Cut up an old t-shirt into squares and tie a knot in the middle of each one to make them look like bowties. Throw them around and watch your cat chase them, or hide them in a box with holes so they can try to get them out. To make things more interesting, you can also pack the fabric with some catnip before knotting it.

Crumpled paper and ping-pong balls

Place crumpled paper or ping-pong balls in a shoebox with holes to make a puzzle toy. If you want, you can also throw them around the house and let your cat chase them down.

Think like a cat

To understand how to best interact with your cat, remember that they have a unique personality, and like to socialize on their own terms. 

“​​I would remind people that cats are what we call a ‘non-obligate’ social species,” says Siracusa. This means they can have a social life and share it with humans and other animals, but they’ve only evolved to learn how to do so recently. Their ancestors were solitary creatures, he explains. 

[Related: We’re surprisingly bad at reading cats’ facial expressions]

For a cat, an ideal environment is one where there’s always the option to engage socially and playfully, but where they can also abstain if they want to. Attempting to force a cat to play or preventing this type of activity when needed, may lead to adverse behavior, such as seclusion and aggression.

Keep you and your cat safe

Just as you would do with dogs and babies, don’t give your cats anything they could choke on. Swallowing something they shouldn’t could lead them to unnecessary surgery or even death. 

“If your cat has the tendency to chew on fabric or any other type of fiber or strings, then keep this stuff out of sight,” Siracusa says. That means behind closed doors. Remember—cats can jump. 

Contrary to popular belief, loose strings and yarn can also be dangerous to cats, especially kittens: they can get caught in it or potentially ingest it and asphyxiate. Keep yarn wrapped up tightly when using it as a cat toy, and if your furry buddy is on the younger side, always keep an eye on them during playtime.

But your cat is not the only one you should be careful with. Don’t use your body as a toy when playing with cats. It goes without saying that their sharp claws and teeth can scratch your skin, and those cuts mixed with cat saliva can lead to infection. 

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A scientific guide to clouds, even the ones that look like udders https://www.popsci.com/environment/types-of-clouds/ Mon, 29 May 2023 23:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=544239
Mammatus types of clouds over a lighthouse and rocky coast
Mammatus clouds over St Mary's Lighthouse in England. Moo. Owen Humphreys/PA Images via Getty Images

Some clouds have weird names and funny features. You should learn them.

The post A scientific guide to clouds, even the ones that look like udders appeared first on Popular Science.

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Mammatus types of clouds over a lighthouse and rocky coast
Mammatus clouds over St Mary's Lighthouse in England. Moo. Owen Humphreys/PA Images via Getty Images

When you look up at the clouds, what do you see? A blob, a wisp, perhaps an elephant-shaped clump. It’s fun to get creative with the descriptions, but scientists have a formal classification system that can be useful to the everyday cloud watcher, too. We’ve made a field guide to types of clouds, so next time you’re enjoying a day outside, you can put your newfound knowledge of the skies to work.

What’s in clouds and their names?

Clouds are made up of droplets of water or tiny ice crystals floating in the planet’s atmosphere. They hold clues about the weather—like if it’s going to rain, snow, or worse—and the interesting physical and chemical cycles churning through the air.

“They are such an amazing feature of Earth that are simply fun to look at and study,” says Vanessa Maciel, an atmospheric scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles. Clouds are shaped by the many changing characteristics of the atmosphere: temperature, moisture, winds, and more. 

[Related: Make your own weather station with recycled materials]

Just like animal species, climate scientists have a system for naming clouds with genera, plus smaller subdivisions of species and varieties. These designations are based on their shape, appearance, and how high they are in the atmosphere. Each genus of clouds can be described as one of four main shapes, first categorized in 1803: cirro-form, cumulo-form, strato-form, and nimbo-form. Cirro-type clouds are the thin wisps; cumulo-type clouds are huge and fluffy; strato-type clouds are wide and flat layers; and nimbo-type clouds are the quintessential gray rain clouds. 

The astonishing diversity of clouds might seem overwhelming to a beginning cloud-gazer, but Maciel has advice on where to start. “A great way to narrow down the type of cloud you are seeing is to first try to estimate whether it is in the lower, middle, or high atmosphere,” she says.

Cumulus types of clouds over Florida seen from space
On January 25, 2023, NOAA satellites captured an unusually long and long-lived rope cloud produced by a cold front over the Gulf of Mexico. A rope cloud is a very long, narrow band of cumulus cloud formations. NOAA

High clouds

The highest clouds are the wispiest: cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus. They generally form above 20,000 feet, and typically indicate a coming change in the winds or weather. In certain regions of the tropics, they can even indicate that hurricanes are on the way. Generally, the air gets colder higher up in Earth’s atmosphere, so cirrus and friends are made up of ice crystals that are stretched and spread by the winds, giving them their thin, strand-like shapes.

Cirrus are the thinnest wisps, whereas cirrocumulus appear more like a thin, rippled white sheet. Cirrostratus are a more homogenous sheer veil. If you see a bright halo forming around the sun, that might be the cirrostratus. When cirrus clouds stack together like ridges, almost like a rack of ribs, the variety is called vertebratus.

Nacreous types of clouds
Nacreous clouds are one of the few types of iridescent clouds. NOAA

Maciel’s favorite cloud looks a bit like a cirrus cloud, but is actually something quite different. Nacreous clouds, also known as mother-of-pearl or ice polar stratospheric clouds, are made of very cold ice. When the sun goes down they catch the light and reflect brilliant colors. “These colors occur only during sunrise and sunset, and are created by the interaction between sunlight and the cloud’s ice crystals, which are smaller than that of a standard ice cloud,” says Maciel. “They are also pretty rare as they only occur at high atmospheric altitudes and high latitudes.” Your best bet of seeing them is near the planet’s poles.

Altostratus and cirrocumulus types of clouds
Cirrocumulus and altostratus clouds at sunset near Natural Bridge State Park in Kentucky, Wild Horizons/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

Mid-level clouds

In the middle of the atmosphere, we start to see more clumps: altostratus and altocumulus. They can be found 6,500 to 20,000 feet up, and tell very different tales when it comes to weather—altocumulus often mean you’ve got a pleasant day ahead, but altostratus indicate a long bout of rain or snow. 

Altostratus appear as large, flat sheets that aren’t quite thick enough to block out the sun entirely. Altocumulus, on the other hand, look like a horde of little cotton balls scattered in the sky. You’ve likely seen a few different species and varieties of altostratus and altocumulus before, particularly cavum. This variety is a continuous sheet of cloud with a big chunk missing. Stratiformis is another common species of altocumulus, where high clouds appear like a patchy, ridged sheet. Similarly, if there are layers of cloud that cover the sun entirely, they may be a variety known as opacus.

Nimbostratus types of clouds
Nimbostratus clouds portend stormy weather. NOAA’s National Weather Service Collection

Low clouds

Many kinds of clouds start close to the ground—6,500 feet or below—and extend high into the atmosphere. These clouds are called nimbostratus, stratus, stratocumulus, cumulus, and cumulonimbus. These clouds are made up of water droplets from the surrounding warm air, creating their quintessential fluffy look.

Nimbostratus are the gray gloomy clouds that indicate rain. Stratus clouds also create gloomy days as they cover the sky in a low sheet of dingy white. Stratocumulus are somewhat similar to altocumulus, but they have a darker shadow and don’t appear quite as bright white as their higher altitude counterparts. 

Cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds are the behemoths of the bunch. Cumulus are huge white clouds reaching high up into the sky—the classic cotton balls. Cumulonimbus, on the other hand, are imposing and a bit foreboding, with a high, flat top and a promise of rain storms.

[Related on PopSci+: Cloudy with a chance of cooling the planet]

Low clouds come with some of the oddest and most interesting varieties and features. This is where tubes or vortexes appear from clouds, called tuba. They can also show—for a brief moment, anyway—a feature that looks like a set of perfect crashing waves, known as fluctus. Although the fluctus pattern looks almost too good to be true, it’s a somewhat common consequence of the physics of fluid motions. Stratocumulus clouds can also put on a cow costume: That is, they can grow little nubs on their undersides that almost look like udders, known as mamma. Cumulus clouds can even put on a hat, an accessory cloud called pileus that pops up at the top of one of these huge cloud formations.

Pileus types of clouds
The formation of a rare pileus cloud capping a common cumulus cloud is an indication that the lower cloud is expanding upward and might well develop into a storm. Jiaqi Sun/NASA

What clouds to look for now

This summer, you can expect all the fair weather clouds, plus some of the weirder ones that pop up with summer storms like pileus. “Summer usually has clear skies, unlike the overcasts typical of winter,” adds Maciel. “But as summer also has a lot of convection due to the warm surface temperature, you can expect to see cumulus clouds, which are your iconic fluffy and bright white clouds.”

Clouds are just as complex as their classifications, and they’re changing not just with the seasons, but also with the climate. As Earth’s temperature warms, the varieties we see might change, too. “In spite of their ubiquity, there is still a lot about clouds that we don’t know,” says Maciel. For now, though, see how many you can spot—and enjoy the beautiful views provided by our planet’s magnificent atmosphere.

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Pro tips for teaching a kid how to ride a bike https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-teach-a-kid-to-ride-a-bike/ Sun, 28 May 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=544168
An elderly person with short gray hair, wearing a pink shirt and jeans, with their hands on the shoulders of a kid they're teaching how to ride a bike. The child is wearing a red helmet and using a balance bike on a park path.
This kid's got a balance bike and their teacher has the right idea. Kampus Production / Pexels

This advice should make learning to ride a bike easier for you and your fledgling rider.

The post Pro tips for teaching a kid how to ride a bike appeared first on Popular Science.

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An elderly person with short gray hair, wearing a pink shirt and jeans, with their hands on the shoulders of a kid they're teaching how to ride a bike. The child is wearing a red helmet and using a balance bike on a park path.
This kid's got a balance bike and their teacher has the right idea. Kampus Production / Pexels

Learning to ride a bike is a rite of passage in many families and communities, and that means the ability to teach someone how to ride a bike is an equally important skill. The first few tries can be scary for kids, but finding the right balance, and coordination will be easier if they have a confident teacher guiding them. That’s where you come in. 

Now, it’s not entirely natural to perch atop a pair of wheels, and falling is a near-certainty until a child has found their bike legs. Challenges are part of the process, but there are a number of ways that you can help the kid you’re teaching get comfortable on two wheels with limited trouble.

Ditch the training wheels—balance bikes are best

If you’re in your 20s or older, you probably remember learning to ride a bike with clunky training wheels bolted to the back wheel. These two extra wheels got us up on the bike and learning how to pedal. But they do a terrible job teaching the hardest and most important part of riding a bike, which is balance, according to Phil Yip, a certified cycling instructor with the League of American Bicyclists who teaches with Bike East Bay and the San Francisco Bicycle Coalition. The far superior alternative, he says, is to start on a balance bike. 

Balance bikes are simple. They’re just like small regular bikes, except without pedals. Riders propel themselves forward by pushing with their feet on the ground, essentially running with the bike beneath them. New riders can walk as slow as they want while seated on the bike, and as they get comfortable, start to move faster until they naturally lift their feet and glide farther and farther. Once they’ve mastered staying upright with their feet off the ground and can turn with a combination of the handlebars and leaning, it’s easy enough for them to hop up on a regular bike and learn the nuances of pedaling, starting, and stopping. There’s often no need for training wheels at all. One study found that children who started on a balance bike learned to ride a pedal bike around 4 years old on average, while those who started on a bike with training wheels didn’t learn until they were closer to 6. 

[Related: The best bikes for kids]

I started my kids on balance bikes when they were about 2 (they’re twins), and in a couple of weeks they were zooming and gliding faster than I could keep up with on walks around our neighborhood. When we introduced pedal bikes a few months before their fifth birthday, they got the hang of riding in two short driveway practice sessions and could easily start on their own without a push a few days later. They used training wheels for a total of 30 minutes, and that was only because we bought the bikes fully assembled and they refused to wait for me to take them off before hopping on.   

Even if your kids are older, or you’re trying to teach yourself as an adult, balance bikes are a great way to start. If you can’t find a larger balance bike or don’t want to buy one, Yip suggests removing the pedals from a regular bike and lowering the seat so the rider’s feet rest flat on the ground.

Create a fun, safe space for learning

Riding can be scary at first, so it’s important that kids start off in a comfortable environment. “Start in a flat, traffic-free area, such as a park or a quiet cul-de-sac, where your child can practice without distractions or dangers,” says Peter Ballin, a former international mountain bike racer, UCI Mountain Bike World Cup mechanic, and bicycle coach out of Morzine, France. “Ideally, start them on grass so it’s softer if they fall.” They shouldn’t have to worry about navigating around dangers or running out of space. Let them focus solely on riding.

It’s also important to remember that learning new skills is uncomfortable, so don’t push kids too hard, Yip says. After all, riding a bike should be fun. If the kids aren’t enjoying it, or are getting stressed from too much pressure, they’re going to have a harder time learning. “It’s better to let the child learn at their own pace,” he says. There’s no set amount of time that it should take. In Yip’s classes, students sometimes move from a balance bike to a pedal bike in a single day, but others might take weeks or months to get comfortable with the transition—and that’s OK.  

Ballin adds that as your child improves, giving them little challenges can be a fun way to keep them engaged and pushing themselves without undue pressure. He recommends setting up simple obstacle courses for your kid to navigate, or racing against a clock to keep them motivated and excited to learn.

Don’t forget to teach safe riding habits, too

Teaching a kid to ride a bike isn’t only about guiding them through balance and pedaling. They also have to learn about safety. First is the importance of wearing a helmet anytime they’re out riding. One analysis found that wearing a helmet could reduce the risk of head injuries by 45 percent, brain injuries by 33 percent, facial injuries by 27 percent, and deaths by 29 percent. I’ve seen the value of a helmet in action—one of my kids took a pretty bad balance bike spill and landed on the road on his face. The rim of the helmet saved him from no more than a split lip. Without the helmet, I’m sure it would have been a trip to the hospital instead. 

[Related: Essential bike maintenance tips everyone should know]

Helmets are most effective when they fit properly. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has a clear and detailed document on how to adjust a helmet to an adult’s or child’s head. Basically, you want the helmet level on the head, low on the forehead, the “V” of the straps tight under the ears, and the chin strap snug enough that only a finger or two can fit under it. If a helmet is too loose, or in the wrong position, it may not do its job.  

The other important safety lesson kids need to learn are the rules of the road, both Yip and Ballin say. Make sure to teach them that they should always ride with the flow of traffic rather than against, why we stop at intersections, what stop lights and road signs mean, and who has the right of way in what situations. Even if they’re years away from being old enough to ride alone, it’s good to drill that knowledge into their heads from the start.  

Learning in a group can help kids get over their fear

If your child is struggling, or too afraid to hop on the bike, getting more people involved might be helpful, Yip says. If they have a friend, neighbor, or relative who can already ride a bike, try to get them together so your child can mimic what they’re doing. Sometimes seeing someone close to their age doing a feared activity can be all the motivation a kid needs to try something new.  

Classes are another option. In addition to providing people for your child to watch, sometimes kids need to learn from someone other than a parent or caretaker, particularly if you find yourselves getting frustrated by a lack of progress. Classes can also be a validating experience for kids who might be embarrassed that they don’t know how to ride yet, Yip says. They’ll see people of all ages who are also learning to ride, and realize that there’s no shame in not having mastered the skill yet.

And once your child is up and running on their bike, so to speak, biking groups and classes are a great way to expand their, and your, knowledge about cycling. Whether it’s getting more comfortable with street riding and racing, diving into the exciting world of BMX, or heading up into the hills for some mountain biking, there are a ton of ways to expand their skills and keep them in the saddle.

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How to get through to your aging parents without arguing https://www.popsci.com/health/stubborn-older-parents-advice-help-caretaking/ Fri, 26 May 2023 01:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=543469
Senior man and woman in wheelchair
'You don’t want to rub their nose into their incapacity.'. DepositPhotos

Empathy and a respect for autonomy are needed to care for older loved ones.

The post How to get through to your aging parents without arguing appeared first on Popular Science.

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Senior man and woman in wheelchair
'You don’t want to rub their nose into their incapacity.'. DepositPhotos

This article was originally featured on KFF Health News.

It was a regrettable mistake. But Kim Sylvester thought she was doing the right thing at the time.

Her 80-year-old mother, Harriet Burkel, had fallen at her home in Raleigh, North Carolina, fractured her pelvis, and gone to a rehabilitation center to recover. It was only days after the death of Burkel’s 82-year-old husband, who’d moved into a memory care facility three years before.

With growing distress, Sylvester had watched her mother, who had emphysema and peripheral artery disease, become increasingly frail and isolated. “I would say, ‘Can I help you?’ And my mother would say, ‘No, I can do this myself. I don’t need anything. I can handle it,’” Sylvester told me.

Now, Sylvester had a chance to get some more information. She let herself into her mother’s home and went through all the paperwork she could find. “It was a shambles — completely disorganized, bills everywhere,” she said. “It was clear things were out of control.”

Sylvester sprang into action, terminating her mother’s orders for anti-aging supplements, canceling two car warranty insurance policies (Burkel wasn’t driving at that point), ending a yearlong contract for knee injections with a chiropractor, and throwing out donation requests from dozens of organizations. When her mother found out, she was furious.

“I was trying to save my mother, but I became someone she couldn’t trust — the enemy. I really messed up,” Sylvester said.

Dealing with an older parent who stubbornly resists offers of help isn’t easy. But the solution isn’t to make an older person feel like you’re steamrolling them and taking over their affairs. What’s needed instead are respect, empathy, and appreciation of the older person’s autonomy.

“It’s hard when you see an older person making poor choices and decisions. But if that person is cognitively intact, you can’t force them to do what you think they should do,” said Anne Sansevero, president of the board of directors of the Aging Life Care Association, a national organization of care managers who work with older adults and their families. “They have a right to make choices for themselves.”

That doesn’t mean adult children concerned about an older parent should step aside or agree to everything the parent proposes. Rather, a different set of skills is needed.

Cheryl Woodson, an author and retired physician based in the Chicago area, learned this firsthand when her mother — whom Woodson described as a “very powerful” woman — developed mild cognitive impairment. She started getting lost while driving and would buy things she didn’t need then give them away.

Chastising her mother wasn’t going to work. “You can’t push people like my mother or try to take control,” Woodson told me. “You don’t tell them, ‘No, you’re wrong,’ because they changed your diapers and they’ll always be your mom.”

Instead, Woodson learned to appeal to her mother’s pride in being the family matriarch. “Whenever she got upset, I’d ask her, ‘Mother, what year was it that Aunt Terri got married?’ or ‘Mother, I don’t remember how to make macaroni. How much cheese do you put in?’ And she’d forget what she was worked up about and we’d just go on from there.”

Woodson, author of “To Survive Caregiving: A Daughter’s Experience, a Doctor’s Advice,” also learned to apply a “does it really matter to safety or health?” standard to her mother’s behavior. It helped Woodson let go of her sometimes unreasonable expectations. One example she related: “My mother used to shake hot sauce on pancakes. It would drive my brother nuts, but she was eating, and that was good.”

“You don’t want to rub their nose into their incapacity,” said Woodson, whose mother died in 2003.

Barry Jacobs, a clinical psychologist and family therapist, sounded similar themes in describing a psychiatrist in his late 70s who didn’t like to bend to authority. After his wife died, the older man stopped shaving and changing his clothes regularly. Though he had diabetes, he didn’t want to see a physician and instead prescribed medicine for himself. Even after several strokes compromised his vision, he insisted on driving.

Jacobs’ take: “You don’t want to go toe-to-toe with someone like this, because you will lose. They’re almost daring you to tell them what to do so they can show you they won’t follow your advice.”

What’s the alternative? “I would employ empathy and appeal to this person’s pride as a basis for handling adversity or change,” Jacobs said. “I might say something along the lines of, ‘I know you don’t want to stop driving and that this will be very painful for you. But I know you have faced difficult, painful changes before and you’ll find your way through this.’”

“You’re appealing to their ideal self rather than treating them as if they don’t have the right to make their own decisions anymore,” he explained. In the older psychiatrist’s case, conflict with his four children was constant, but he eventually stopped driving.

Another strategy that can be useful: “Show up, but do it in a way that’s face-saving,” Jacobs said. Instead of asking your father if you can check in on him, “Go to his house and say, ‘The kids really wanted to see you. I hope you don’t mind.’ Or, ‘We made too much food. I hope you don’t mind my bringing it over.’ Or, ‘I wanted to stop by. I hope you can give me some advice about this issue that’s on my mind.’”

This psychiatrist didn’t have any cognitive problems, though he wasn’t as sharp as he used to be. But encroaching cognitive impairment often colors difficult family interactions.

If you think this might be a factor with your parent, instead of trying to persuade them to accept more help at home, try to get them medically evaluated, said Leslie Kernisan, author of “When Your Aging Parent Needs Help: A Geriatrician’s Step-by-Step Guide to Memory Loss, Resistance, Safety Worries, and More.”

“Decreased brain function can affect an older adult’s insight and judgment and ability to understand the risks of certain actions or situations, while also making people suspicious and defensive,” she noted.

This doesn’t mean you should give up on talking to an older parent with mild cognitive impairment or early-stage dementia, however. “You always want to give the older adult a chance to weigh in and talk about what’s important to them and their feelings and concerns,” Kernisan said.

“If you frame your suggestions as a way of helping your parent achieve a goal they’ve said was important, they tend to be much more receptive to it,” she said.

A turning point for Sylvester and her mother came when the older woman, who developed dementia, went to a nursing home at the end of 2021. Her mother, who at first didn’t realize the move was permanent, was furious, and Sylvester waited two months before visiting. When she finally walked into Burkel’s room, bearing a Valentine’s Day wreath, Burkel hugged her and said, “I’m so glad to see you,” before pulling away. “But I’m so mad at my other daughter.”

Sylvester, who doesn’t have a sister, responded, “I know, Mom. She meant well, but she didn’t handle things properly.” She learned the value of what she calls a “therapeutic fiblet” from Kernisan, who ran a family caregiver group Sylvester attended between 2019 and 2021.

After that visit, Sylvester saw her mother often, and all was well between the two women up until Burkel’s death. “If something was upsetting my mother, I would just go, ‘Interesting,’ or, ‘That’s a thought.’ You have to give yourself time to remember this is not the person you used to know and create the person you need to be your parent, who’s changed so much.”

KFF Health News is a national newsroom that produces in-depth journalism about health issues and is one of the core operating programs at KFF—an independent source of health policy research, polling, and journalism. Learn more about KFF.

Life Skills photo

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The Opt Out: 10 rules for better internet etiquette https://www.popsci.com/diy/internet-etiquette-rules/ Thu, 25 May 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=543392
split screen showing phone with halo on one side, phone with horns on the other
If only good vs. bad were always this clear. Laura Pusateri for Popular Science

When it comes to privacy, sharing is not always caring.

The post The Opt Out: 10 rules for better internet etiquette appeared first on Popular Science.

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split screen showing phone with halo on one side, phone with horns on the other
If only good vs. bad were always this clear. Laura Pusateri for Popular Science

THE INTERNET is vast, and we all have our own ideas about how we want to interact with it: Some livestream their every move, while others keep their daily activities to themselves. This would be perfectly fine if we all lived on our own isolated virtual islands, but we most definitely don’t.

When we share something about ourselves online, we’re also revealing details about those around us—just ask the victims of the Cambridge Analytica scandal, or the incredibly private people who’ve had their real identities revealed by TikTok sleuths. It’s beyond time we started looking at online privacy not as a personal decision, but as a collective issue.

To keep this conversation going, the Opt Out has created a code of conduct everyone could abide by. Of course, we can’t actually control what you do online, but we can help you understand that your actions on the internet have offline consequences, often for people other than you. 

So read these rules, take what applies to your life, and share it with your friends. The more people think about how everyone’s data and personal information is connected via the web, the more attainable privacy will be for all of us. 

Consent is crucial to respecting people’s boundaries. Before you share a photo, a video, a personal story, or anything that depicts or describes someone else, ask them if they’re comfortable with you posting it. 

This includes images in which they’re featured prominently, as well as those where they’re visible only in the background, so be careful when you pan your camera—you might be unwittingly outing a secret relationship people have been speculating about for months. But it’s not only about images: You should also ask for permission when sharing written posts that include a person’s name or details that might identify them. You’ll want to be especially careful with information people might use to contact the person mentioned in your post, like their email address, phone number, location, and place of employment. You don’t want to inadvertently help stalkers get closer to their victims.  

[Related on PopSci+: When you should and shouldn’t accept a website’s cookies]

Content involving children is particularly sensitive. If you’re not the parent or guardian, make sure you ask the person who is before you hit publish. Even if they agree, consider hiding the kids’ faces as much as possible. 

Finally, just don’t post about someone who’s intoxicated, asleep, unconscious, or unable to provide clear consent. In fact, don’t take any pictures or videos of them at all—that’s just creepy.

2. Think carefully about filming or recording random people on the street

Listen, we agree with you: It’s not OK to be mean to people. And as much as you might enjoy the occasional Karen video, you should know that filming people like that is also not OK.

There can be truly good intentions behind such footage, and videos of rude people have probably made some viewers reconsider how they treat others. But once a video is online, you lose control over it. TikTok users have built followings by finding anyone they believe deserves comeuppance and calling their employer to get them fired or reprimanded. Others go even further and dox them, resulting in disproportionate consequences for them and their loved ones, including stalking, harassment, and even assault. Social media rarely makes the distinction between a truly awful person and someone who’s just making a huge mistake. 

That said, there are exceptions. Sometimes whipping out your phone and hitting record could help bring justice to a victim of assault, a hit-and-run, or even murder. Use your judgment to gauge whether you’re in an extreme situation like that and stop to think about the best way you can help—it may be filming at your own personal risk, but it may also be calling 911 or attracting the attention of other bystanders. 

And if you choose to hit that red square on your screen, you’ll have to figure out what to do with the video once you have it. In the great majority of cases, you shouldn’t publish it to social media. The harm you cause when the video leaves your control may be magnitudes greater than whatever clout, following, or emotional boost you gained by posting it. The rare exceptions include when you want to help someone but can’t contact them because they were arrested or removed in an ambulance. Even then, you may want to take some time to see if you can track them down and hand the material over personally.

Keep in mind that even in a court of law, your footage will take on a life of its own once it leaves your hands. Despite your best intentions, your video may not have the effect or result you intended it to.  

3. Don’t share one-to-one messages

As a general rule, treat all texts, photos, and videos you get through one-on-one chats and private message groups with the same care an international spy treats confidential orders from their handler. The people sending those messages meant for you alone to see them, so you shouldn’t send or show them to anybody else. The best example of this is nudes: If you get one, you can save or delete it, but that’s all.

4. Share contact information only when it’s consensual or public

A lot of people have their contact information on websites or their social media accounts. For example, you can email a PopSci writer by clicking the letter icon in their bio at the bottom of a story. This allows readers to send us comments and questions.

But that doesn’t mean other contact information is also public. If you need to disclose someone’s contact information, share only what’s publicly available on their official channels. If they have none listed, always ask them before you share their contact information: Tell them what you plan on sharing and with whom, and proceed only once they say they’re OK with it.  

5. Avoid revealing more information than you need to 

Sometimes we share more information than we think we’re sharing. Without realizing it, your long-awaited unboxing might have given all your followers your home address, and an innocent photo with your colleagues taken during lunch might have revealed your place of employment just because one person forgot to take off their badge.  

This is bad enough when it comes to your own information, let alone when it involves others. So be careful with what you share and look out for details about yourself and the people around you that reveal more than you’d like. 

Be careful with pictures featuring packing labels, official documents, license plates, and boarding passes—if you must share them, blur or cover sensitive information. Don’t forget the background—you’d be amazed at how much you can learn about someone by pausing a video and peeking at their corkboard. You should also take a good look at screenshots before posting, as they may include location data or even a rogue notification you didn’t notice popped up at just the wrong time. When taking photos near windows or outside, pay attention to landmarks, street signs, and anything else that might make your location evident. If you want to go the extra mile, consider erasing the metadata from image files before posting or sharing them online.

Finally, mind the words you use and avoid those that describe a direct affiliation with someone. Going back to that lunch with your colleagues, a sweet post about how much you like them might reveal a lot more than your appreciation for them. Just calling them colleagues reveals everyone’s place of employment (remember that one who didn’t take off their badge?) and if you mention how happy they’ve all made you for the past three years, viewers now have an approximate period of employment. It might not be a lot of information, but it accumulates with every post. 

6. It’s OK not to share your passwords with your partner. It’s also OK if you do. 

You have the right to privacy, and you don’t owe your partner unlimited access to your accounts. Lots of couples share their credentials for the sake of transparency and practicality, but that’s not necessarily a sign of a good and healthy relationship.

[Related on PopSci+: Stop choosing bad passwords, already]

Whether you share your passwords and passcodes with your significant other is your decision and yours alone. If you feel comfortable doing it and think it might make the relationship better, go for it. Just know that you should be able to keep your own space and say no if your partner asks you to open that door.

7. You’re the only one responsible for setting your boundaries

You may have someone in your life who’s very much online—the one who takes a picture of everything and posts multiple updates on social media throughout the day. So the next time you go out with this person and they whip out their phone to take a group picture, don’t just hide from the lens—take some time to have a conversation about what you’re OK with when it comes to being featured in someone else’s online posts. 

They may not understand or agree with your stance at first, and you might have to have the same conversation more than once. But you cannot expect to be comfortable going out with them if they don’t know what you want. Setting boundaries will make it easier for your friend to respect your needs and for you to enforce them. 

8.  Post about what you’re doing but not whom you’re with 

We understand if you don’t feel like having a conversation about online privacy as your food is making its way to your table. It’s a bit boring and certainly not the reason you and your friends got together. So if you haven’t had a conversation about expectations and boundaries when it comes to social presence, you should feel free to post about whatever you’re doing—just as long as you don’t disclose whom you are with.  

The idea is to include only you, the one person definitely providing consent to appear on social media. If someone else also consents, you may include them as well, but be mindful of those who opt out—don’t include them in group photos, and don’t tag or mention them. Be careful to leave out any identifying details, such as tattoos, cars, or anything that might hint at whom you’re out and about with.

Some people may be comfortable with appearing in your posts but not with you including a link to their social media account or accounts. Again, just ask them what they feel comfortable with. 

This rule also applies to other situations like contests, promotions, friends’ posts, and even using hashtags. Most social media platforms group hashtags and generally make identically tagged content easily accessible to people who may or may not be directly connected to us. For someone who wants to keep to themselves, this can be an unwanted reservoir of information about them.

Your friend’s priorities regarding privacy may have changed since the last time you saw them. Even if they frequently post to Instagram and you think they’ll have no problem with you sharing a photo, don’t assume, and always ask them before you post. 

[Related: Everything you need to cure your smartphone addiction]

Tell them what you plan to write as a caption, if you’re planning to mention them, and make them feel comfortable by showing them the picture or post before hitting publish. Give them veto power and options.

And if you’re going to make assumptions about how someone feels about popping up on your timeline, it’s always a good idea to err on the side of caution. Assume the person beside you is private and doesn’t want anything about them online, until you learn otherwise. 

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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A guide to the muscles you forget to exercise https://www.popsci.com/health/muscles-to-work-out/ Tue, 23 May 2023 13:31:04 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=542749
Person on yoga mat doing bridge exercise to work out muscles in core, neck, and back. Illustrated in red, black, white, and gray.
Find exercises that benefit multiple key muscles. Julia Bernhard

Add “tendon day” to your gym routine.

The post A guide to the muscles you forget to exercise appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person on yoga mat doing bridge exercise to work out muscles in core, neck, and back. Illustrated in red, black, white, and gray.
Find exercises that benefit multiple key muscles. Julia Bernhard

TO MAINTAIN a healthy level of physical fitness, everyone should commit to at least 30 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise or strength training a day. That’s easier said than done. With running errands, working a desk job, and fulfilling family obligations, the modern lifestyle does not leave much time for regular exercise. If you do prioritize working out, you might still be neglecting key muscle groups that support posture, movement, and overall health. Keep reading for a list of the most ignored ones, exercises to strengthen them, and the reasons you might need more variety in your routine

Healthy fitness goals

Before you start switching up your workouts, Christopher Geiser, an exercise science professor, physical therapist, and trainer at Marquette University, has a few important reminders.

First, “If you’re having trouble, don’t wait too long to get help,” he warns. Physical therapists and trainers can design a regimen specific to your needs. Everybody’s built a little differently, and unique personal histories make it difficult to give general advice. Working out various areas of the body with different types of activities is a surefire way to improve health. Remember to start off slow and careful if you haven’t exercised in a while—too much too soon might backfire on your muscles. 

Second, it’s important to know the difference between exercising for overall health and exercising for performance. “If you wanna be healthy, then you’re trying to get as variable activity with a nice even distribution of the loading across different areas as you can,” Geiser says. 

In contrast, “If you’re trying to run the Boston Marathon, you’ve got a really specific something that you’re working on and [your exercise regimen] is going to focus on that,” he explains. “And it isn’t always the most healthy for you.”

In other words, don’t sacrifice your wellbeing for better performance. “You want a balance across all of the conditioning exercises that you’re doing,” Geiser says. “And that variability across your system is probably what’s gonna give you the most bang for your buck healthwise.”

Target muscle area no. 1: Rotator cuffs

The rotator cuff is a group of four muscles and their connected tendons that attach the shoulder blade to the upper arm, stabilizing the shoulder and allowing 360-degree movement. Strengthening the area can prevent shoulder injuries, some of which can lead to permanent loss of function. 

If you already have shoulder pain or a rotator cuff injury, however, you could exacerbate it by exercising those muscles. See a medical professional for treatment instead.

Recommended exercises:

  • Doorway stretches
  • Reverse flies with dumbbells
  • Wall angels 

Target muscle area no. 2: Abdominal core and back

In addition to helping you avoid accidents from, say, moving furniture, having a strong core boosts posture, balance, and movement. Each abdominal muscle has to work in harmony to control your back and pelvis, although “you don’t necessarily need them to do a lot of your everyday activities,” Geiser says. “But when you do need them, they’re not always in shape and ready to go.” 

Recommended exercises:

  • Planks
  • Bridges
  • Deadlifts

Target muscle area no. 3: Neck flexors

These deep muscle groups rest in the front of the neck and are responsible for holding its position, contributing to posture. “We abuse the flexors when we stare at computer screens with our head forward all the time,” Geiser says. “They are notoriously weak because we haven’t built them up.” 

If you’re experiencing neck pain after staring down at a phone or laptop for a long period, it might be worth it to train these muscles. And at the same time, remind yourself to straighten out your posture while doom-scrolling on the couch or working at a desk.

Recommended exercises:

  • Supine neck retractions
  • Active assisted neck flexions
  • Supine cervical flexions

Target muscle area no. 4: Glutes

Though they get a lot of attention, the muscles underlying your butt are often improperly exercised. Strengthening your glutes helps with proper body alignment, movement, and athletic edge. Weak glutes can cause other areas of the body, such as the lower back or knees, to overcompensate when you’re walking, running, or climbing stairs. A stronger set also corrects posture and spinal alignment, reducing the risk of back pain and injuries.  

Recommended exercises:

  • Squats
  • Lunges
  • Bridges

Target muscle area no. 5: Tendons

Most casual gymgoers don’t think of flexing these parts. Tendons aren’t muscles: They’re connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones, controlling movement of the skeleton. While they’re strong and flexible, injuries can occur from overuse, repetitive strain, or aging. Tendon-specific training can improve joint health, reduce pain and stiffness, and promote speed and agility. Use two different types of exercises to strengthen them—prolonged weight holds and quick, fast contractions—but not in the same workout. Vary your routine daily to keep from overloading these crucial parts, and be sure to take at least one day off from working out each week.

Recommended exercises:

  • Eccentric movements
  • Isometric movements
  • Plyometric movements

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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How to use science to remove sticker residue https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-remove-sticker-residue/ Tue, 23 May 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=542809
Wall covered in ripped posters and stickers.
Don't let your home look like a sticker cemetery. cottonbro studio / Pexels

Choose your sticker-removing fighter.

The post How to use science to remove sticker residue appeared first on Popular Science.

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Wall covered in ripped posters and stickers.
Don't let your home look like a sticker cemetery. cottonbro studio / Pexels

If you’re reading this, you’ve either encountered several pages claiming they know exactly how to remove sticker residue, or this is your first one. Either way, we don’t think you’ll have to look further. 

There are a lot of options for getting sticker residue off of surfaces, but all of them fall under one of three types of approaches: mechanical, chemical, or thermal. Understanding how each of these works will provide you with the best chance at vanquishing your sticky enemy.

A warning before we begin: there’s no one type of adhesive you’ll find behind a sticker, so results may vary. Also, all of the following methods have caveats, and you may risk damaging the surface underneath the sticker. Use your judgment to determine the best approach in your specific case, and always do a small test in an inconspicuous area to make sure you’re not damaging the underlying material.

Pure force: the mechanical approach

What it’s good for

  • Glass
  • Metal
  • Ceramics
  • Stoneware

Examples

  • Dull plastic knife
  • Hard plastic spatula
  • Rubber eraser

Avoid using on 

  • Painted, coated, or enameled surfaces
  • Wood

You can’t always apply brute force to scratch off tacky adhesive, but sometimes you can. This is the mechanical approach. All you’ll need is elbow grease and a tool you can use to literally scrape off the sticker and most of the residue it leaves behind.

You might be tempted to use your nails, but we advise against it, as they might break or get pulled back, and you definitely don’t want that. You also shouldn’t use a tool made out of metal, like a sharp kitchen knife. Not only is it dangerous, but you could damage the surface under the sticker.

[Related: The five smells Americans hate most (and how to get rid of them)]

Instead, opt for a less abrasive tool like a dull plastic knife or a hard plastic spatula. If your sticker is paper, a rubber eraser can be incredibly useful. And before you go to town with it, try your scraper in a small, inconspicuous area. Start gently and use incremental force to see if there’s any damage to the surface beneath. The moment you notice you’re scratching more than you’d like, stop and try another approach.

Scratching is a good idea if you’re trying to get sticker residue off glass, metal, or another hard, sturdy surface. But continue to be careful, as you always risk removing way more than adhesive gunk: paint, enamel, or even a functional coating like Teflon may go with it. 

This approach is usually a great place to start, but it often won’t be enough to complete the job—especially if you reach a point where you’re not able to push that stickiness away. 

Try some molecular action: the chemical approach

When you’re dealing with a more delicate surface, you don’t want to risk damaging it. This is when you might consider the chemical approach, where you neutralize the gunky glue with a solvent—an adhesive remover. The good news is that you likely have a bunch of those in your home right now. 

Oil

What it’s good for
  • Plastic
  • Metal
  • Treated wood
  • Ceramic
  • Glass
  • Stoneware
Examples
  • Peanut butter
  • Mayonnaise
  • Cooking oil
  • WD-40
Avoid using on
  • Textiles
  • Porous materials

The first type of solvent you can try is oil. Water is a common enemy of paper and stickers, so manufacturers often use water-resistant adhesives to make sure stickers actually, well, stick to a given surface. Compounds and materials with water-resistant or hydrophobic characteristics are usually also lipophilic, which means that they are attracted to fats and combine with them beautifully. That means oily substances like peanut butter, mayonnaise, and cooking oils like canola, olive, or coconut, can act as solvents and neutralize the sticker glue. 

To use oil to remove sticker residue, choose one of the substances mentioned above and soak the surface in it, if possible. Peanut butter and mayonnaise have the added benefit of being able to hold their shape, so a dollop of either will be able to stay in place for longer, giving you more control over the affected area. If you don’t have any of these foods at home, you can also use WD-40. It’s not an oil, but the product specializes in water displacement (that’s what the “WD” is for!), so it’ll dissolve water-repellent adhesives. If gravity is working against you, use a rag or sponge to dab some oil on the sticker residue until it’s saturated. Let it sit for a couple of minutes, then use a clean rag, paper towel, or sponge with some water and dish soap to rub the residue off. The detergent will trap the fatty gunk, and the area will become squeaky clean as you rinse. 

Oils work better on non-porous surfaces because there’s nothing to absorb them, and you should absolutely not use them if you want to get sticker residue off clothes—they will definitely leave a stain. 

Alcohol, acetone, and nail polish remover

What it’s good for
  • Plastic
  • Untreated wood
  • Metal
  • Ceramic
  • Glass
  • Some textiles
Examples
  • Alcohol
  • Non-acetone-based nail polish remover
  • Acetone-based nail polish remover
  • Pure acetone
Avoid using on
  • Acetate fabrics 
  • Treated wood
  • Delicate plastics
  • Screens

But fatty substances are not the only household solvents—you might also have alcohol, non-acetone nail polish remover, or pure acetone. You can even use spirits with high alcohol percentages, like vodka or gin, though you’ll risk the area smelling like a distillery for a while. These compounds will all be able to dissolve adhesives manufacturers commonly apply to the backside of stickers. To use them to remove sticker residue, dab the area to saturate it, let it sit for a couple of minutes, and then start scrubbing. Depending on the surface, you could also use a scraping tool, should you need it. 

A word of warning though: alcohol (no matter its concentration) and acetone are powerful solvents and can be corrosive, especially on plastics and treated woods. There’s a reason specialists don’t recommend using alcohol to clean your gadgets’ screens, and if acetone can help remove an ever-resistant gel manicure, you can be sure it’ll remove a whole lot of other things, too. Finally, be careful when removing stickers from electronics, as rubbing alcohol has water in it. 

If you want to make sure you won’t destroy the surface you’ll be working on, make sure you do a patch test in an inconspicuous place. Apply the liquid you’re using with a cotton swab and let it sit for 15 to 20 minutes. Look at the surface and touch it with your fingers to make sure there’s no noticeable damage. Keep in mind there can always be damage you can’t see or feel, so if you’re dealing with a delicate material or something that might be expensive to fix, it’s better to abstain.  

White vinegar

What it’s good for
  • Plastic
  • Ceramic
  • Glass
  • Textiles
Examples
  • White vinegar
Avoid using on
  • Cast iron
  • Waxed wood
  • Aluminum
  • Stoneware
  • Marble

A gentler option in your pantry is white vinegar. Around 5 percent of this kitchen staple is acetic acid (incredibly corrosive in its pure form) and with a pH level of 2 to 3, it is a natural solvent able to dissolve a wide range of substances and materials. This is what makes it a great cleaner. Again, using vinegar to remove sticker residue uses more or less the same mechanism as the solvents above: soak a rag or paper towel with white vinegar, apply it to the sticky area, let it sit for 5 minutes or more depending on the amount of residue, and scrape off. 

But the fact that vinegar is natural doesn’t mean there are no caveats. Acetic acid is perfectly capable of damaging surfaces, so avoid using it on cast iron, waxed wood, aluminum, stoneware, or marble. That being said, if you’re working with ceramic or glass surfaces, white vinegar may be all you need to say goodbye to sticker gunk.

Vinegar is also the best way to remove sticker residue from clothes and other textiles: Saturate the area and let it sit for a few minutes, then use a toothbrush or a scraping tool to get rid of the loose adhesive. Repeat the process as necessary. If that doesn’t work, you can also try this technique with nail polish remover. Don’t use acetone, though: this strong chemical won’t just stain your clothes, it might burn a hole through them, depending on the fabric they’re made of. Some nail polish removers can stain and bleach fabrics, but it’ll depend on which one you use and the type of textile you’re dealing with. To be safe, do a patch test to make sure the solution is not worse than the problem. 

You can always burn it: the thermal approach

What it’s good for

  • Some plastics
  • Treated wood
  • Metal
  • Heat-resistant ceramics
  • Heat-resistant glass

Examples

  • Hair dryer
  • Hot water

Avoid using on

  • Electronics
  • Delicate plastics
  • Untreated wood

The thermal approach, which uses heat to neutralize sticker adhesive, is not necessarily the last option you have when everything else has failed. Instead, consider it an alternative to using solvents. Depending on the glue, heat can make an adhesive bond more prone to sliding or breaking. It can also make it weaker and easily removable by triggering a crystallization process.

When it comes to removing sticker residue, you can use temperature to your favor by submerging or carefully exposing the material to boiled water for a few minutes. Protect your hands to prevent burning them, remove the item from the water, and use the scratchy side of a sponge with some dish soap to remove the remnants. Repeat the process if necessary. 

You can also use a hair dryer: Set it to high, keep it 2 inches away, and aim it directly at the affected area for 30 seconds. Turn off the appliance and carefully try removing the remaining gunk—it’ll be hot. If you can safely touch it, use your fingers, or grab a scraping tool if it won’t damage the underlying surface. If the sticker residue won’t budge or if there’s still some left, repeat the process. 

[Related: Use citric acid to clean your dishwasher and other gross household items]

As with all the approaches mentioned above, heat has its caveats, too. For example, if you’re removing sticker residue from a metal surface, make sure to protect yourself and handle the item carefully, as it might get dangerously hot during the process. If you’re lifting adhesive gunk from glass or ceramics, make sure they’re heat-resistant, as pouring hot water on them might break them. Needless to say, hot water is not the best approach when dealing with electronics, but then again, neither is dry heat. Normally, hair dryers shouldn’t produce enough heat at a 2-inch distance to damage hard plastic surfaces, but that will depend on which one you have. To be on the safe side, keep an eye on your work and stop immediately if you see any lifting, warping, or bubbling.

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9 native grasses that will revitalize your sad, water-wasting lawn https://www.popsci.com/environment/types-of-grass-need-less-water/ Mon, 22 May 2023 10:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=542000
Pink feathery muhly grass are one the many native types of grass you plant in the US.
Native types of grass, like this colorful muhly grass, can make your lawn more colorful, sustainable, and welcoming to wildlife. Zen Rial / Getty Images

Turn your yard into a living fireworks show while saving money, time, and nature.

The post 9 native grasses that will revitalize your sad, water-wasting lawn appeared first on Popular Science.

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Pink feathery muhly grass are one the many native types of grass you plant in the US.
Native types of grass, like this colorful muhly grass, can make your lawn more colorful, sustainable, and welcoming to wildlife. Zen Rial / Getty Images

The most irrigated crop in the US isn’t a particularly tasty one. Nationwide, lawn grass takes up a total area bigger than the size of Georgia, and requires more than 300 gallons of watering per household a day. “These turf grasses have really short roots, so they require nearly a constant input of water,” says Becky Barak, a conservation scientist at the Chicago Botanic Garden and leader of the Rethinking Lawns Project.

The traditional American lawn, which often holds non-native species from Africa, Asia, and Europe, can be great for kids and dogs to run around on. But there are tons of native plantings that decrease water and pesticide use, reduce time and energy spent on mowing, absorb stormwater, and provide real habitat for wildlife. Not to mention, they make an incredible backdrop in the process. “Some native grasses can be mowed to look more like traditional turf grasses,” Barak says. “But then there are others that are beautiful and can add so much visual appeal and a totally different look.”

[Related: What to consider before ripping out your lawn]

When it comes to choosing types of grass, there are thousands of choices. “They can be all different colors of the rainbow,” Barak says. That might sound overwhelming, but don’t worry—you can narrow down the list by browsing local native nurseries and regional university guides. (Remember to check the soil type in your yard and find plants that match.) Once you have some options that work for your space, no matter how tiny, you’ll be well on your way to creating the native landscape of your dreams. Here are nine beloved varieties to get you started.

Prairie dropseed grass among other native plantings
Prairie dropseed germinates slowly in small patches. NPS

Short grasses

Buffalo grass (Bouteloua dactyloides)

  • Native range: Central US
  • Height: 3 to 10 inches
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low to medium

If you’re looking for a native grass that still keeps the lawn feel, look no further than buffalo grass. Named after the American bison that once grazed all over the Great Plains, this drought-tolerant turf grass is a popular choice for lawns for its sod-forming abilities. You can mow it infrequently or never if you prefer the slightly taller look. Although buffalo grass can survive without irrigation, it may lose some of its color in periods of drought and dormancy. Mix the seeds with other low-growing options for sustained greenery, or consider using a buffalo grass cultivar that’s bred for more consistent color.

Curly mesquite grass (Hilaria belangeri)

  • Native range: Southwestern US
  • Height: 4 to 12 inches
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low

Another popular turf grass for drought tolerance, this species is the perfect choice for desert and desert-like environments. It’s considered to be one of the best lawn options out of native grasses in the US, though its range is limited to Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. Curly mesquite grass can grow in a variety of well-drained soils but works best in clay loam.

Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica)

  • Native range: Eastern and Midwestern US
  • Height: 6 to 12 inches
  • Light: part to full shade
  • Water use: low to medium

Although Pennsylvania sedge isn’t technically a grass, its grass-like appearance makes it a great choice for homeowners looking to make their yard more native without losing the lush carpeted look. The plant offers good ground cover, spreads well, and deters deer from grazing. In the fall, this delicate, windswept-looking sedge turns from vibrant green to tan.

Blue grama closeup
The “eyelashes” on blue grama double as seed-bearing structures. NPS

Medium grasses

Purple lovegrass (Eragrostis spectabilis)

  • Native range: along the East Coast from Maine to Florida, west to Arizona
  • Height: 8 to 18 inches
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low

Purple lovegrass, one of Barak’s favorites, adds the perfect pop of color to your lawn. The heat-tolerant plant really starts to shine in August, when it forms an inflorescence of purple-red flowers that seemingly float on the grass like a cloud of color. Though it can be damaged by heavy foot traffic, the grass stays relatively short, only needs to be mowed a few times throughout the year, and is deer-resistant.

[Related: This lawn-mowing robot can save part of your yard for pollinators]

“Hatchita” blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis)

  • Native range: Western and Central US
  • Height: 8 to 20 inches
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low to medium

Along with buffalo grass and curly mesquite grass, this type of grass completes the trifecta of popular native turf choices in the US, but is even more drought tolerant than the other two members of the big three. It’s also both cold and heat tolerant, can grow in most soils except overly wet ones, and hosts different kinds of skipper butterflies during their breeding season. In the summer, the plant displays an inflorescence of purple flowers; in fall, it turns beautiful hues like orange and red. For fuller coverage, consider combining blue grama with buffalo grass and various native wildflowers in your yard.

Muhly grass (Muhlenbergia capillaris)

  • Native range: Southeastern US and the East Coast
  • Height: 2 to 3 feet
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low to medium

Planting muhly grass is like setting off living fireworks on your lawn. Each fall, it blooms with feathery pink inflorescences In winter, the grass fades into a rich tan. Beyond that, it retains a gorgeous dark-green color. The plant is easy to grow and germinate and is highly deer resistant.

Prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis)

  • Native range: Great Plains
  • Height: 2 to 3 feet
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low to medium

Another one of Barak’s favorites, prairie dropseed’s flowing green clumps make it the perfect accent or border grass—but that’s not the only fun part. When it begins to pop around June, the grass produces small pink and brown flowers that smell like coriander, licorice, or popcorn. It maintains its shape outside of the warmer seasons, even when blanketed by snow. This slow-growing type of grass is also a great choice if you’re looking to make your yard more pollinator-friendly, as they provide nesting materials for native bees.

Switchgrass closeup with icy droplets
Switchgrass can handle the toughest winters. Laura Hubers/USFWS

Tall grasses

Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)

  • Native range: everywhere in the US except the West Coast
  • Height: 2 to 7 feet
  • Light: full sun
  • Water use: low to medium

Despite its name, this drought-resistant grass is rather tall, making it a great choice to add dimension to a yard or garden. Little bluestem also boasts, you guessed it, a beautiful blue hue in summer before turning copper in the fall. Loved by homeowners (including Barak) and animals alike, this grass attracts birds and butterflies and provides nesting materials for native bees. On the flip side, you might catch a few deer visiting your new bluestem buffet.

[Related: How to build a butterfly watering area]

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)

  • Native range: everywhere in the continental US except California, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington
  • Height: 3 to 10 feet
  • Light: full sun to part shade
  • Water use: medium

If you want to make your home feel like the little house on the prairie, or if you’re just looking for some privacy, this one’s for you. Switchgrass, known for its natural presence in American tallgrass prairie, paints a bright green swath across the landscape. The tall plant produces airy pinkish masses of flowers in summer before transforming to bright yellow in fall. This grass is also highly deer resistant and is an essential host for several species of butterflies and their young.

Correction (May 23, 2023): Due to an editing error, the caption for the blue grama photo was originally mislabeled as little bluestem.

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The best smoke detectors in 2023 https://www.popsci.com/gear/best-smoke-detectors/ Thu, 30 Jun 2022 17:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=453513
best smoke detectors sliced header
Stan Horaczek

A smoke detector can be the difference between life and death.

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best smoke detectors sliced header
Stan Horaczek

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Best photoelectric First Alert SA511CN2-3ST is the best photoelectric smoke detector. First Alert SA511CN2-3ST
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This smoke detector two-pack from First Alert packs a one-two punch.

Best ionization First Alert 9120B is the best ionization smoke detector. First Alert 9120B Smoke Detector
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First Alert’s 9120B Smoke Detector brings quick protection to your home.

Best for smoke and carbon monoxide Kidde Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Detector is the best smoke and carbon monoxide detector. Kidde Smoke & Carbon Monoxide
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Kidde’s combo smoke alarm also protects against carbon monoxide.

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), around two-thirds of home fire deaths happen in spaces without a smoke detector. It takes minutes for a fire to fill your home with thick black smoke. The critical warning they provide can mean the difference between life and death. If your detectors are broken or very old, you should take the time to replace them. Luckily, even the best smoke detectors are affordable and easy to install.

How we chose the best smoke detectors

I’ve been renting an apartment with my wife (and dog) for nearly 10 years and, during that time, I replaced our old smoke detector with something new. I regularly test the detector to ensure it’s in working order, and I also monitor the condition of our major appliances, wall heater, and fireplace for potential fire risk. These are just a few small steps necessary in a more comprehensive fire safety plan, which also includes a fire extinguisher and escape route.

When I’m not obsessing over my family’s safety, I’m writing about gadgets and gear for publications like Popular Science, CNN Underscored, and TechnoBuffalo. To make these selections, I consulted fire safety guides from health and safety organizations, including NFPA.org, Ready.gov, and RedCross.org. I also reviewed PopSci’s previous coverage of the best practices for fire safety and consulted expert reviews.

The best smoke detectors: Reviews & Recommendations

Smoke detectors are extremely important for every home. If you haven’t replaced yours in the past decade, buying a new set is time. The best detectors are affordable, reliable, and easy to install. More importantly, they’ll provide you and your family with fire protection and peace of mind.

Best photoelectric: First Alert SA511CN2-3ST

FIRST ALERT

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Why it made the cut: The First Alert SA511CN2-3ST packs powerful interconnectivity and voice alerts to let you know when there’s a fire.

Specs

  • Type: Battery-powered (AA x 2)
  • Sensor: Photoelectronic
  • Interconnectivity: Yes

Pros

  • Interconnectivity
  • Simple setup
  • Voice alert

Cons

  • Limited number of location presets

The First Alert SA511CN2-3ST hits all the basic marks we look for in a smoke detector. This UL-Listed photoelectric model features interconnectivity, so you can connect up to 18 smoke alarms across your home. You can also assign it with one of 11 pre-set home locations, so its voice alert can tell you where the smoke is coming from.

Since it is designed to work as part of a larger set, we’re recommending a two-pack of detectors to make it a little more affordable if you decide to replace a full set of smoke detectors. That said, you can always get an individual model as well.

Best ionization smoke detector: First Alert 9120B Smoke Detector

FIRST ALERT

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Why it made the cut: The First Alert 9210B Smoke Detector supports interconnectivity, an easily accessible test/mute button, and a 9-volt backup battery system.

Specs

  • Type: Hardwired (battery backup; 9-volt)
  • Sensor: Ionization
  • Interconnectivity: Yes

Pros

  • Battery backup
  • Interconnectivity
  • Easily accessible test/mute button

Cons

  • Hardwired means more difficult installation

The First Alert 9120B Smoke Detector is a hardwired ionization unit that features a single test/mute button and a 9-volt battery backup system. It can also act as part of an interconnected, multi-unit alarm system of up to 12 First Alert smoke detectors, so you have more comprehensive coverage in your home. The 9120B also features a dust cover to keep particles from getting in, a mounting bracket lock for tamper resistance, and smart technology designed to reduce false and “nuisance” alarms. 

Best for smoke and carbon monoxide: Kidde Smoke & Carbon Monoxide Detector

Kidde

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Why it made the cut: If you don’t already own a carbon monoxide detector, Kidde’s combination smoke/CO alarm has you covered.

Specs

  • Type: Battery-powered (9-volt)
  • Sensor: Photoelectric
  • Interconnectivity: No

Pros

  • Also offers a carbon monoxide detector
  • Voice alerts
  • Easy battery replacement

Cons

  • No interconnectivity

Kidde’s combination smoke and carbon monoxide alarm is an excellent option if you need to install both smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. The battery-powered combination alarm constantly monitors your home for both smoke and gas, providing specific voice alerts if danger is present. (It also calls out “low battery” when it’s time to replace its 9-volt power source.) Kidde’s combination alarm also features a convenient hush/test button and a battery compartment on the front, making it easy to perform an annual battery change.

Best battery-powered: First Alert PR710 Slim Smoke Alarm

FIRST ALERT

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Why it made the cut: With a slim profile and long-lasting battery, the First Alert PR710 Slim is a great way to protect your home.

Specs

  • Type: Battery-powered (lithium-ion)
  • Sensor: Photoelectric
  • Interconnectivity: No

Pros

  • Long-lasting battery
  • Very little maintenance
  • Slim profile

Cons

  • No interconnectivity

If your home is too old for a hardwired smoke alarm, but you don’t want to ever change a battery, the First Alert PR710 Slim is a solid photoelectric smoke detector with a sealed lithium-ion battery guaranteed to last 10 years. Its thin, low-profile design is no-frills—just a single test/mute button, and that’s it. Unlike many of our other picks, it uses a classic siren, rather than voice alerts. It also cannot sync with other alarms. All in all, it’s a great option for apartments and other small spaces where you just need one smoke alarm, and you’d prefer to buy a new smoke detector every 10 years than replace a set of batteries every few months.

Best smart: Google Nest Protect

Google

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Why it made the cut: The Nest Protect by Google provides a multitude of smart features in addition to smoke and CO detection.

Specs

  • Type: Battery-powered or hardwired
  • Sensor: Split-spectrum
  • Interconnectivity: Yes

Pros

  • Smartphone notifications
  • Supports battery-powered and hardwired setups
  • Split-spectrum sensor
  • Advanced interconnectivity

Cons

  • Expensive

The Google Nest Protect offers traditional smoke and carbon monoxide monitoring, with several convenient smart features. Chief among them, you receive a direct alert through the Nest smartphone when it detects danger. You can also conveniently mute the alarm through that alert. The Protect features a specialized photoelectric “Split-Spectrum” sensor, which uses two LED lights to detect a wider range of smoke particles. According to Google, the Split-Spectrum Sensor adds all the benefits of Ionization smoke detectors, without drawbacks like false alarms (or buying two types of smoke detectors).

Of course, the downside here is that the Nest Protect costs a lot more than any other smoke detector. In many cases, you can buy three standard photoelectric detectors for the price of one Nest Protect. It may be a convenient upgrade if you already have Nest gear at home, but it’s paying a pretty penny for the privilege.

Best budget: Kidde Smoke Detector (i12060)

Kidde

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Why it made the cut: The Kidde Smoke Detector is simple, affordable, and offers powerful interconnectivity.

Specs

  • Type: Hardwired (battery backup; 9-volt)
  • Sensor: Ionization
  • Interconnectivity: Yes

Pros

  • Very affordable
  • Interconnectivity
  • Easily replaceable backup battery

Cons

  • Requires professional installation
  • Hardwired might work in all homes

If you’re already planning to get some electrical work done, this Kidde Smoke Detector is a very affordable hardwired smoke detector with a battery backup. It looks simple but can sync with up to 24 safety devices, including up to 18 smoke alarms. In addition to a hush/test button on the front, Kidde’s smoke detector also features a tamper-resistant locking pin, a low battery indicator, and a flashing LED, so you know it’s working. Conveniently, the unit also features a front-facing battery door, so you can easily replace the 9-volt battery. Small features like this can make a big difference, particularly if you’re in a space with multiple alarms.

Things to consider when buying the best smoke detectors

A smoke detector, or “smoke alarm,” senses the presence of smoke and blasts a loud alarm in response. While they vary in size and shape, household models typically feature plastic enclosures and are mounted high on a wall or ceiling.

Though smoke detectors seem ubiquitous and interchangeable, manufacturers use a couple of different methods to make them:

  • Photoelectric smoke detectors trigger an alarm when smoke enters a chamber and reflects light onto a sensor. They protect better against slow, smoldering fires than fast, raging fires. 
  • Ionization smoke detectors feature a sensor with a small amount of radioactive material between two electrically charged plates. When smoke enters the chamber, the flow of ions becomes disrupted, activating the alarm. Ionization-type detectors are generally better at identifying fast-burning flaming fires.

Both photoelectric- and ionization-style detectors have advantages and disadvantages, so there is no one obvious choice. For comprehensive coverage, the NFPA recommends using both kinds in your home. Some devices feature both technologies in a single device.

We recommend placing your smoke detectors based on their expertise. Use photoelectric detectors near stoves and outside of bathrooms, where smoke may accumulate over time from a small fire. Put ionization-style units in areas where fires are less likely to start so that they can catch fast-moving flames.

You shouldn’t have to think too much about your smoke detectors. A great one should be easy to install, take little effort to maintain, and accurately alert you when there’s an emergency. After installing a smoke detector, you shouldn’t even notice it’s there (unless it goes off). We considered dozens of options to find the best smoke detector. These factors separated the good detectors from the bad ones.

UL listing

The first and most important thing to look for in a smoke detector is a certification from Underwriters Laboratories, the safety science company that sets standards for equipment like smoke and carbon monoxide detectors. All smoke detector manufacturers must meet the company’s most recent standard for smoke alarms, ANSI/UL 217, to place a UL certification on their products. Essentially, the “UL Listed” seal of approval tells you that a detector has been tested to meet strict requirements and will work as advertised. 

Hardwired vs. battery-powered

In addition to sensor technology, smoke detectors vary based on how they receive power. Most detectors rely on disposable batteries but hardwired models that you wire into your home’s power are also an option.

Battery-powered smoke detectors—which usually rely on disposable 9-volt, AA, or lithium cells—offer flexible placement. You can easily install one in any room in your home at any time. They also require slightly more maintenance, as you need to replace their batteries annually to ensure they’re operational. It’s important to note that manufacturers advise against using rechargeable batteries in smoke detectors, as they lose their charge more quickly and have a shorter runtime than standard disposable batteries.

Alternatively, some battery-powered detectors come with sealed-in lithium batteries designed to last 10 years, making it so you never have to worry about replacing a battery. Some states, including California, require you to use this kind of detector to prevent people from taking the batteries out when the alarm goes off. Check your state and city ordinances for the best guidance on what’s required in your area.

Other smoke detectors are designed to get hardwired into your home’s electrical system. This makes it so you’ll never have to replace a battery to keep them operational. That said, installing them is a much more time-intensive process and includes working with electrical wiring. If you purchase a hardwired detector, make sure to buy one that features a backup battery, which will keep your detectors on if your house loses power.

Interconnectivity

If you need to protect a large home with multiple floors, it helps to buy a set of “interconnected” smoke detectors that can sync with each other so that if one detector senses smoke, all of your alarms will go off. In the event of a serious, fast-moving fire, this will ensure that everyone in your home knows to get outside as quickly as possible.

Smart features

Most smoke detectors are relatively basic devices, but there are some newer “smart” models with internet-enabled features. These detectors will often sync up with a mobile app, allowing you to check their status and mute them from your phone. The app also can give you a warning before the alarm goes off, giving you a small window to silence it if you’re cooking or already know it’s a false alarm. Some even offer voice alerts and can tell you which detector senses smoke.

FAQs

Q: How often should I replace my smoke detector’s battery?

The U.S. Fire Administration and National Fire Protection Association recommend replacing the batteries in your smoke alarms at least once yearly. With a 10-year lithium battery, you should replace the detector when the battery gets low. In either case, you should test your alarms once monthly to ensure they’re working properly.

Q: How often should I replace my smoke detector?

You should consult the manufacturer’s instructions when replacing your smoke detector. In general, smoke alarms should be replaced every 10 years. This will ensure you always have a unit that works properly and meets modern safety standards.

Q: How many smoke detectors should I install in my home?

It may sound like overkill, but the U.S. Fire Administration recommends you place a smoke detector inside and outside each bedroom and sleeping area. You should also have at least one smoke alarm on every level of your home to ensure every corner is covered. Remember, you only have a few minutes before conditions in your space become untenable from a raging fire, so it’s essential to have as early a warning as possible. An early warning could provide you with precious time to respond accordingly.

Q: What should I do if a smoke detector goes off while I’m cooking?

Everyone triggers a smoke alarm while cooking every once in a while. While “nuisance alarms” like these are annoying, so you shouldn’t take the battery out of your detector. When a smoky kitchen threatens to set off the detector, press the alarm’s hush button and open nearby doors or windows. Then wave a towel at the alarm to help clear the air. You can also temporarily move the alarm away from your kitchen, but remember to move it back when the smoke clears.

Final thoughts on the best smoke detectors

A house fire can spread quickly, so every second counts. An early warning from a smoke detector can be the difference between life and death. If your home isn’t properly outfitted with detectors, you should take the time to install them. Your safety depends on it.

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio to video games to cameras and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

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How to get rid of mice and keep them away https://www.popsci.com/get-rid-mice/ Mon, 07 Jan 2019 21:26:56 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/get-rid-mice/
A mouse eating a morsel of food, a scene that would prompt many to wonder how to get rid of mice.
Good housemates don't chow down while completely naked. That's just one reason to learn how to get rid of mice. Sandy Millar / Unsplash

Protect your house from vermin.

The post How to get rid of mice and keep them away appeared first on Popular Science.

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A mouse eating a morsel of food, a scene that would prompt many to wonder how to get rid of mice.
Good housemates don't chow down while completely naked. That's just one reason to learn how to get rid of mice. Sandy Millar / Unsplash

There’s a scritching sound in the darkened bedroom. Your eyes spring open, your breathing rapid and shallow, with every muscle tensed and ready to run… only to find that all is still and silent. You start to drift back to sleep.

Rustle.

Every nerve in your body is now on high alert, and you turn on the light just in time to see a flash of fur dart into the crack under your closet door. You scream an undignified “YEEAAARRGGEETTTOUTTTTT,” which, roughly translated from panicked shrieking, means: “Hello, you are a mouse. Please leave.”

Signs you have a mouse in your house

“Something I’ve noted over the years is that you know someone has a mouse when you hear the very distinct scream the person makes when they’ve seen a mouse,” jokes Michelle Niedermeier of Pennsylvania State University. “Male, female, old, young—it’s the same screech.”

Niedermeier works with the Pennsylvania Integrated Pest Management Program, helping communities deal with pest problems. She says that often, for her, the first sign of a mouse is seeing the critter itself scurry across the floor.

But because mice are nocturnal and you’re unlikely to see them (or you may catch only catch a bleary-eyed glimpse in the middle of the night), there are other signs of an infestation you should be aware of. They may also be inhabiting areas you only visit infrequently, such as an attic or crawlspace.

One of the most obvious signs of a mouse infestation is feces. The poop of a typical house mouse is only a few millimeters long, black, and pellet-like. Mice poop a lot, and they poop just about everywhere, so seeing their droppings is usually a good sign that the rodents have taken up residence.

If an infestation goes on for long enough, you might start to notice a distinct and unpleasant smell, or even some strange markings on your walls.

“Where mice go, they leave scent, and they leave a grease trail too,” says Jeff Schalau, an extension agent with The University of Arizona Cooperative Extension. Near baseboards and along walls, this grease trail resembles the smudges from handprints on a painted surface. It appears when a mouse rubs against the wall, leaving behind dirt and oils from its fur. Mice tend to avoid open spaces, and will usually travel as close to the wall as possible, which makes their trails easy to predict.

The best way to get rid of mice

Unlike some other pests, a mouse infestation is one you can take care of yourself. There’s no need to call an exterminator—just screw your courage to the sticking place and get to work.

1. Make sure mice have nothing to eat

Start by making your home an unattractive crash pad for any tiny guests.

“It all boils down to food, water, and shelter,” Niedermeier says. Cut off those three things, and you’ll make your home a lot less attractive to mice.

The problem is that mice are resourceful. For water, they can take advantage of leaks that you might not even know exist, and for shelter, they can make use of just about any kind of clutter or hole. That makes food the most important factor to tackle. “Eliminating food is paramount to getting rid of a mouse problem,” Niedermeier says.

Mice will eat pretty much anything, too, so you’ll have to be thorough. Start by cleaning up any crumbs or food debris on surfaces and floors. When you cook, promptly clean dirty dishes instead of letting them sit out. Store food in places mice can’t reach, like the refrigerator, or inside containers they cannot nibble through, such as glass or sturdy plastic. And don’t forget about your pets’ supply. Only put out the amount of food a pet will eat in one sitting. While Fifi might like grazing on kibble throughout the day, so do mice.

2. Seal up any entry points

Now that you’ve made your home unfriendly to mice, it’s time to bar the door. Literally. Mice can enter the house through the same entrances you do, so add a door sweep or barrier to any exterior doors.

Then it’s time to block up all the unconventional entrance and exit points. If you happen to see a mouse, pay attention to where it runs, and stay on the lookout for any holes or cracks.

“If you can stick a regular old pencil in a hole, a mouse can get through,” Niedermeier says. She explains that the largest part of a mouse is its tiny skull, which is usually only the width of a pencil. “If their head can get through, the rest of their body can get through as well,” she adds.

Close up any holes you see, and even the holes you’ve helped put in. Holes around pipes or wiring are often overlooked, but can act as a mouse superhighway system through your home. Don’t forget to look up high—mice can climb walls as long as their claws can grab hold.

When you fill in holes, use high-quality materials that will last for years. In the end, it will save you a lot of work. Niedermeier recommends using silicone caulk or stainless steel or copper mesh—think a pot scrubber—to block any openings. Silicone lasts for a longer time than latex caulk, and unlike steel wool, copper and stainless steel don’t rust.

“You really only want to do this job once,” Niedermeier says. And if you do it well enough, your hard work will keep mice away as long as your home remains sealed-up.

3. Trap any remaining mice

So you’ve cleaned up, boxed up, and sealed up your home—but there are still some mice inside. Now, it’s time to get rid of the stalwarts that remain. It’s time to address the big question: Do you know how to catch a mouse?

For starters, as much as you might want to, you can’t just snatch them up and take them outside. Mice have excellent senses of direction, and even moving them some distance from your house isn’t enough to get rid of them. In experiments, they find their way home quickly, even heading through obstacles to get back to their residences. The best way to get rid of mice from your home, unfortunately, is to kill them.

[Related: How to fight an ant infestation]

The most effective method is a trap, baited with tasty morsels like peanut butter, oats, or dried fruit. Place them along baseboards and walls, where mice prefer to travel, with the bait directly in their path. Simple wood and wire snap traps are a classic for a reason. They work fast, they’re effective, they’re cheap, and they’re reusable. When in doubt, this is a good first option for any home with a mouse problem.

More modern plastic snap traps, which look something like a binder clip, are also effective. Like the wooden snap traps, the plastic ones are easy to set up and use. Between the two, it’s mostly a matter of personal preference.

If you have a pet, be sure to place the traps where your pet can’t reach. If this isn’t possible, Schalau recommends placing a sturdy box with a mouse-sized hole in it along the wall and over the trap. This will allow the mouse to reach the bait, while keeping your pet safe.

Another effective and humane option is an electric box trap, which can be baited just like a snap trap. The battery-powered machine has an opening that mice can run into to try and catch the bait. When a mouse enters the box, it steps on a plate that carries a current and is instantly electrocuted. Then, a small light begins flashing to indicate that the trap has caught a mouse and should be re-set. Electric box traps are good for getting rid of mice in homes with pets, because they are completely enclosed—no dog or cat can get to the charged plate. In addition, they leave very little mess, which makes them easy to clean. The downside is that you do need to make sure the batteries are regularly charged, and they cost considerably more than a snap trap.

Why you should care

All that may seem like a lot of work, but in addition to the unwanted gross-out factor, mice (at least in relation to humans) are not a healthy addition to a home.

“Mice are a health concern,” Niedermeier says. “They spread disease, they trigger asthma, and so having a mouse in your house is a real health issue.”

They also tend to carry foodborne diseases like salmonella. And since mice enjoy noshing on the same foods that people and pets do, they have the potential to spread diseases onto our food and meal preparation surfaces.

And that’s not the only illness these fuzzy creatures can spread. “Hantavirus is a serious issue out here in the west,” Schalau says. Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, carried by rodents including mice, can be fatal.

So if you find a mouse, don’t try cohabiting. “As soon as you identify a problem, take action,” Schalau says. Otherwise, the infestation will only grow—and you’ll soon have to contend with multiple generations of rodents. “Their reproductive potential is off the charts,” Schalau says. “At the first sign of any mice inside your house, you need to get on it.”

What not to do when you’re getting rid of mice

A mouse between two dirt and stone walls. If you use mouse poison, it could die back there where you can't reach it.
Mouse poison is a bad idea. The only thing harder than getting mice out of your walls is getting dead mice out of your walls. Yunu Dinata / Unsplash

It’s not enough to know how to kill mice—you need to do it properly. Poison might sound good, but pest control experts do not recommend this option. While it will kill mice, poison can also kill any animals that might feed on mouse carcasses. It can also inadvertently poison pets.

And there’s another downside. Most poisons don’t work instantly, for good reason: Manufacturers don’t want mice to become gun-shy of poisoned bait. So what often happens is that a mouse eats a poison pellet, walks back to its nest, and only then dies. Unfortunately, mice like tiny holes and often take up residence in hard-to-reach places like walls.

Trust. You do not want to smell a dead mouse for months as it slowly decays inside your walls. Don’t do it.

Another popular option on the market is glue traps, which stick to the bodies of any mice that walk over the trap. Theoretically, this should immobilize the mouse. But starving to death while stuck to a piece of cardboard is not a great or humane way to go. And few people are willing to kill the mouse by hand. That is, if the trap actually works.

“The glue, though it’s sticky, is not sticky enough,” Niedermeier says. Older, stronger mice—which are more likely to be breeding and creating a mouse problem—can often pull themselves out of the glue traps, sometimes with a very gruesome effect. “They are ready, willing, and able to gnaw off their own arm to get out of it,” she explains. “It’s more humane to use a snap trap.”

Cleaning up after a mouse infestation

Once you’ve closed off access to your food, water, and shelter, sealed entrances and exits, and killed any interlopers unfortunate enough to remain in your domain, it’s time to clean up.

If you used traps, you should keep your hands covered while you dispose of mouse carcasses in the trash. Use disposable gloves, a plastic bag, or even sturdy leather work gloves to keep a safe distance between you and the mouse. Remember, mice can harbor diseases, so you’ll want to be cautious as you handle their bodies.

You can also take the bodies outside if you live in a rural area, but be sure to put the remains in an area far away from your house, where pets won’t be likely to bring them back in, and they won’t attract additional unwanted scavengers.

Also, take the opportunity to clean up any mouse urine or droppings, wearing a face mask if you are allergic or have asthma. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the safest way to clean up after mice is to wear gloves and spray the droppings with diluted bleach before wiping up the waste. Needless to say, washing any clothing or bedding that mice have pooped on is always a good idea. And don’t forget to wash your hands afterward.

Whew. You’re all set. Sleep the sleep of the content knowing that you have a mouse-free house.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on February 24, 2017.

The post How to get rid of mice and keep them away appeared first on Popular Science.

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Your guide to COVID testing for the unforeseeable future https://www.popsci.com/health/covid-testing-future/ Thu, 11 May 2023 19:53:22 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=540661
Box of iHealth COVID rapid tests being distributed at a school before the US COVID public health emergency ended
A school superintendent grabs boxes of COVID-19 at-home testing kits to pass out to families before school starts next week at Canyon Middle School in Castro Valley, California. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst Newspapers via Getty Images

Here's how to get COVID tests once the US stops giving them away.

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Box of iHealth COVID rapid tests being distributed at a school before the US COVID public health emergency ended
A school superintendent grabs boxes of COVID-19 at-home testing kits to pass out to families before school starts next week at Canyon Middle School in Castro Valley, California. San Francisco Chronicle/Hearst Newspapers via Getty Images

COVID-19 is no longer a public health emergency in the US. The Biden administration’s deadline follows the World Health Organization’s announcement last week that removed COVID’s status as a global health crisis.

Infectious disease experts tell Popular Science that it’s an encouraging step and a sign that we are in a very different place than where we were in 2020. And while the recent decisions in no way mean the virus is gone—it’s expected to be endemic like the flu—access to COVID testing, treatments such as Paxlovid, and the vaccines have put the US in a position to coexist with it.

That said, managing your safety will come at a higher cost now. In one of the biggest changes from ending the federal emergency response, insurances are no longer required to cover the costs of COVID testing or reimburse people if they bought an over-the-counter home COVID-19 test. The federal government is also ending its free COVID-test program over the mail. 

As the financial burden of testing shifts to families and individuals, knowing where and when to get tested will keep you protected as the country transitions into this new stage of the pandemic. “We’re still seeing up to 1,000 deaths a week in the US from COVID for people that are older and at risk,” warns Del DeHart, a medical director of the infectious diseases department at the University of Michigan Health-West. “For those people, COVID is still not over and so testing for early treatment is going to be critical.”

Where to get COVID tests

There are still options for getting free COVID tests around the US The last day to order four free at-home COVID tests from the government is May 31, but local community clinics can give away free COVID tests or at a lower cost until supplies run out. 

Access to free testing might also depend on where you live. David Souleles, the director of the COVID-Response Team at the University of California, Irvine, says some state governments are taking measures to avoid financial barriers with COVID testing. California, for example, issued a mandate for health insurances to continue providing reimbursement for eight monthly at-home tests. Check your state government’s website to see what policies are in place following the end of the public health emergency.

If you are uninsured, the US government will continue to provide access to swabs through the Increasing Community Access to Testing Program. This government program partners with specific healthcare sites such as Walgreens and Quest Diagnostics to provide no-cost COVID tests with priority for people with a known exposure to the virus or who are showing symptoms.

[Related: An at-home test for both COVID-19 and the flu gains approval]

At-home rapid tests and PCR laboratory testing will still be available at your local pharmacies and doctor’s office, but it’s up to your insurance company if they want to bear the cost or require a copayment. What’s more, insurance companies may charge different prices for COVID tests; if they cover the cost, they may set limits on how many tests they will cover per individual. 

Prices for COVID test kits in stores like CVS range from $9.99 to $28.99, meaning testing can quickly get expensive. DeHart is concerned that the prices will create a financial barrier that will deter people from getting tested. If affordability becomes a question, it’s important to make every COVID test you take count.

When it’s still important to get tested for COVID

While most COVID mandates have lifted around the country, some employers and places might require you to get tested. For instance, healthcare workers employed in facilities like nursing homes will likely continue routine COVID testing. And as of now, many hospitals still require routine COVID testing for admitted patients, though it remains unclear whether the hospitals will cover the cost or if the test will be added to a person’s medical bill.

For voluntary testing, it’s important to evaluate your risk of having a severe COVID infection. DeHart says individuals above the age of 65 and those with immunosuppressive conditions should get tested regularly, along with loved ones in close contact with those that fall under this category. Souleles also recommends taking a test before visiting a relative in assisted living or anyone who is considered at high-risk of exposure. 

Other scenarios may apply, too, Souleles adds. “We would still encourage people to test before and after travel and before and after gatherings if they have the ability to do so. Anytime that you have the ability to test before you’re going to be around lots of people is great, and anytime you have the ability to test three to five days after being around a lot of people, that’s also a good thing.”

[Related: Long COVID recovery is finally getting the attention it deserves in the US]

If you have COVID-like symptoms, get tested before going out in public, even if the side effects seem mild. Testing early will give you more chances to get Paxlovid, which is most effective when taken within the first five days of seeing symptoms, and potentially avoid life-threatening complications. 

If you need to purchase a COVID test, treat it like you would any other over-the-counter goods. This includes checking the expiration dates to avoid a false positive or false negative result. You will also want to throw out any recalled COVID tests. If purchased for a later date, keep COVID tests at room temperature and away from the hands of pets and young children.

What to do if you test positive for COVID

If the test comes out positive, follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) guidelines. Stay home and isolate yourself from others in the household for five days. People experiencing moderate symptoms like difficulty breathing should isolate for 10 days. Monitor your condition and go to the hospital if there are any severe or life-threatening complications. 

If you must go outside, wear a high-quality mask and avoid going to places where you would have to take it off. Also contact your doctor to see if you are eligible for any COVID-19 treatments and start those as soon as possible.

You can stop isolating after five days if you have no symptoms. If you continue to show symptoms, the CDC says you should stay put until your symptoms improve or you are fever-free for 24 hours without using medication.

[Related: Getting COVID more than once might be even worse than we thought]

Keep in mind that COVID tests are only one of the many tools available to reduce your risk of severe infection and death. Both DeHart and Souleles strongly urge people to get vaccinated and get their booster shot when eligible. Insurers will still be expected to cover the bivalent COVID vaccine as a routine immunization, and the Biden administration’s Bridge Access Program for COVID-19 Vaccines and Treatments will continue to provide vaccines free-of-charge to the uninsured.

“Stay up to date with your vaccines,” says Souleles. “It’s still the most important tool that we have right now.”

The post Your guide to COVID testing for the unforeseeable future appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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For a better hike, try swapping clunky boots for barefoot shoes https://www.popsci.com/diy/barefoot-shoes-benefits-tips/ Mon, 08 May 2023 13:30:06 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=539636
A person wearing barefoot shoes that form around their toes, sitting on a rock overlooking a body of water.
As close to bare feet as you can get with shoes. roussien / Depositphotos

Where you're going, you won't need bulky boots.

The post For a better hike, try swapping clunky boots for barefoot shoes appeared first on Popular Science.

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A person wearing barefoot shoes that form around their toes, sitting on a rock overlooking a body of water.
As close to bare feet as you can get with shoes. roussien / Depositphotos

When most people go hiking, they reach for stiff, heavy, boots with high-rise ankle support and thick soles. But others choose to go in the exact opposite direction and instead grab breathable, lightweight, flexible footwear that allows for more organic movement.

The concept of barefoot shoes is something of an oxymoron, but proponents of this style rave about the footwear’s ability to strengthen your feet and allow you to enjoy a more holistic experience outdoors. But hitting the trail in minimalist shoes requires some knowhow, lest you end up hobbling home with supremely sore feet–or worse.

What are barefoot shoes?

Many brands now offer barefoot or minimalist shoes, and most options look similar to their more conventional counterparts.

The differences, however, are easy to spot if you know what to look for. Most barefoot shoes feature little to no cushioning, a thinner, more flexible sole, a wide toe box, and minimal arch support, if any. This design is based on foot anatomy and aims to allow more natural foot movement, feeling, and balance.

Barefoot shoes forgo some of the classic characteristics that pop to mind when you think of boots made for the outdoors, like narrow toe boxes and aggressive stabilization elements such as heel cups. But these minimalist hiking shoes can still offer features like high ankles, deep treads, and durable materials—after all, they’re still made for hiking.

Why barefoot shoes might be better for hiking

Most people don’t actually need any of the built-up features in conventional footwear, says Emily Splichal of the Center for Functional and Regenerative Podiatric Medicine in Chandler, Arizona. She is a functional podiatrist, human movement specialist, and educator on natural foot function. In fact, all that cushioning and support may be doing more harm than good.

Splichal explains that shodding your feet in footwear that highly restricts your range of motion can result in your feet becoming weaker from lack of use over time.

[Related: Walking correctly takes work—here’s how to improve every step]

Barefoot shoes, on the other hand, especially when combined with foot exercises like the ones Splichal recommends to her patients, do the opposite. A 2019 study from Brigham Young University in Utah showed that walking in minimalist shoes increases foot muscle size and strength. Plus, strengthening bones, muscles and tendons “can offer benefits all the way up your spine,” Splichal states. 

Other studies, plus anecdotal and anthropological evidence, also suggest that providing a wider range of motion to the feet (like barefoot shoes do) results in stronger, more stable muscles.

After all, our ancestors didn’t have super cushioning foam insoles or rigid arch support, and they got around just fine.

Potential health benefits of barefoot shoes

Most research on the matter has looked into the positive effects of barefoot shoes for running and walking, but don’t assume rough terrain is an exception. Splichal explains that the freedom of motion provided by barefoot-style shoes help train your body to move and respond to irregular surfaces–like trails covered in rocks and roots.

Less structured footwear can also help with balance, as allowing your feet to move and flex more naturally can unlock a natural stabilization response, Splichal explains.

So, if you step on an angled rock, a stronger foot and ankle, paired with a flexible shoe, can help keep you centered and upright and better able to react to uneven surfaces.

Hitting the trail with little between your skin and the ground also brings cognitive benefits. The slim sole on barefoot shoes will allow you to feel the earth beneath you, which a 2015 study from the University of North Florida, can help with memory retention. Plus, feeling the changes in terrain and the heat or coolness of the ground will provide a delightful boost in sensory stimulation.

What to know if you’re struggling

If you’ve hiked in overbuilt boots your entire life, don’t be surprised if the transition to barefoot shoes is a bit rocky. 

For starters, while Splichal advocates for this type of footwear for most people, she mentions there are certain foot types that can’t control the freedom of motion a barefoot shoe offers and may not be able to wear them for long periods of time or may never be able to fully transition. 

[Related: How to save your feet from painful blisters]

This includes people with flat feet or feet that are overpronated due to ligament laxity. People with high-arched rigid feet may also struggle with barefoot shoes, as they often need the cushioning of conventional footwear to help absorb impact when walking for long periods of time. Foot injuries or plantar fasciitis can also make wearing minimalist shoes difficult, at first, but a slow transition can make things easier and more comfortable.

If you think you might have one of these conditions but are not entirely sure, a podiatrist like Splichal can help you make the determination. She even has instructional videos online about how to assess your feet.

How to start using barefoot shoes

If you decide to ditch your heavy boots and give barefoot shoes a try, you should do so slowly and with caution, as your feet won’t be used to the higher stress and load they’ll be experiencing. After all, you wouldn’t hit the gym after years of inactivity, lift the heaviest weights you can manage, and not expect to be sore the next morning.

So if you don’t have a foot type or condition that prevents wearing barefoot shoes, Splichal recommends transitioning by hiking on smooth terrain at first, which will help build strength, awareness and stabilization. And since your feet will be working harder than usual in the beginning, do the same thing you’d do after a strenuous workout: balance it with recovery.

Use a golf ball, small cork ball, or—Splichal’s favorite—a Neuro Ball, but instead of rolling it under your feet, stand on it. This will create pressure, which will result in a sort of deep-tissue massage to five points on the bottom of your feet: where your heel meets your mid-foot, the middle of your foot, the ball of your foot, the center of your arch, and the outside edge of your foot.

Then, work on strengthening your feet, which you can do while cooking dinner or watching TV. Splichal recommends an exercise called “short foot,” where you stand up straight, lift your toes, spread them out wide, and place them back on the floor. Inhale through the nose and as you exhale, push the tips of the toes down into the ground. Splichal says to use 20 percent of your maximum strength while engaging your core. Hold your toes down for the full length of your exhalation, then relax, inhale and repeat five times.

Another good way to strengthen foot muscles is to stand on one leg while you’re brushing your teeth or at a standing desk.

As for how far and how fast to go while you’re transitioning, start slow with shorter hikes at a pace that’s comfortable for you. And listen to your body—as long as you’re not feeling foot fatigue or lateral ankle pain, Splichal to keep going and enjoy the journey.

The post For a better hike, try swapping clunky boots for barefoot shoes appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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10 ways you can tell the Earth is round https://www.popsci.com/10-ways-you-can-prove-earth-is-round/ Mon, 07 Jan 2019 21:26:02 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/10-ways-you-can-prove-earth-is-round/
Earth's horizon and Pacific Ocean photographed by NASA astronauts on the International Space Station. The planet's curvature proves that the Earth is round, not flat.
This view of the Earth's horizon looks across a cloudy Pacific Ocean. Astronauts on the International Space Station have taken many similar photos of the planet's curvature, proving that the Earth is round. NASA

Test the thoroughly debunked argument for yourself.

The post 10 ways you can tell the Earth is round appeared first on Popular Science.

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Earth's horizon and Pacific Ocean photographed by NASA astronauts on the International Space Station. The planet's curvature proves that the Earth is round, not flat.
This view of the Earth's horizon looks across a cloudy Pacific Ocean. Astronauts on the International Space Station have taken many similar photos of the planet's curvature, proving that the Earth is round. NASA

Moriel Schottlender is a software engineer at Wikimedia Foundation. This article was originally posted on her Smarter Than That blog in 2008 and has been lightly edited for Popular Science.

Humanity has known the world is not flat for a few millennia, and I’ve been meaning to show more methods on how to prove the Earth is round. I’ve had a few ideas on how to do that, but got an interesting incentive when Phil Plait, The Bad Astronomer, wrote about the the Flat Earth Society. He claims it’s ridiculous to even bother rebutting the Flat Earth Society—and I tend to agree. But the history of our species’ intellectual pursuit is important and interesting. You don’t need to denounce all science and knowledge and believe in a conspiracy theory to enjoy some historical factoids about humanity’s quest for space.

On we go, to the top 10 ways to unequivocally, absolutely, positively prove the Earth isn’t flat.

1. Check the shadows on the moon

Now that humanity knows quite positively that the moon is not a piece of cheese or a playful god, the phenomena that accompany it (from its monthly cycles to lunar eclipses) are well-explained. It was quite a mystery to the ancient Greeks, though, and in their quest for knowledge, they came up with a few insightful observations that helped humanity figure out the shape of our planet.

Aristotle (who made quite a lot of observations about the spherical nature of the Earth) noticed that during lunar eclipses (when the Earth’s orbit places it directly between the sun and the moon, creating a shadow in the process), the silhouette on the satellite’s surface is round. This shadow is the planet’s, and it’s a great piece of round-Earth evidence.

Since the earth is rotating (see the “Foucault Pendulum” experiment for a definite proof, if you are doubtful), the consistent oval-shadow it produces in each and every lunar eclipse proves that the earth is not only round but spherical—absolutely, utterly, beyond a shadow of a doubt not flat.

2. Follow ships on the horizon

If you’ve been next to a port lately, or just strolled down a beach and stared off vacantly into the horizon, you might have noticed a very interesting phenomenon: Approaching ships do not just “appear” out of the horizon like they should have if the world was flat, but rather seem to emerge from beneath the sea.

But, you say, ships do not submerge and rise up again as they approach our view (except in Pirates of the Caribbean, but we are hereby assuming that was a fictitious movie series). The reason ships appear as if they “emerge from the waves” is because the world is not flat: It’s round.

[Related: How old is Earth? It’s a surprisingly tough question to answer.]

Imagine an ant walking along the surface of an orange, into your field of view. If you look at the orange “head on”, you will see the ant’s body slowly rising up from the “horizon” because of the curvature of the orange. If you would do that experiment with the ant approaching along a long road rather than a round object, the effect would change: The ant would slowly “materialize” into view (depending on how sharp your vision is).

3. Look up at the stars

This observation was originally made by Aristotle (384-322 BCE), who declared the Earth was round judging from the different constellations one sees while moving away from the equator.

After returning from a trip to Egypt, Aristotle noted, “There are stars seen in Egypt and … Cyprus which are not seen in the northerly regions.” This phenomenon can only be explained if humans were viewing the stars from a round surface, Aristotle continued, claiming that the sphere of the Earth is “of no great size, for otherwise the effect of so slight a change of place would not be quickly apparent.”

The farther you go from the equator, the farther the “known” constellations go towards the horizon, to be replaced by different stars. This would not have happened if the world was flat:

4. Conduct a stick test

If you stick a stick in the (sticky) ground, it will produce a shadow. The shadow moves as time passes (which is the principle for ancient Shadow Clocks). If the world had been flat, then two sticks in different locations would produce the same shadow.

But they don’t. This, again, is because the Earth is round, and not flat.

Eratosthenes (276-194 BCE) used this principle to calculate the circumference of the Earth quite accurately. To see this demonstrated, refer to my experiment video about Eratosthenes and the circumference of the Earth.

5. Climb a hill or mountain

Standing on a flat plateau, you look ahead toward the horizon. You strain your eyes, then take out your favorite binoculars and stare through them, as far as your eyes (with the help of the binocular lenses) can see.

Next, climb up the closest tree—the higher the better, just be careful not to drop those binoculars and break their lenses. Then look again, strain your eyes, and stare through the binoculars out to the horizon.

[Related on PopSci+: How to not fear heights]

The higher up you climb, the farther you will see. Usually, we tend to relate this to Earthly obstacles—like the fact we have houses or other trees obstructing our vision on the ground, and climbing upwards we have a clear view—but that’s not the true reason. Even if you stood on a completely clear plateau with no obstacles between you and the horizon, you would see much farther from the greater height than you would on the ground.

This phenomenon is caused by the curvature of the Earth as well, and would not happen if the Earth was flat:

6. Ride a plane

If you’ve ever taken a trip out of the country, specifically long-distance trips, you could notice two interesting facts about planes and the Earth:

  • Planes can travel in a relatively straight line for a very long time and not fall off any edges. They can also circle the Earth without stopping.
  • If you look out the window on a trans-Atlantic flight, you can, most of the times, see the curvature of the Earth on the horizon. The best view of the curvature used to be on the Concorde, but that plane’s long gone. I can’t wait to see the pictures from the new plane by Virgin Galactic—the horizon should look absolutely curved, as it actually is from a distance.

7. Scope out other planets

The Earth is different from other planets, that much is true. After all, we have life, and we haven’t found any other planets with life (yet). However, there are certain characteristics all planets have, and it will be quite logical to assume that if all planets behave a certain way, or show certain characteristics—specifically if those planets are in different places or were created under different circumstances—our planet is the same.

In other words: If so many planets that were created in different locations and under different circumstances show the same property, it’s likely that our own planet has the same property as well. All of our observations show that other planets are spherical (and since we know how they’re created, it’s also obvious why they take this shape). Unless we have a very good reason to think otherwise (which we don’t), our planet is very likely the same.

In 1610, Galileo Galilei observed the moons of Jupiter rotating around it. He described them as small planets orbiting a larger planet—a description (and observation) that was very difficult for the church to accept, as it challenged a geocentric model where everything was supposed to revolve around the Earth. This observation also showed that the planets (Jupiter, Neptune, and later Venus was observed too) are all spherical, and all orbit the sun.

[Related: Why is space cold if the sun is hot?]

A flat planet (ours or any other planet) would be such an incredible observation that it would pretty much go against everything we know about how planets form and behave. It would not only change everything we know about planet formation, but also about star formation (our sun would have to behave quite differently to accommodate the flat-earth theory) and what we know of speeds and movements in space (like planets’ orbits and the effects of gravity). In short, we don’t just suspect that our planet is spherical. We know it.

8. Consider the existence of time zones

The time in New York, at the moment these words are written, is 12:00 p.m. The sun is in the middle of the sky (though it’s hard to see with the current cloud coverage). In Beijing, it’s 12:00 a.m., midnight, and the sun is nowhere to be found. In Adelaide, Australia, it is 1:30 a.m. More than 13 hours ahead. There, the sunset is long gone—so much so, that the sun will soon rise up again at the beginning of a new day.

This can only be explained if the world is round, and rotating around its own axis. At a certain point when the sun is shining on one part of the Earth, the opposite side is dark, and vice versa. That allows for time differences and time zones, specifically ones that are larger than 12 hours.

Another point concerning time zones, the sun, and Earth: If the sun was a “spotlight” (very directionally located so that light only shines on a specific location) and the world was flat, we would see the sun even if it didn’t shine on top of us (as you can see in the drawing below). Similarly, you can see the light coming out of a spotlight on a stage in the theater, even though you—the crowd—are sitting in the dark. The only way to create two distinctly separate time zones, where there is complete darkness in one while there’s light in the other, is if the world is spherical.

9. Feel the pull of gravity

Here’s an interesting fact about mass: It attracts things to it. The force of attraction (gravity) between two objects depends on their mass and the distance between them. Simply said, gravity will pull toward the center of mass of the objects. To find the center of mass, you have to examine the object.

Consider a sphere. Since a sphere has a consistent shape, no matter where on it you stand, you have exactly the same amount of sphere under you. (Imagine an ant walking around on a crystal ball. From the insect’s point of view, the only indication of movement would be the fact the ant is moving its feet—the shape of the surface would not change at all.) A sphere’s center of mass is in the center of the sphere, which means gravity will pull anything on the surface of the sphere straight down toward the center of the sphere. This will occur no matter where on the surface the object is located.

Consider a flat plane. The center of mass of a flat plane is in its center, so the force of gravity will pull anything on the surface toward the middle of the plane. That means that if you stand on the edge of the plane, gravity will be pulling you sideways toward the plane’s middle, not straight down like you usually experience when you stand on Earth.

I am quite positive that, even for Australians, an apple falls downwards, not sideways. But if you have your doubts, I urge you to try dropping something—just make sure it’s nothing that can break or hurt you.

[Related: Have we been measuring gravity wrong this whole time?]

Here is some further reading about the center of mass and distribution of mass. And if you are brave enough to handle some equations (not involving integration), you can learn more about Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation.

10. Browse images from space

In the past 60 years of space exploration, we’ve launched satellites, probes, and people into space. Some of them got back, some of them still float through the solar system (and almost beyond it), and many transmit amazing images to our receivers on Earth. In all of these photos, the Earth is (wait for it) spherical. The curvature of the Earth is also visible in the many photos snapped by astronauts aboard the International Space Station. You can see recent examples on the ISS Instagram account.

You know what they say—a picture is worth a thousand diss tracks.

This post has been updated. It was originally published on January 26, 2016.

The post 10 ways you can tell the Earth is round appeared first on Popular Science.

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The Opt Out: Read this before sharing another photo of a kid online https://www.popsci.com/diy/sharenting/ Thu, 27 Apr 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=537079
Teddy bear sitting in a corner and hands peeking from the corner with a phone taking pictures of the teddy bear.
Sharenting is not something only parents do. Any adult with a kid in their lives can do it. Lauren Pusateri

Adults need to do better by children in the digital world.

The post The Opt Out: Read this before sharing another photo of a kid online appeared first on Popular Science.

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Teddy bear sitting in a corner and hands peeking from the corner with a phone taking pictures of the teddy bear.
Sharenting is not something only parents do. Any adult with a kid in their lives can do it. Lauren Pusateri

WITH A FEW infamous exceptions, it’s safe to say most of the content we see about children on social media has a positive spirit behind it. Your friend’s photo of their first sonogram and your cousin’s lengthy ramble about their toddler’s temper tantrums each come from a good place: the desire to mark a milestone, seek support, share happiness, or build community. But shifting the focus from the people who make the posts to the kids portrayed in them reveals a problem. 

The emotional, psychological, and developmental consequences of having one’s childhood—and all its growing pains—shared online are still unknown, as the first generation of kids conceived in the era of social media is only now coming of age. But studies and specialists are already warning that oversharing information about the kids in our lives might be fraught—both from an ethical and an online privacy point of view. 

What is sharenting and why is it problematic?

A portmanteau of share and parenting, sharenting is the common practice of creating, storing, and publishing content about kids online. And before you think being childless exempts you, know that the term is not limited to parents. If you’ve posted a TikTok dance with your nephew, made photo albums on Facebook about your students, live-tweeted your babysitting adventures, or just recounted a funny thing some kid did on the street, you’ve sharented. 

[Related: School devices are sharing your family’s data, but you can stop them]

“All of that seems innocuous, so you must be talking about influencers and mommy bloggers posting photos and videos of their children 24/7,” I hear you saying. Nope. Sharenting goes beyond the people making a profit off the content they share—the possibility of exploitation and what some may consider digital child labor is only a fraction of the problem. 

Think of it this way: A lot of the time, the kids in social media posts haven’t consented to having their picture or video taken and seen by people they know, let alone millions of others around the world. And even if they say it’s OK, they’re children. We cannot expect them to fully grasp the consequences of having their likeness and sensitive information posted online. Even educated adults have a hard time figuring out what terms and conditions and privacy policies mean, or gauging the social and psychological effects of broadcasting their lives. 

The obvious negative consequences of sharenting are the criminal and illegal activities it can lead to. Consider a post made by a new parent that includes a photo of their newborn, the kid’s full name and date of birth, and the name of the hospital. All that information will probably still be there when that infant becomes an adult, readily available for anyone who wants to bypass the security questions for one of their online accounts. And problems won’t wait for adulthood: A 2011 Carnegie Mellon CyLab study found that child identity theft was 51 times more common than adult identity theft. This is likely because a child’s identity is a clean slate with no credit history, Harvard Law School faculty member Leah Plunkett says in her book Sharenthood

Then there’s the possibility that the pictures you took of your child’s bath or your niece’s gymnastics tournament will end up on the wrong side of the internet. In 2015, an investigation by Australia’s children e-safety commissioner found that one image-sharing website for pedophiles contained at least 45 million files and “about half the material appeared to be sourced directly from social media.” 

Beyond these clear risks, the effects of sharenting on the psychosocial development of children are unclear. Data is scarce as we wait for the first children raised on social media to become adults, says Stacey Steinberg, a professor at the University of Florida Levin College of Law and author of Growing Up Shared. “Research, for the most part, is anecdotal—it is desperately needed,” she says. In her book, Plunkett theorizes that sharenting may thwart a child’s essential ability to explore, and that long-lasting posts may alter their personal narrative and sense of self, as many people they meet will go online and learn about them.

Sharenting do’s and don’ts 

The battle for online privacy is ongoing, and children’s privacy is no exception. In the US, laws and regulations like the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act and Protection of Pupil Rights Amendment aim to safeguard the data of minors on the internet, but privacy advocates still consider them insufficient

Some states are moving to pass their own laws in this regard, and the US Senate itself has its eye on the parenting influencer industry. But as of today, the country has no comprehensive statute that protects children’s privacy in all contexts. Still, adults have the choice and power to help. 

“Most parents do not overshare because they are trying to be malicious,” Steinberg says. “Most just have not yet considered the importance of their child’s digital footprint.” On the contrary, adults generally sharent with good intentions. Studies show sharenting is a way for parents to find validation and social support, and to help each other in an increasingly isolating landscape for child rearing. So instead of stopping everything and eliminating even the benefits of sharenting, Plunkett suggests four ways to post about the kids in your life in a more responsible way.

Share offline

First, go analog when possible. This is especially important if you’re sharing private information about a child. It’s important to you, as a person in charge of a minor, to receive support and validation from the people around you, and even though posting about it online may be the most immediate option, there are other ways to go about it. If you want people to see a cute picture of your baby to mark their first year, consider printing and mailing copies to your family and loved ones. If you need help managing a child’s temper tantrums, maybe pick up the phone and call or text your pediatrician instead of writing a lengthy Facebook post about it. 

Keep super-sensitive details to yourself

When it comes to sensitive information, just don’t share it. The things we post online have much longer lives than we realize, and details such as birth dates or the name of a child’s middle school could eventually make it easier for criminals and creeps to act against today’s children in the future. It’s unlikely these bits of information will unlock an account on their own, but they could be the missing piece that helps a hacker validate someone’s identity or answer a security question. 

Make sure the kids are fully clothed

One of the most disturbing uses of sharents’ photos and videos of children is their storage and reposting on file-sharing sites that cater to pedophiles. Most of the time, these pictures show kids in common situations like playing at the beach, running around in the park, or practicing cartwheels in the backyard. But the truth is that a lot of these innocent images get sexualized by twisted people. This is why Plunkett recommends only posting images of fully clothed children. The Innocent Lives Foundation, which seeks to protect children against predators online, provides more guidelines on particular outfits they search for (costumes, tutus, and bathing suits, for example) and hashtags to avoid when posting.

Don’t include the child’s face

Finally, ask yourself if a kid’s face actually has to be in the photo. You can always use an emoji or a scribble to cover their features, but if that goes against your aesthetic, consider posting only pictures showing the back of their head or a slight profile. This will help them stay anonymous in the real world.

Get the kids involved

It’s easy to think of the internet as a sea of data where everything will eventually get lost, but reality suggests otherwise. Those of us who remember living without the World Wide Web can confirm: Everything we posted during the early days haunts us, just as the content you share today might haunt the children in your life several years down the road.

[Related: When to have the online-security talk with your kids]

This is why getting kids involved in the decision-making process before you post something online can be formative in their digital education. Steinberg advocates giving children veto power over what you post about them online. Meanwhile, Plunkett says doing research with them and explaining—in a developmentally appropriate way—how social media works “models and supports practical and ethical digital citizenship.” This could also help them grow into adults who know the consequences of oversharing and have healthier relationships with online platforms. But whatever approach you take, keep in mind that as the only grown-up in this situation, you’re the one making the call to share or not to share. Kids are minors, and by definition, they cannot grant informed consent. 

It helps to think about children not as a source of entertainment or an opportunity to harvest likes, but as individuals who will one day face the consequences of our decisions to share moments of their lives. You might think you shared something silly or cute, like a video of them falling asleep on the toilet when they were three, but for them it may turn into a social debacle in the school cafeteria. Or maybe you run into an issue with something else—something you can’t even think of right now—that prevents them from getting into the college of their dreams. That’s the scary part: the not knowing. 

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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A beginner’s guide to visiting national parks https://www.popsci.com/story/diy/national-park-guide/ Sat, 24 Apr 2021 17:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/story/?p=284574
The view of Zion National Park from Lava Point.
National Parks offer many stunning views, like this one in Zion National Park. National Park Service

Transportation tips, lodging advice, and other details you need to know before you go to a national park.

The post A beginner’s guide to visiting national parks appeared first on Popular Science.

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The view of Zion National Park from Lava Point.
National Parks offer many stunning views, like this one in Zion National Park. National Park Service

Summer is almost here, and for many Americans, that means it’s time to start planning that long-awaited road trip. With 312 million visitors in 2022, national parks are some of the most popular destinations for this kind of travel, as they provide a unique opportunity to connect with nature while, ideally, avoiding crowds. But there are nuances that can make or break your visit to a national park, and they don’t reveal themselves until you’re actually there—which can be too late.

On my first trip to Zion National Park in Utah, I expected serene hikes with birds chirping among towering red rock. Instead, I found myself surrounded by people packing into shuttles; the vibe more theme park than nature-y. 

Although I left feeling a bit underwhelmed, my second visit to Zion, during the off-season, was a completely different experience. I arrived the week before peak-season shuttle service began, allowing me to tour the park’s main road (Zion Canyon Scenic Drive) in my own vehicle. I camped on-site, rolling out of bed early for hikes, and experienced the Zion I had imagined—tranquil and sublime. 

They say hindsight is 20/20. Here’s hoping by borrowing ours you can plan a memorable trip.

How to get around national parks

There’s no way around it—whether it’s your own car, a rental, or a recreational vehicle, you’ll absolutely need wheels to explore. National parks can cover vast swaths of land, and some, like Yellowstone National Park, even stretch across multiple states.

When planning your park visit, take time to look at maps of your destination on the National Park Service website. These maps generally do a good job of letting you know how many miles separate different points, and sometimes include time estimates for traveling between various park entrances.

Of course, there are exceptions to every rule. A notable one is Zion National Park, which is so swarmed with adoring visitors that you’re not allowed to drive along the popular scenic road in your own vehicle for most of the year. Outside of winter, you’ll have to use the park’s shuttle system to travel that route.

Give yourself multiple days to explore

As you pore over maps, you may notice that national parks have distinct areas. Sometimes they connect, but sometimes they don’t. You may also be surprised to find you could lose most of a day moving between them.

In Utah’s Canyonlands National Park, for example, it can take six hours to drive between Island in the Sky and the Maze. Most people only make it to Island in the Sky, but self-sufficient, experienced trail drivers with high-clearance, four-wheel drive vehicles and off-road recovery gear may also want to experience the remote beauty of the Maze. If that’s you or a friend, plan for a minimum of three days.

[Related: 5 activities to show kids that maps can be fun]

But at Joshua Tree National Park in California, two deserts run into each other. It’s hard to tell the difference unless you know that the park’s namesake trees don’t grow in the Colorado Desert, but their Seussian forms scatter the Mojave. Absent that indicator, though, the transition between the neighboring ecosystems is seamless as you drive along the main road.

Check vehicle restrictions if you’re driving an RV

Some national parks are marvelously suited for RVs. Arches, White Sands, and Joshua Tree, for example, are easy to explore in an RV, as the elevation gain is gentle and it’s easy to stop at overlooks and points of interest along the way.

Other parks, however, may not allow large vehicles in certain sections, especially roads with switchbacks and hairpin turns. While you can usually avoid these areas, you may want to reconsider the size of the RV you’re renting, or avoid driving a motorhome altogether, as it may mean a must-see feature will have to come off your itinerary.

Going-to-the-Sun Road in Montana’s Glacier National Park is a great example. There, all vehicles (including any attached trailers) can only be up to 21 feet long and 10 feet tall, which is smaller than most RVs. If traveling Going-to-the-Sun Road and road-tripping in an RV are both on your bucket list, fear not, we have advice: Find an outfitter that rents short wheelbase Sprinters or small Class B RVs like the Winnebago Travato. 

No matter what park you’re visiting, renting a small RV may also make it easier to park at trailheads, where designated spots for RVs can be scarce or non-existent. Going small just might save you from having to park in a different lot. Nothing against shuttles, but you’d better check the schedule before you wind up stranded after a sunset hike.

Tips for staying inside national parks

Among the most convenient, immersive ways to see a national park is to actually stay in it. Doing so makes it easier to go on night hikes or do some stargazing. 

Make sure you have the right gear if you’re camping in a tent

If you want to go full-on outdoors enthusiast, you can try tent camping at a national park campground. The key is to book your spot as soon as reservations open to the public, if not shortly thereafter—available sites will quickly become scarce. 

For an experience you’ll remember for the right reasons, start with the right gear. But before you become REI’s best customer, consider your options. You can get second-hand gear in great condition from thrift shops or platforms such as Geartrade, Facebook Marketplace, and even Reddit. Renting gear is a handy solution as well, especially if you don’t normally camp or aren’t sure how much you’ll like the great outdoors.

[Related: How to make your outdoor gear last longer]

It’s also important to note that depending on where you are and the elevation, nights can get very cold––even in the summer. If you have an improperly rated sleeping bag, or you’re using it wrong, you’ll be falling asleep to the sound of your chattering teeth. The best way to prepare is to consult an outfitter near the park of interest. They’ll know exactly what you’ll need to keep dry, stay warm, and, most importantly, help ensure you don’t advertise your campsite as a bear-friendly buffet

If traveling by RV, confirm your campsite has what you need

Touring a national park in an RV can make for an iconic vacation. But before you start browsing for rentals, make sure the park you want to visit accommodates RVs and snag a spot as quickly as you can.

When it comes to on-site RV camping, first-trip fails tend to center around electric hookups. Depending on your vehicle, you may need a campsite with power, but some campgrounds only offer “dry camping” sites with no electricity.

If you’re planning a multi-night stay without power, ask your outfitter lots of questions. You’ll need to know if the RV is equipped with solar panels, or if the house batteries charge up while you drive. Find out if the refrigerator runs on propane in addition to electric power, and if there is an onboard generator. At sundown, when the temperature drops, your furnace can drain your RV battery overnight. This can happen even if your furnace runs on propane, as its fan still runs on electric power. 

Not all lodges are made equal

If dragging your house around like a crustacean is not your thing, you can always opt for an in-park lodge, should the park of your choice have one. 

Lodge accommodations vary greatly though, and you won’t want to be surprised by a lack of air conditioning in the middle of July. When considering any booking, search online for visitor reviews and discussions on message boards. In some cases, you’ll even be able to ask specific questions to people who have stayed there, which may be the best way to make sure reality matches your expectations. 

What to know about accommodations outside national parks

While staying on-site is a unique experience, your road trip can still be amazing if you stay off-site. For best results, give yourself more time than you think you need. If you choose to stay in a charming town near your chosen park, for example, you’ll have to account for travel time between the two, plus the much slower speed you’ll drive in the park itself.

Always bring food 

Given the amount of time you’ll spend inside your chosen park, there’s no guarantee you’ll find something to eat. At some parks, you’ll be lucky to locate a lone protein bar at the visitor’s center, while others have their own grocery stores.

So whether you’re staying on-site or traveling by car, make sure to bring a packed cooler and extra food. If you’re touring in an RV, stock the fridge. 

[Related: Once you know what happens to food you leave outdoors, you’ll stop doing it]

Even if you find your park has provisions available, you probably won’t want to spend precious time standing in line for the register when you could be out there becoming one with nature.

Timing your visit

Expectations go a long way toward a great first experience, and timing is key.

Seasonal closures happen, and you’ll also want to check for any permits or waiting lists for famous hikes. About a week before you set out, scan the websites for the parks you’ll be visiting to avoid disappointment. 

Even if you can’t time your trip for when your chosen park is fully open, its beauty will still shine through—just a glimpse is enough to know you’ve visited a special place on Earth.

Correction April 26, 2021: The story previously suggested all of Zion National Park was inaccessible to private vehicles during peak season, instead of only the main scenic road.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on April 24, 2021.

The post A beginner’s guide to visiting national parks appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to start mountain biking this summer https://www.popsci.com/diy/mountain-biking-for-beginners/ Sun, 23 Apr 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=535982
Person rides a mountain bike on an outdoor trail.
This is your sign you've been waiting for: it's never too late to get into mountain biking. Tobias Bjerknes / Unsplash

Every mountain biker was a beginner once. This is how you start your journey.

The post How to start mountain biking this summer appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person rides a mountain bike on an outdoor trail.
This is your sign you've been waiting for: it's never too late to get into mountain biking. Tobias Bjerknes / Unsplash

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There’s nothing like the adrenaline-pumping thrills and the sense of childlike joy that comes with mountain biking. For beginners, however, getting into the sport as an adult can be daunting. Aside from the physical demand and the inherent risk involved, collecting the necessary gear, procuring an appropriate bike, and locating suitable trails nearby is enough to deter many would-be enthusiasts.

Fortunately, if you take it step by step and listen to the experts, you can start tearing up single track in no time.

How to find a beginner mountain bike

The one piece of gear you can’t go mountain biking without is—you guessed it—a bike. But before you order the coolest-looking one within your price range, it’s important that you take the time to find the right mountain bike for you.

There are many types of mountain bikes, but you’ll mostly see one of two options. Hardtails feature suspension only on the front, so they won’t be able to fully absorb the impact when you’re riding on rough trails. On the flip side, hardtails come with the benefit of being easier to maintain and having a smaller price tag. But this doesn’t necessarily mean they’re cheap: You could find a used one in good condition for $500 or spend more than $2,000 for a new, high-end model.

[Related: The best electric mountain bikes of 2023]

If the thought of a hardtail doesn’t convince you, maybe you’ll want to go for a full-suspension one. As the name suggests, this type of bike has suspension in the front and the rear, which offers a cushier ride with less jostling and softer landings. But as you’d expect, comfort comes at a price, and a full-suspension bike could leave a hole in your wallet of anywhere between $1,500 and $8,000.

Dwight Follien, president of Groveland Trail Heads, an organization that builds and maintains mountain bike trails in Groveland, California, implores beginners not to assume one type of bike is better than the other. Instead, he recommends considering what types of trails you’ll be riding and how often. For example, if you’ll only be riding occasionally and almost always on smooth or non-technical trails, you may not need to splurge on a pricey full suspension.

On the other hand, if you’re sure mountain biking is going to become a full-time hobby and you hope to start conquering difficult trails sooner rather than later, it may make sense to invest in a nice full-suspension.

Get the right size bike

Don’t shell out for the first shiny metal steed that catches your eye. Bikes come in different sizes, typically ranging from extra small to extra large. Finding the right fit is important when choosing a road bike, but it’s crucial when it comes to mountain bikes, as you’ll be out of your seat and moving around a lot more.

“You could have the nicest bike in the world but you’re not gonna have much fun if it’s not the bike for you or it doesn’t fit right,” says Tom Fure, owner of MQT Bike Rentals in Marquette, Michigan.

If you have no idea what size bike you should ride, online size charts can be helpful. But to ensure you get the best fit, Follien says going to a local bike shop and getting sized by experienced staff members is a great idea. Whether you buy used or new, they’ll be able to help you dial in the perfect dimensions by measuring your height, and the length of your legs and torso. 

Go for a lot of test rides

Before you commit, Fure recommends test riding several bikes. Going for a spin around the parking lot or borrowing your friend’s for the weekend will help you find out what features you like, what size you’re most comfortable with, and if any particular brands stand out.

Hitting the trails with a rental a couple of times will not only help you get a feel of what you like in a bike, but it’s also a great way to see if you enjoy the sport before making the investment. Just look for a reputable company that will help get you fitted and is on call in case you run into a problem or overestimate your abilities on your first time out.

Pack the essentials

In addition to a bike, there are a few other things you’ll need to bring on every ride, says Follien. These include a helmet, pads for knees and elbows, and a compact multi-tool for quick repairs. Complete your kit with a spare tube, tire levers, a patch kit for small punctures, and a portable bike pump.

You’re more likely to get a flat if you’re mountain biking on rough trails, so having a way to perform repairs yourself is a must. Plus, getting stranded in a hard-to-access area is no joke, as friends and family won’t likely be able to swing by and pick you up in a car if something goes wrong.

Plenty of snacks and water are also important, as is a small first aid kit for if (and when) you suffer scrapes or other injuries.

The secret to mountain biking is starting small

When you’re ready for your first ride, Follien recommends sticking to easy, flat trails until you gain confidence, build endurance, and get comfortable with your bike. Mountain bike trails are rated with colors and shapes, like ski slopes: Green circles are the easiest, followed by blue squares, black diamonds, and finally double black diamonds. You’ll also occasionally see white markers, which indicate extremely easy trails or adaptive trails for differently-abled riders. To find trials near you, ask around at bike shops or use apps like TrailForks (available for Android and iOS), AllTrails (available for Android and iOS), or MTB Project (available for Android and iOS).

For safety reasons, you should always hit the trails with friends—ideally ones that have more experience than you but remember that you’re still learning. 

“The worst thing that happens to beginners is going out with advanced friends,” Follien warns. You may not be able to keep up, tackle advanced features, or have the endurance for long climbs. Getting left behind can be frustrating, but trying out jumps and drops you’re not yet ready for could be dangerous.

Taking a beginner-friendly mountain bike course and joining group rides can also help build both skills and confidence. To find one, look for local mountain biking groups that state if and when their rides or classes are appropriate for beginners. As a bonus, Fure says group rides often attract experienced riders, mechanics, and bike shop employees who may be able to answer questions or give you a hand.

Follow the rules of the trail

Once you’re ready to put tire to track, make sure you know the rules of the trail, which you’ll likely find posted at the trailhead. Typically, other than following leave-no-trace principles, the main thing bikers need to be aware of is the right-of-way.

In general, riders should yield to hikers and horses on multi-use trails. If a hiker or trail runner steps out of their way for you, make sure to thank them and let them know how many riders are coming behind you if you’re riding in a group.

[Related: Meet the mountain bikes built to survive a backflip off a cliff]

Trail etiquette also dictates that riders headed downhill should yield to those riding uphill, explains Follien. Sure, racing downhill is fast and fun, but it’s a lot harder for a rider going against gravity to start again after they’ve stopped.

Then all that’s left is to get out and have fun. “You don’t have to be an all-star or pro rider to enjoy the trails,” Fure says. “The more time on a bike you have the more comfortable you get and the more fun it becomes.”

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How to stream movies and shows without destroying your sleep https://www.popsci.com/binge-watch-without-messing-up-your-sleep/ Tue, 22 Jun 2021 01:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/binge-watch-without-messing-up-your-sleep/
A TV with the Stranger Things title screen on it, in a dark room bathed in purple light. Exactly what you might see if you're binge-watching instead of going to sleep.
We know you want to keep watching, but your body needs sleep. Toby Osborn / Unsplash

Have your screen time and sleep well too.

The post How to stream movies and shows without destroying your sleep appeared first on Popular Science.

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A TV with the Stranger Things title screen on it, in a dark room bathed in purple light. Exactly what you might see if you're binge-watching instead of going to sleep.
We know you want to keep watching, but your body needs sleep. Toby Osborn / Unsplash

If you subscribe to Netflix, Amazon Prime, or any other streaming service, you’ve probably found yourself gazing at the screen as episode after episode autoplays, until you check the clock and realize you wanted to go to sleep more than an hour ago. But series like Stranger Things are seriously good television—so where’s the harm in binge-watching a bit?

The problem is that a growing body of evidence suggests the various demands of a modern-day lifestyle, including hours of late-night streaming, are seriously disrupting human sleep patterns. This, in turn, can damage our overall health. But just try telling people to give up their Netflix—it’s a recipe for failure.

With that in mind, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, a professional society founded in 1975, has taken it upon itself to set some guidelines for enjoying top-notch shows while making sure your body and brain get enough rest. We can show you how to use them to properly balance binge-watching and sleep.

Take breaks between episodes

The AASM recommends getting out of “the autoplay loop,” where you watch episode after episode because it takes less effort than stopping the playback. Luckily, Netflix, Hulu, and other streaming services give you the option to turn autoplay off. The idea is that manually loading the next episode can prevent you from mindlessly gluing your eyes to the screen. However, it’s still easy for you to click, click, click through the episodes. Which is why you should also…

Set an episode limit

Don’t fire up Bridgerton and then wait to see how the evening goes. Decide in advance how much you’re going to watch before bed and then stick to that limit, regardless of cliffhangers. (By the way, this is the same principle you should use for a night of boozing.)

If you have trouble obeying this type of limit, you might have to trick yourself. One way to do so is by downloading episodes onto your phone. Because Netflix and other services support offline downloads for many shows, you can pre-load all the television you’ve decided to watch in advance. Then put your phone in airplane mode to stop yourself from exceeding your limits. Downloading also lets you catch up with Yellowjackets on the train ride to work, instead of staying up watching it the night before.

The Netflix user interface for the show Bloodline, showing offline download options, which can help you balance binge-watching and sleep.
Downloading episodes can help you stick to your limits. David Nield

Stressed about finishing an episode on your commute? Try reserving some daylight hours when you’ll be able to watch without worrying about missing your stop or blowing past your bedtime. The AASM advises you to resolve the conflict between binge-watching and sleep by setting aside relaxed viewing time over the weekend.

[Related: How to add subtitles to Netflix and other apps]

Avoid using your phone in bed

Sure, few places provide a comfier binge-watching location than your bed. But again, it’s all too easy to keep watching for one more episode when you and your phone are cozily tucked in. Using screens in bed can keep your mind active for longer than is healthy—so keep the gadgets away from your sleeping area.

Another problem with phones is that their glowing displays strain our eyes. All that staring at your phone is unhealthy, and one way to limit its impact on your sleep is to watch on a bigger, more distant screen instead. So instead of using your phone in bed, try streaming that media to a television.

Control the light

Bright blue light, like the wavelengths emanating from your video screen, will keep you alert and suppress the chemicals supposed to send you to sleep. To make sure you’re able to drop off when you want to, you should stop binge-watching about half an hour before your desired bedtime. In fact, the AASM recommends turning off all screens at least 30 minutes before you sleep.

[Related: There’s a lot to learn about how blue light affects our eyes]

In fact reducing any blue light exposure after sunset could help steady your sleep cycle. So you should try cutting down on the amount of blue light your smartphone or laptop emits—and yes, there’s an app for that. Several apps, in fact.

For iPhone users, there’s a blue-light-reduction feature called Night Shift built right into iOS. It can automatically adjust the color of the screen during evening hours so that the display will emit reddish rather than bluish light. To find it, open the Settings app and head to Display & Brightness.

The Night Shift option on an Apple iPhone with iOS.
Use Apple’s Night Shift option to get ready for sleep. David Nield

Apple has also included the same feature in macOS. To set it up on your computer, open the Apple menu, choose System Settings, and open the Displays tab. Click the Night Shift button in the bottom right, and you’ll be able to set the color change schedule and strength as you see fit, just as on iOS.

Android phones have a similar feature called Night Light, though the setup process may be different depending on which version of the mobile operating system you’re using. To activate it on a Pixel phone, go to SettingsDisplay, and tap Night Light. You can schedule a daily start and end time, and customize the intensity by dragging the slider.

The last thing you should remember every time you find yourself choosing between binge-watching and sleep is that AASM recommends adults rest for seven hours or more per night. Anything less than that can cause problems with work or school performance, cognitive abilities, and mood. You don’t need to stop watching movies and shows to reach this goal, but these tips should let you get a handle on your viewing habits, and make you feel a lot better.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on June 8, 2017.

The post How to stream movies and shows without destroying your sleep appeared first on Popular Science.

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On 420, learn more about weed with these carefully cultivated science stories https://www.popsci.com/science/weed-science-stories/ Thu, 20 Apr 2023 13:08:19 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=535481
Cannabis plant under purple weed grow light
Keep the weed growing to the experts. Deposit Photos

Light up your life with these highly educational articles on cannabis in its many forms.

The post On 420, learn more about weed with these carefully cultivated science stories appeared first on Popular Science.

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Cannabis plant under purple weed grow light
Keep the weed growing to the experts. Deposit Photos

Today is a very special holiday where a skunky smell permeates the air. If you’re celebrating 4/20, Popular Science has the perfect lineup of dope science stories to make you everyone’s favorite bud. Don’t puff puff pass on this one!

Essential cannabis accessories

First things first, everyone needs some cannabis supplies before lighting up. But with so many twists on glassware and other options, how do you decide? From vaporizers to grinders to pen batteries, PopSci’s roundup of essential cannabis accessories will walk you through the choices.

A step-by-step guide to rolling a joint

Rolling a joint can’t be that hard, right? Wrong. Thankfully, in honor of 4/20, our DIY step-by-step guide will explain both the art and the science of rolling a joint, with advice straight from some of New York City’s expert budtenders. It’s the perfect refresher for veterans and crash course for newbies, complete with photos, detailed instructions, and material recommendations.

Can CBD help you chill? Here’s what we know so far.

CBD, THC’s sister molecule, has been working its way into various products as part of a budding industry. CBD is legal in more US states than cannabis, and can be added to almost any product as long as it has less than 0.3 percent THC. It’s a great alternative for those looking for stress relief, or don’t want the psychoactive effects of cannabis itself. Still have some questions about CBD? It’s not a panacea, but it may be worth trying out.

Is growing weed sustainable? The answer is complicated.

Using cannabis products to ease climate anxiety might be a Catch-22. Researchers say it’s hard to measure the environmental impact of today’s celebrated plant: Grow operations across the US take up a lot of water, land, and energy. Here’s what we know about the sustainability of cannabis.

Can you overdose on weed?

All substances have their risks, what about weed? Well, thankfully its not possible to overdose in the traditional sense, but overdoing it does pose some safety threats. Before you celebrate 4/20, listen to this Ask Us Anything podcast on the side effects of weed to gain some insights on responsible consumption.

The tasty chemicals flavoring the edible cannabis boom

Cannabis may have a distinctive smell, but a little-known aspect to users and non-users alike is that each strain has a special chemical composition. Like wine with its various aromas (such as floral, fruity, or earthy) different strains of cannabis possess a signature scent and taste. What makes them unique? Terpenes, or “terps,” are aromatic compounds found in many herbs and flowers. There are hundreds of known kinds that yield diverse flavors and effects. PopSci reported a comprehensive overview on the science of terpenes, ending with a list of the most buyable varieties.

Is marijuana a performance-enhancing drug? The best evidence says no.

Unfortunately for many athletes, cannabis use still falls on the list of prohibited substances. These regulations are in place to prevent the use of performance-enhancing drugs and ensure fair competition, but does cannabis really belong on the same list as steroids? Learn why the scientific reasoning behind cannabis regulations in sports might be lacking.

Cannabis gets its high-inducing power from ancient viruses

The next time a friend thanks a higher power for cannabis, remind them to appreciate viruses for their genetic contributions. (At the very least, it was a joint effort.) The psychoactive and medicinal effects of cannabis probably evolved from ancient viruses Mapping the genome of the plant posed a challenge to researchers as an illicit substance, but as it slowly became legal in different states over the past two decades, they dove deep into its background. What better time than 4/20 to learn the evolutionary history of cannabis.

Why German scientists got cows stoned

Nobody wants animals to get high on our supply, but these German scientists did it on purpose with cows. Not to laugh at the animals’ “pronounced tongue play,” as researchers described: They wanted to test if leftover organic matter from the hemp industry could be fed to livestock, reducing waste and curbing methane emissions from regular hay and soy. The German study led to some especially silly bovine behavior and THC-spiked milk.

Does CBD show up on a drug test?

Using cannabis products might lead to a positive drug test that could cost you a job or other opportunities. For those that want the stress-reducing effects of cannabis, but have to keep off the grass, consider quality products with this CBD drug test and product guide.

The post On 420, learn more about weed with these carefully cultivated science stories appeared first on Popular Science.

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A step-by-step guide to rolling a joint https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-roll-a-joint/ Wed, 19 Apr 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=535070
Hand holding a joint,
Not the best-looking joint you've ever seen, but that's the whole point: practice makes perfect. Sandra Gutierrez

“How hard could it be,” they say before giving up entirely.

The post A step-by-step guide to rolling a joint appeared first on Popular Science.

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Hand holding a joint,
Not the best-looking joint you've ever seen, but that's the whole point: practice makes perfect. Sandra Gutierrez

When you finally decide to settle in and figure out how to roll a joint, it will seem simple enough—until you try and realize it’s way more complicated than you expected. Even when you succeed, you’ll discover there’s a huge difference between a joint that holds together and one that’s actually good.

We’re not going to lie: it’s a long way between weed wrapped in a piece of paper and your first properly rolled joint. But everyone’s got to start somewhere, and the right tips and tricks can help you make joints with precisely ground cannabis within perfectly rolled rice paper. Consider this guide the first stop on your trip to better trips. Just make sure marijuana use is legal where you are before you start rolling.

Get the right implements 

A good joint will smoke evenly and allow for enough airflow to carry every taste note into your mouth with each drag. Crafting one requires technique and a bit of dexterity, but you can make things easier for yourself by using the right tools. As you’ll see, a lot about rolling joints is personal preference, but the following advice will help you know where to start.  

Rolling paper

It’s easy to get overwhelmed by all the paper options you’ll see online or at your local smoke shop, but there are some characteristics you’ll want to look out for. 

A smoking paper pack next to a sheet of smoking paper.
When it comes to rolling paper, the experts agree: the thinner, the better. Sandra Gutierrez

“The most important factor in choosing a paper is getting the thinnest one, so you can taste the flower better,” says Ta’Lor (who prefers to go only by her first name), a budtender at The Astor Club, a hidden cannabis smoke lounge in New York City.   

[Related: Can you overdose on weed?]

Ta’Lor, who’s the weed equivalent of a sommelier, recommends rice paper from popular brands such as OCB and Vibes. Ali Jamalian, founder and owner of Sunset Connect, a cannabis product manufacturer in California, says your choice of paper will be personal preference, but that thin rice paper is a great place to start. 

Then there’s size. Some brands have several dimensions to choose from but if you want to make a classic cone-shaped joint, you’ll need king-size paper. The exact length will depend on the brand, but it’ll always be somewhere around 10 centimeters, which is a little under 4 inches. 

Tips

You can definitely roll a joint without a tip, or choose your favorite from a large range of materials, from glass to cotton—it’s all personal preference. That said, both Jamalian and Ta’Lor advise using a tip, and recommend beginners stick to the classic cardboard ones. Glass is a bit too heavy and cotton requires a stronger draw. 

Hands holding a cardboard tip for smoking.
Glass tips are hard to roll with because they’re a bit heavy. Better to stick to the classic cardboard ones. Sandra Gutierrez

Tips play multiple roles in smoking. The first is to provide a barrier between you and the cannabis, which will prevent weed from getting into your mouth. They will also save you from charring your lips and fingers as you finish your joint. Finally, a tip will be indispensable while rolling a joint, as it will provide structure and shape.  

You can buy a bag of pre-rolled tips or a booklet of perforated tips you can roll yourself. Both offer about the same smoking experience, and the one you choose will come down to personal preference. The main difference between these two types of products is cost—a few cents per tip depending on brand and quantity. Buying in bulk, of course, is cheaper. 

If you don’t have a tip, Jamalian says you can use whatever piece of soft cardboard you have at home as long as it’s not laminated or printed on. But the budtenders at The Astor Club are even more cautious.

“Honestly, if you don’t have a tip, don’t use one, because you don’t necessarily know what paper you’re gonna be burning,” says Ta’lor. Her coworker, Calia, who also prefers to go by her first name, agrees: “When high heat hits something and then enters your lungs, you’re smoking those particles and that could affect you in the long run. We’re already smoking—you want to keep your smoke as clean as possible.” 

Accessories

Cannabis is a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide, so you’re sure to find a wide range of gizmos that promise to improve your smoking experience. Technology has certainly created gadgets that can enhance your trip, but beginners should stick to the essentials at first.

Other than rolling paper and tips, the sources we talked to recommended having a rolling tray and a good grinder at hand. You can use almost anything as a rolling tray (a plate, a cutting board, or an actual tray), but make sure you clean it before every use. Its main purpose is to catch any weed that falls out while you roll—and that will happen if you’re a beginner. Since you’ll either put that cannabis back into your joint or smoke it later, you don’t want there to be any crumbs, dust, or gunk that could eventually make it into your lungs or ruin the taste of good weed. 

As for a grinder, Jamalian recommends using a three-chamber one made out of metal instead of plastic, because tiny pieces of the latter can break into your cannabis.

“You should definitely always look at your grinder to see if all the little teeth are still there, that nothing is broken,” he adds.

Calia stresses that contrary to popular belief, grinders are absolutely reusable, and if you think it’s not shredding as well as it used to, it probably just needs a good cleaning. She suggests separating the grinder into as many pieces as possible and letting them soak in alcohol for a day. To clean hard spots or difficult nooks and crannies, like the rim, she recommends using a paper towel with alcohol. 

Finally, get some good weed

The best implements in the market will do absolutely nothing to improve your smoking experience if you don’t roll quality weed. Which type you get, again, is a matter of personal preference, but you’ll need to make sure it’s fresh and hasn’t been sitting around in your big brother’s drawer for a year. 

[Related: The tasty chemicals flavoring the edible cannabis boom]

Old weed will crumble to dust when you grind it, which, according to Ta’Lor, makes it harder to put into a joint. “When you roll with a really great, really fresh bud that sticks together and forms itself, it’s way easier,” she says. 

To test your cannabis, Ta’Lor says you should squeeze the bud between your thumb and index finger. If it bounces and there’s little to no fallout, you should be good to go. 

How to roll a joint

Now that you’re fully prepared to roll a joint, let’s go through the actual rolling process. 

Stats

  • Time: 1 to 2 minutes, depending on your dexterity
  • Material cost: around $18 for implements
  • Difficulty: easy

Materials

  • 1 gram of cannabis
  • 1 king-size rolling paper 
  • 1 tip

Tools

  • Grinder
  • Rolling tray
  • (Optional) small tube (or slim pencil) 

Instructions

1. (Optional) Roll your tip. If you’re using a pre-made tip, you can skip this step. Otherwise, start by ripping a tip from your booklet. If you chose tips with perforations, you’ll be able to make folds where the dotted lines are and roll the rest of the tip around that shape. 

Series of three photos showing hands rolling a smoking tip out of cardboard.
Even if you don’t have perforated smoking tips, you can easily roll your own. Sandra Gutierrez

If your tip doesn’t have any guides, you’ll need to pick the shape you want to start with—the classics are an “S” or a “W.” For either one, you’ll need to start by making a tiny fold of around 1/8 of an inch (around 3 millimeters) on one of the short ends of the paper and then make an equal fold in the opposite direction: it should feel like you’re folding a very tiny accordion. 

Make one more fold (three in total) for an “S” shape, and two more (four in total) for a “W” shape. Jamalian says the difference between them is how much they protect the cannabis from falling out and into your mouth while you smoke. An “S” shape should do the trick, but if you’re dealing with finer weed (read: not that fresh) you’re better off making a “W.” Once that’s done, roll the rest of the cardboard around it. 

Don’t worry if it bounces back into a looser roll the moment you let go—you’ll be able to adjust it later if you need to. 

  • Pro tip: Jamalian says he doesn’t like the thought of burning weed (a “hot cherry,” as he puts it) half an inch from his face. If you don’t like this either, try doing what he does: use longer tips. You can buy them as wide or king-size—they’re around an inch long—or you can make them yourself with the correct paper.

2. De-stem your cannabis and grind it. A king-size paper should be big enough to roll a gram of weed, which is approximately two to three buds, depending on the size. Starting with that amount is a good baseline, but don’t be surprised if you can’t fit it all in there at first—more on that later. 

Take a close look at your buds and pick out any stems you might find. These will not only ruin your joint by possibly puncturing the paper or interrupting an otherwise even burn, Ta’Lor says, but might also damage your grinder in the long run. If it’s plastic, a stem might break the little teeth inside, and if it’s metal, it might blunt them quicker.

All of our experts agree that the cannabis you want in a joint should be on the finer side but not totally pulverized. The latter is more likely to happen if you’re grinding old weed. If you’re nervous about overgrinding, check on it as you go.

3. Clean your cannabis. Dump the weed onto your rolling tray (or whatever you’re using as one) and lightly roll it between your fingers. You’ll be feeling it out for any particles that are not supposed to be there: stems you might have missed in the previous step, plastic teeth or bits that might have broken off your grinder, seeds, and seed shells. 

“When seeds pop—oh, it’s the worst smell in the world. You don’t want that in your joint,” says Calia. 

Hand sifting through oregano leaves.
Oregano, you say? No, of course it’s not. Sandra Gutierrez

4. Set up your paper. When you tug your rolling paper out of its packaging, you’ll notice it has a crease. This is where you’ll place the cannabis. Position the paper, making sure the glue line is on the inside of the folded paper and facing you the entire time. Handle the paper with both hands by placing the tips of your index fingers on the inside of the crease and using your middle fingers and thumbs on the outer sides of the paper. Your thumbs and index fingers should hold the paper tight, while your middle fingers act as supports to keep the glue side of the paper upright. 

Before you place any weed on the paper, get a feel for tension—the paper should be taut, but not so much that it feels like it’s going to rip. If it does (and the budtenders at The Astor Club say this will happen a couple of times) don’t get discouraged—just grab another paper and try again until you establish some muscle memory. 

Hands holding smoking paper ready to roll
Getting the tension right is important to roll as tight as possible. Sandra Gutierrez
  • Pro tip: Take the folded paper between your thumbs and index fingers and roll it up and down to curl it along the crease, leaving a margin of around 1/8 of an inch on each side. This will give the paper more of a “U” shape that might help you roll the joint later. If the paper keeps slipping and you need more grip, lightly wet the tips of your index finger and thumb. If you lose any trace of the original crease, find it again by rolling the paper so that the front side facing you is only slightly below the glue line on the back side. 

5. Add your tip. With the paper between your fingers as explained in the previous step, choose a side to place your tip—this will be the bottom of the joint. A lot of people choose their dominant hand side, Jamalian says, but you should do whatever feels comfortable. For example, even though he is right-handed, he likes to place the tip on the left side of his joints. 

Put the tip on the paper so both edges are aligned, and use the index, middle finger, and thumb on one hand to keep it in place. 

Hand holding a smoking paper with a cardboard tip on the left side.
Inserting the paper into the rolled cardboard will stabilize the tip and keep it in place. Sandra Gutierrez
  • Pro tip: If you have a hard time keeping the tip in place, slightly lift the loose end of your tip and slide a half an inch of the paper into the roll. Finish by slightly rolling the tip upward. This will prevent the tip from moving around and will provide structure, which will later make the rolling easier. If you’re rolling a straight joint, though, this technique will leave you with less space to put your cannabis in and will make it a bit harder to pack it tightly toward the tip. If you want to create a cone shape, insert the rolling paper into the tip at a slight angle.

6. Add the cannabis. With your fingers holding the tip in place inside the rolling paper, use your other hand to put the weed in. From time to time, stop to secure it in place and pinch the joint to give it shape. Using fresh cannabis will make this a lot easier, as it’ll stick to itself and quickly take whatever shape you give it. 

Make sure you get rid of any air pockets, especially around where the cannabis and the tip meet. Any empty space will make for an uneven burn, creating what is known in the weed world as a canoe: when one side of the paper burns before the other because there’s nothing there to stop the heat from consuming the paper. This not only wastes cannabis, but will also ruin your experience as the smoke from the burning paper will alter the taste of your weed. 

Hand holding an unfinished joint while the other hand adds oregano into it.
If rolling oregano taught us anything, it was that, indeed, using non-sticky weed to roll a joint is incredibly challenging. Sandra Gutierrez

Take your time shaping your joint. The ultimate goal is to pack it tight and evenly, which will come more easily with practice, Calia says. If you notice cannabis falling onto your tray from the top of the joint, Jamalian suggests you leave it there for the time being. “Beginners should know it’s totally ok to have half of it fall out while you’re learning. Eventually, it’ll stop happening,” he says. 

7. Roll your joint. Now is the moment you’ve been waiting for: the rolling. Using your middle fingers as support, use your indexes and thumbs to roll the front side of the paper down so it can only cover the weed and tip. 

Reposition your index fingers to cover the insides of the joint with the front side of the paper and slightly roll it up upward. This is by far the hardest part: Your goal is to securely tuck the front side of the paper between the cannabis and the back of the paper as tightly as possible, so you can continue rolling up. While you try this, you’ll probably lose a lot of the tension you’ve been building up to this point, so don’t be afraid to go back and forth until you get the tucking right. Just know that it’s OK if you can’t make it as tight as you want: this is all part of the process and it’ll become easier with practice.

Series of three photos showing how to roll a joint.
Pinch the paper close, cover the joint’s innards, and tuck in the front side of the paper. Easy peasy… right? Sandra Gutierrez

Once the front of the paper is tucked behind the cannabis as tightly as you can, release your index fingers and continue rolling your joint up to the glue line. Finish by licking the line and securing the joint by rolling it until the end. 

8. Pack your joint. It’s possible that your joint is still not nearly as tight as you’d like it to be, but that’s OK. First, it’s part of learning, and second, you can still make it a bit tighter if you want. 

Hand holding a joint while the other stuffs more weed into it.
As you become more of an expert, you won’t need to stuff your joint too much. But in the meantime, there’s no shame in some post-roll stuffing. Sandra Gutierrez

Pick up your joint by its tip and light tap it against a flat surface. Gravity will push the cannabis farther down. Here you can also pick up some of that fallout from Step 6 and put it back into the joint. Use your fingers to fit as much of it as you can through the opening at the top, and then use a toothpick, a slim pencil, or any sort of thin tube to gently push it down. You’ll want to be delicate and work slowly, as any aggressive move can throw away all the effort you’ve made so far to roll a quality joint. 

9. Finish by twisting the top. When you feel like you cannot put more cannabis into your joint and it’s as tight as it’ll ever be, it’s time to close up shop and enjoy. Use your index finger and thumb to twist the paper at the top of your joint. The more you twist, the farther down you’ll push the weed, so be careful not to do it too much—you might rip the paper. 

Hand holding a joint while the other twists the tip.
Pinch and roll. That’s the only technique you need. Sandra Gutierrez

If you had a lot of paper left over and now you have a long tail at the top of your joint, you can cut it before you light up.

[Related: Is growing weed sustainable? The answer is complicated.]

Everyone we spoke to emphasized that a lot of personal preference goes into rolling a joint. If you later find that something in this guide doesn’t apply to you, go ahead and change it up. They also underscored the importance of being patient and practicing. At the end of the day, there’s a reason why there are so many tutorials on how to roll a joint: as simple as it looks, it’s definitely not easy. So do it repeatedly and try new implements now and then. It’ll serve as a helpful learning experience, but also a process where you find out what you really like in the end.

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This is the safest way to sleep with your baby https://www.popsci.com/health/babies-safe-sleep/ Tue, 18 Apr 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=534684
Baby with brown eyes and brown hair laying on their back. The baby is sleeping in a crib, not a bed, to prevent SIDS.
There's an important difference between a crib mattress and any other mattress. Gustavo Cultivo/Unsplash

You and an infant can share a bedroom, but never a bed.

The post This is the safest way to sleep with your baby appeared first on Popular Science.

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Baby with brown eyes and brown hair laying on their back. The baby is sleeping in a crib, not a bed, to prevent SIDS.
There's an important difference between a crib mattress and any other mattress. Gustavo Cultivo/Unsplash

In early April, Cook Children’s Medical Center in Texas sounded the alarm on a possible surge in infant deaths. Since January 2022, the hospital reported 30 mortalities stemming from unsafe sleeping situations. And while the cause of death may not have been the same for every baby, most involved sharing a bed with a caregiver.

“We’re doing a better job at identifying what the causes are,” says Susan Katz, a nurse practitioner and the infant apnea program coordinator at Stony Brook Medicine in New York, about the report. In regards to bed-sharing, she and other experts say that though there are many reasons why parents might end up sleeping with their newborn, it’s never recommended. “The scream of a mom or dad who’s lost their baby because of something like bed-sharing outweigh any benefits,” adds Gina Posner, a pediatrician at MemorialCare Orange Coast Medical Center in California.

[Related: How to get your kids on a healthy sleep schedule]

About 3,500 babies in the US die each year from sleep-related incidents, including from suffocation and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Bed-sharing increases the chance for these fatal events. And while the number of sleep-related infant deaths has gone down since the 1990s, reports like the one from Cook Children’s Medical Center are a reminder that there’s still work to do in preventing these accidents. 

Why is sleeping in a bed with a baby dangerous?

First off, babies need to lie on firm surfaces, like a crib pad, says Posner. A soft adult mattress can be harmful because it conforms to the shape of the baby’s head, creating pockets of space that can cover their nose and mouth if they turn over in their sleep. A 2019 study published in the journal Pediatrics reported 14 percent of SIDS cases were from suffocation. Of these, 69 percent of the suffocations were from regular mattresses.

Bed sharing also exposes infants to other soft materials like pillows and blankets that can easily smother children, explains Posner. What’s more, pillows that are slightly elevated can force a baby’s head down so their chin rests on their chest. This position can block the baby’s tiny airways and make it hard for them to breathe. The American Academy of Pediatrics warns that any surface inclining over 10 degrees is not safe for a baby.

Another danger is the adult itself. A lot of accidental deaths happen when a caregiver rolls over on a baby, pins the baby down under blankets, or traps the baby between a wall and a bed. “I’ve seen even the best of parents who are just exhausted accidentally suffocate their child,” says Posner.

Is there any way to make bed-sharing safer?

There are multiple reasons why people might want to sleep in the same bed as their child. For example, some caregivers find that infants sleep better when next to them. “Sometimes [the babies] really do,” explains Posner. “They were inside you for nine months and it can be a hard transition to be outside.” Other parents might do it for the convenience of breastfeeding and immediately getting to go back to sleep. For sleep-deprived adults, a few extra minutes of sleep matter.

But both Katz and Posner say there’s no way to keep your infant completely safe when bed-sharing and caution against it, at least until the child turns one. The American Academy of Pediatrics also doesn’t recommend bed-sharing with infants “under any circumstance,” and recommends other alternatives.

How to practice safe sleep

Instead of bed-sharing, Katz advises caregivers to keep the baby’s crib or bassinet in the room that they’re sleeping in. Room-sharing might make it easier to breastfeed; if you prefer to do it in bed, Katz says there should be another support person awake and keeping eyes on the baby to make sure no one accidentally falls asleep.

One downside to room-sharing is that babies—and by extension, caregivers—don’t sleep well. A 2017 study in the journal Pediatrics found that infants who slept in separate rooms from their parents before the age of four months rested longer than those who shared a room (and got fed more throughout the night). The solo-napping babies also slept up to 100 minutes longer at the age of nine months. 

[Related: Improving your baby’s bone health starts in the womb]

The idea of losing a few winks might make room-sharing an unappealing option. However, waking up from your baby’s cries could be a way of making sure they’re protected against SIDS. A 2014 study in the journal Acta Neuropathologica found that nearly 42 percent of infants who died from SIDS—which includes causes beyond bedsharing—had brain abnormalities that affected the hippocampus, an area in charge of controlling breathing and heart rate during sleep. Spending the night in the same room but in different sleeping areas gives adults the opportunity to check on babies and ensure there are no hazards nearby that would compromise their breathing. 

The post This is the safest way to sleep with your baby appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to grow plants in the dark https://www.popsci.com/environment/which-plants-grow-in-the-dark/ Tue, 18 Apr 2023 10:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=523472
Person in a dark room watering a houseplant with a beam of light. Illustrated.
The sun is optional. Christine Rösch

A greenhouse owner in Iceland and a horticulturist on the ISS share their best tips for low-light gardens.

The post How to grow plants in the dark appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person in a dark room watering a houseplant with a beam of light. Illustrated.
The sun is optional. Christine Rösch

PLANTS ARE CRUCIAL to human survival, even when there’s no sunlight. But dealing with darkness is second nature for someone with a green thumb like Howard Levine, chief scientist for NASA’s International Space Station (ISS) Research Office. Nurturing leaves outside Earth’s atmosphere is not only important for cycling nutrients and water during future space voyages, but also helps alleviate the cooped-up feeling astronauts experience. “On the ISS, you’re up there for six months at a time. People often say it’s like being in the bathroom with six of your best friends,” says Levine, who has been growing plants in orbit for decades.  

Space might be an extreme example, but cramped, dark dwellings exist on the ground too. Keeping your houseplants alive in windowless rooms, in shadowy corners, or during short winter days can be a challenge. Luckily, there are strategies to help your flora stay lush and verdant, even when their sunny source of energy is limited. 

Mini indoor greenhouses

Darkness usually means a dip in natural heat. Colder temperatures slow our bodies down, and that’s true for plants too. The chemical reactions that control their growth decelerate and sometimes stop.  

In Iceland, horticulturist James McDaniel uses geothermal heat in his greenhouses to protect his plants from the wintry cold. Each of the structures has holes beneath that stretch deep to a pocket of steaming-hot water, he explains. “You can funnel that [steam] into the pipes through the greenhouse and use natural ventilation to keep the temperature a set range.” 

But you don’t need volcanic energy to run a mini indoor greenhouse, which can be as simple as a repurposed IKEA cabinet. A heater can add warmth, although you might want to pair it with a humidifier to keep from drying your houseplants out. For individual plants, glass dome cloches can trap heat from limited sunlight and also enclose water vapors, which protect plants from the crisp air conditioner in the summer and the prickly heater in the winter. 

Grow lights

Plant grow lights provide an easy and accessible energy boost in dim or pitch-black spaces. These specialized beams sport different features, colors, and prices. LEDs, for instance, are the cheapest and most energy-efficient option, using about a third of the electricity of old sodium lightbulbs.

While most devices stick to a warm white spectrum, plants respond differently to various illuminating hues. In Levine’s experiments on Earth, red light worked well for the slender flowering plants Arabidopsis. But in the ISS’s weightless environment, they stretched into funny shapes until he started adding blue lights. He eventually found a middle ground and doused the plants in green light at the request of astronauts who missed the familiar color.  

Bright surfaces

If electricity is a limiting factor, you can try to reflect light with mirrors or aluminum foil. Even brightening up your space with white decor, like a light-colored tablecloth, will cast a little glow onto your plants. While it’s not comparable to using a grow lamp or the sun (reflections don’t deliver as much energy), it could offer plants an extra boost. 

The makeup of your indoor garden will dictate how much brightness you need to add, Levine explains. Some flora, including lettuce and tomatoes, need more light than those like Arabidopsis; new seedlings need less light than fully grown plants. As you choose your seeds and seedlings, research their native ranges to learn how much sunshine they’d naturally get.

Plants are ultimately adaptable. They can stretch their stems toward available light sources or produce extra chlorophyll, the pigment that absorbs whatever luminescence is available. “Even though they may not be getting all the light that they would like for optimum growth, they’ll still grow,” says Levine. With only a little extra help, you and your plants can conquer the darkness. 

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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Watch this week’s rare solar eclipse from anywhere in the world https://www.popsci.com/science/solar-eclipse-april-2023/ Mon, 17 Apr 2023 19:04:12 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=534725
A group of people outside their cars along a closed road, wearing eclipse glasses to watch a solar eclipse.
Never look directly at the sun unless you're wearing eclipse glasses. Adam Smith / Unsplash

Thanks to livestreams, you don't have to wait for an eclipse to come to you.

The post Watch this week’s rare solar eclipse from anywhere in the world appeared first on Popular Science.

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A group of people outside their cars along a closed road, wearing eclipse glasses to watch a solar eclipse.
Never look directly at the sun unless you're wearing eclipse glasses. Adam Smith / Unsplash

On Wednesday and Thursday, a particularly strange “hybrid” eclipse is coming to Australia, Indonesia, and some other parts of Southeast Asia, but you don’t have to be there to watch. Don’t miss it—the next one won’t happen for nearly another decade.

An astonishing one in 10 people on Earth will be in the path of this celestial event—and thanks to the internet, even more can watch the moon pass in front of the sun on April 20, between 1:30 and 7 a.m. universal time (UTC). In the US, that’s 9:30 p.m. Eastern Time on Wednesday, April 19 and 3 a.m. on Thursday, April 20.

As a hybrid eclipse, the moon will either cover the full sun or appear haloed by a “ring of fire,” depending on where it is along the eclipse’s path. In-person viewers will only be able to see one of these sights and will have to track down video to see the other. The next hybrid eclipse won’t occur again until November 31, 2031.

How to see the April 20 solar eclipse in person

The exact time of the eclipse will vary depending on your location, so you’ll need to check when it will be visible for you. Timeanddate.com has a particularly handy tool for figuring this out. To use it, click Path Map at the top of the page and see if you’re going to be under any part of the eclipse’s path. If so, zoom in to pinpoint where you are and click on the map to bring up an information box that shows when the event will be visible in local time.

Even if you’re in the partial eclipse zone, it’s worth stepping outside to take a peek at this celestial happening. “We are going to get coffee and freak out about the sky. It’s going to be fun,” says University of Melbourne astronomer Benji Metha about his eclipse plans. The moon will cover only about 10 percent of the sun where he is in southeastern Australia.

[Related: April 2023 stargazing guide]

If you’re in the eclipse’s path, be sure to come prepared. Never look directly at the sun. Eclipse glasses are readily available online, but make sure the ones you’re buying aren’t fake. Too late to buy? You can make your own eclipse projector instead. Unlike almost every other astronomical event, solar eclipses happen in the daytime, so you won’t really be able to spot other stars or deep sky objects at the same time. The sun and moon will be the only ones on stage.

How to view the April 20 hybrid eclipse online

Just because you’re in the United States or anywhere else outside of the eclipse’s path doesn’t mean you have to miss out on all the action. The Gravity and Discovery Centre and Observatory will be livestreaming from Exmouth, Australia, where every bit of the sun will be covered for 58 seconds at 11:30 a.m. local time (11:30 p.m. ET on April 19). For viewers on the US East Coast, the full show will run from roughly 10 p.m. on April 19 to 1 a.m. on April 20. 

Timeanddate is also hosting an eclipse livestream in collaboration with Perth Observatory in western Australia, where roughly 70 percent of the sun will be covered. Like Exmouth, Perth is 12 hours ahead of New York City, so live video will start at 10 p.m. ET on April 19 and continue until the partial eclipse ends around 12:46 a.m. ET on April 20.

Tune in, and you’ll be joining solar scientists around the world who are particularly interested in this event and the data they can gather from it. “I look forward to this eclipse, because it is a long-anticipated party,” says Berkeley heliophysicist Jia Huang. “A hybrid eclipse is very rare.”

When is the next eclipse?

If you miss the show, there are sure to be some incredible photos posted from the event, and you will be able to watch recordings online afterward. But if you want to see an eclipse in person, a few are coming to the States soon enough.

First, an annular solar eclipse will travel from Oregon to Texas on October 14, 2023, followed several months later by the next North American total solar eclipse from Texas up through Maine on April 8, 2024.

What to know about the four types of solar eclipses

On the left, a total solar eclipse with the moon blocking out the sun, in black and white. Center: an annular solar eclipse, with the sun forming an orange "ring of fire" around the moon. Right: a partial solar eclipse at sunset with the sun in a crescent shape.
From left to right: a total, annular, and partial solar eclipse. A hybrid eclipse may appear as either a total or annular one, depending on where you are. Total eclipse (left): NASA/MSFC/Joseph Matus; annular eclipse (center): NASA/Bill Dunford; partial eclipse (right): NASA/Bill Ingalls

Solar eclipses happen whenever Earth’s moon gets between us and the sun, aligning to block out the sunlight and cause an eerie daytime darkness. Eclipses are predictable, thanks to centuries of observational astronomy across many cultures, and “we can now forecast these events with incredible accuracy,” Metha says. It’s a good thing we know when they’re coming so we’re not surprised. “Imagine how many car accidents a sudden solar eclipse would cause if people were not expecting it,” he adds.

These celestial events come in a few flavors: total, partial, annular, and hybrid. In a total eclipse, the moon fully blocks out the sun. For a partial eclipse, the sun and moon aren’t quite lined up, so only a chunk of the sun is covered. Similarly, for an annular eclipse, some of the sun remains exposed—but this type happens when the moon is at its farthest point from Earth and appears smaller, creating a ring of light when it lines up with the sun. Hybrid eclipses, like the one happening this week, shift between total and annular due to the curvature of Earth.

Solar eclipses trace paths along Earth’s surface, with a path of totality—where you can see a total eclipse—in the center, surrounded by various shades of partial eclipse. The upcoming April 20 eclipse path of totality clips the northwestern corner of Australia and passes through the islands of Timor, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. The entirety of Australia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and parts of other Southeast Asian countries will experience at least a partial eclipse.

[Related: How worried should we be about solar flares and space weather?]

This is such a large and populous region that nearly 10 percent of the world’s population will be able to experience the upcoming eclipse, though only 0.004 percent (about 375,000 people) will be able to see the full total or annular view.

Whether you catch this one or not, make sure you write down the upcoming eclipses we mentioned above—maybe you’ll be one of the lucky few right underneath the next time around.

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Easy ways to stop carpenter bees from remodeling your home https://www.popsci.com/diy/get-rid-of-carpenter-bees/ Thu, 02 Sep 2021 15:41:17 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=394504
A carpenter bee on a white flower. If you're trying to figure out how to get rid of carpenter bees, it's best not to kill these crucial pollinators.
You can get all the pollination benefits of carpenter bees without the burrowing problems. Diane Helentjaris / Unsplash

None of these tips for getting rid of carpenter bees involve extermination.

The post Easy ways to stop carpenter bees from remodeling your home appeared first on Popular Science.

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A carpenter bee on a white flower. If you're trying to figure out how to get rid of carpenter bees, it's best not to kill these crucial pollinators.
You can get all the pollination benefits of carpenter bees without the burrowing problems. Diane Helentjaris / Unsplash

Carpenter bees are some of the largest bees native to the US. They resemble bumblebees, but you’ll be able to tell them apart because they will burrow in fences, telephone poles, dead trees, and other types of wood. These insects are major pollinators, but they’ve earned a bit of a bad rap thanks to the damage they do to human structures.

If these bees have decided to call your home their home, it can be tempting to simply exterminate them, but you should take a more peaceful route. Because of how hugely beneficial they are to local ecosystems, many beekeepers say it’s important to safely move them instead.

Where to find carpenter bees and how to identify them

Unlike honeybees, carpenter bees do not live in large groups. They tend to make individual nests in which to lay their eggs and nurture new generations. Although there are some ground-dwelling species, most do what their name suggests: they burrow into soft, untreated wood like redwood, cedar, and pine.

The female bees start crafting these nests in the spring, laying their eggs inside for the males to visit and fertilize. The hatchlings emerge in late summer and leave the nests in search of flowers, before spending the winter inside the nest tunnels. You can identify a carpenter bee’s nest by the sawdust around or below it.

[Related: City gardens are abuzz with imperiled native bees]

The bees themselves are generally larger than bumblebees, often between a half-inch and 1 inch long, and do not have yellow stripes. You’re more likely to see the male bees, especially during mating season because they’re extremely territorial and hover around the nests. They can be intimidating, but they have no stingers and are unlikely to hurt you—the aggressive buzzing is all an act to protect their nests. Female carpenter bees, on the other hand, do have stingers, but won’t attack unless confronted directly.

Because they create tunnels, and may come back to them year after year, these bees can cause structural damage to load-bearing fence posts and other wooden constructions. They may also cause indirect damage, as woodpeckers like to go after carpenter bee larvae and can splinter the wood in their search for food.

How to safely get rid of carpenter bees

Despite the issues carpenter bees can cause, they are extremely effective pollinators. Nick Hoefly, a beekeeper at Astor Apiaries in Queens, New York, says that thanks to their size, these hefty bugs are excellent “buzz” pollinators. “This is a type of pollination where the insect vibrates the blossom to dislodge pollen, allowing it to fall onto the female parts of the plant,” he says. “Many vegetables and fruits, including tomatoes and some berries, rely on this type of pollination.”

Use almond, citrus, or another scented oil

That’s why it’s best to get rid of carpenter bees without hurting them. Hoefly recommends applying a drop of almond or citrus oil inside any nest holes you find. Since they don’t like the smell, they will most likely vacate and search elsewhere for a less-stinky place to build a nest. After they leave, you’ll need to fill the holes with wood putty or steel wool. If you have wood the bees haven’t found yet, take some time to sand it down, wipe away any excess sawdust with a wet sponge, and then paint it. Carpenter bees are attracted to unfinished wood.

Install wind chimes

If you have no interest in keeping these pollinators around, Hoefly suggests using wind chimes. The bees don’t like the noise and the constant jangling might convince them to seek other accommodations. If you’ve been reading a lot about how to get rid of carpenter bees, you may have seen suggestions involving loud music. Although doing so may bother the bees, it may also bother you (and your neighbors). Wind chimes are a more peaceful option that you’ll never have to turn on or off.

Give them a home of their own

But if you do want them to stay, you can provide homes specifically for them. This will keep them around, pollinating your garden and local plants. You can place simple blocks of wood around that you wouldn’t mind them burrowing into, but Bruce Shriver, a beekeeper at the Gowanus Apiary in Brooklyn, New York, prefers “insect hotel-style habitats.” 

You can find these at any home goods or hardware store or even make them yourself out of scrap wood and naturally hollow material. “As long as the habitat includes a block of soft wood in addition to the reeds, bamboo, straw, and other materials… it should serve well as a decent carpenter bee habitat,” Shriver says. You’ll have all the benefits of these super-pollinators without them hovering around and burrowing into your fences.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on September 2, 2021.

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4 common myths about Narcan, the ‘antidote’ to opioid overdose https://www.popsci.com/health/narcan-naloxone-myths/ Thu, 06 Apr 2023 19:38:30 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=532342
Narcan naloxone nasal spray vending machine in Illinois to fight opioid overdoses
Narcan nasal spray for the treatment of opioid overdoses is made available for free in a vending machine by the DuPage County Health Department at the Kurzawa Community Center on September 01, 2022 in Wheaton, Illinois. Scott Olson/Getty Images

The FDA-approved nasal spray can even be used on and by children.

The post 4 common myths about Narcan, the ‘antidote’ to opioid overdose appeared first on Popular Science.

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Narcan naloxone nasal spray vending machine in Illinois to fight opioid overdoses
Narcan nasal spray for the treatment of opioid overdoses is made available for free in a vending machine by the DuPage County Health Department at the Kurzawa Community Center on September 01, 2022 in Wheaton, Illinois. Scott Olson/Getty Images

When it comes to tackling the opioid crisis in America, there is no single solution. Public health officials have taken measures to prevent future overdoses by reducing the number of opioid prescriptions, curbing the flow of illicit drug trafficking, and raising awareness of the dangers of opioids. But for the three million people already addicted to this class of drugs, the emphasis has turned to a quick-working treatment: naloxone.

It’s possible to reverse an opioid overdose with an injectable or single-dose nasal spray called naloxone (also known by the brand name Narcan). Street drugs and prescription painkillers like heroin, morphine, and codeine target opioid receptors in the brain to induce a pleasurable high. But they can also affect neurons that control respiration, causing a person to stop breathing if they overdose. Naloxone blocks the brain receptors so that the drugs can’t reach them, preventing this deadly side effect. “There are very few things I would call a perfect antidote, but, in this case, Narcan is one of them,” says Ryan Marino, a medical toxicologist and addiction medicine specialist at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. He adds that naloxone works against synthetic opioids like fentanyl.

[Related: At-home test strips for fentanyl are just the first step to preventing overdoses]

In response to the growing number of opioid overdose deaths—75 percent of drug overdose deaths in the US in 2020 involved an opioid—the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an over-the-counter version of naloxone. The decision makes the drug more accessible: People will be able to buy the nasal spray at places like their local pharmacy or gas station without a prescription. But while medical experts have lauded the FDA’s ruling, not everyone is happy with the news. There have been some concerns from the public about distributing naloxone and whether it encourages more drug use. PopSci spoke with medical experts on common misconceptions surrounding naloxone and its safety.

Myth 1: Naloxone encourages people to do more drugs

A common objection to expanding naloxone access is that it acts as a safety net for people with addiction to continue their drug habits with few repercussions. But Kathryn Cunningham, director of the Center of Addiction Research at the University of Texas Medical Branch, says research has shown no evidence that naloxone leads to more drug use. 

A well-known 2013 study in The BMJ journal found the number of opioid-related hospital visits did not increase in communities with programs distributing naloxone and those with less access to the nasal spray. Instead, naloxone helped in reducing the amount of risky drug activity in 19 communities that distributed it to residents.

Myth 2: Naloxone prevents users from getting treated for addiction

Think of naloxone as a fire extinguisher in your house, Marino says. You’ll likely use it if there’s a small blaze. But if you have repeated incidents or if your house becomes engulfed in flames, the fire extinguisher can only help so much. Eventually, you’ll have to call the fire department for help. Simply put, naloxone may actually convince people to find professional help because it gives them more opportunities to seek treatment and rehabilitation later in life. “You can’t seek medical services if you’re dead,” Cunningham explains. 

If there’s any deterrent to getting treatment, it’s the stigma surrounding substance use disorders. Research suggests laws hampering access to care and discrimination from medical professionals against patients with a history of drug use may discourage people from opening up about their addiction. Even when they seek out help, patients have reported being treated as if they were untrustworthy, intimidating, and immoral.

Myth 3: Only medical professionals can use naloxone safely

You do not need medical training to give naloxone to someone who’s overdosed. Marino says the over-the-counter nasal spray that the FDA approved was designed to be easy enough to be used by a child as young as 6. The box also has step-by-step instructions printed on the side. “It comes with this little nasal atomizer,” Marino adds. “You just take it out of the package, put it in someone’s nose, and press the pointer. That’s all there is to it.” If a person accidentally applies naloxone to someone who hasn’t overdosed, it will be benign.

[Related: How to break free of the bystander effect and help someone in trouble]

There is no age limit for being treated with naloxone. You can use it on a newborn with opioids in their system or even a toddler who’s exposed to fentanyl patches. The nasal spray expires after three years, and should be stored in temperatures between 77 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Naloxone freezes at temperatures below 5 degrees Fahrenheit, making it unusable until it thaws out.

Myth 4: Naloxone makes users violent

It’s been rumored that the sudden onslaught of withdrawal symptoms caused by naloxone might cause a person to become aggressive or lash out when they gain consciousness. That’s not typically the case. Cunningham says common side effects after treatment include headaches, disorientation, vomiting, and nausea—all of which are temporary, because it’s a short-acting drug. “Withdrawal is not life-threatening,” Cunningham notes. “Not breathing because of an opiate is life-threatening.”

Fact: Naloxone could save many lives if more people have it

The FDA’s decision (which doesn’t mention exact rollout dates) makes it so that anyone can be ready to jump in and prevent deaths from opioid overdoses. Marino says it’s best to think of naloxone as another item in your first aid kit in case of emergencies. “We might tell ourselves that no one in our life is using drugs or going to overdose, but you never want to have a situation where you need it and not have it.”

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5 ways to deal with financial anxiety before it seriously harms your health https://www.popsci.com/diy/financial-stress/ Tue, 04 Apr 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=525135
Person crying over bills and a calculator on a desk.
Talking (and thinking) about money can be stressful, but it doesn't have to be. In fact, the more you know about your finances, the better. Karolina Grabowska / Pexels

Stressing over money shouldn’t stop you from living your best life.

The post 5 ways to deal with financial anxiety before it seriously harms your health appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person crying over bills and a calculator on a desk.
Talking (and thinking) about money can be stressful, but it doesn't have to be. In fact, the more you know about your finances, the better. Karolina Grabowska / Pexels

Adulting is hard. On top of paying your bills and rent on time, you also have to factor in childcare, insurance, and student loan repayments, which are set to resume later this year. With inflation raising the cost of living, mass job layoffs, and the threat of a recession, it’s understandable if you feel like you’re spreading your money a bit too thin.

Everyone worries about money—and the lack of it—every once in a while. But constantly stressing out about your finances can manifest into a more debilitating mental health condition called financial anxiety.

 “It’s a fear-driven attitude towards money whether that’s money management or talking about money,” says Megan Ford, a financial therapist, and advisor for the financial wellness app Stackin. Fortunately, there are ways to change your relationship with cash and healthy ways to cope when thinking about personal finances.

How financial anxiety affects your wellbeing

Going through an economic hardship like losing your job would evidently increase a person’s tendency to worry over money. Others might experience financial anxiety in certain situations such as the holidays when they feel pressured to spend a lot on gifts. Other experiences, such as foreclosure or child poverty, might have left a more traumatic impact on your psyche. 

About 23 percent of Americans have experienced financial stress at levels that meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder, explains Joyce Marter, a psychotherapist, and author of The Financial Mindset Fix: A Mental Fitness Program for an Abundant Life. The number is even higher among millennials, where it goes up to 36 percent. “It’s very common for people to have symptoms of trauma while dealing with financial stress,” she says.

[Related: How to spend your money for maximum happiness]

Like any mental health disorder, financial anxiety affects your well-being. This condition can leave you feeling overwhelmed and in a state of self-imposed helplessness, here you feel like your actions won’t change the outcome so you give up and avoid it. With your mind preoccupied with money, there is only so much mental space for you to focus on other matters. A September 2022 study published in the Journal of Vocational Behavior showed that people suffering from financial anxiety have lower work performance as they tend to get distracted more easily, and emotionally exhausted from constantly worrying. 

This level of stress can also manifest itself in physical health problems. Research has previously linked financial anxiety to trouble sleeping, a greater risk of heart disease, and increased inflammation, which is associated with multiple health conditions: from gastrointestinal disorders to depression. Financial anxiety also has social repercussions with negative emotional consequences, especially when people choose to isolate themselves from loved ones only to avoid spending money, Marter says. 

Some might address their financial anxiety with unhealthy coping mechanisms, like totally refusing to look at their bank accounts, overspending and hoarding, or even avoiding spending money on things they actually need. The answer to overcoming this kind of stress lies somewhere in between splurging and extreme frugality and comes from nurturing your financial education.

Help yourself by brushing up on your financial literacy 

Creating a stable life means making smart decisions about your money. Financial literacy courses can teach you the best way to save, invest, and budget your spending. 

“The more information you have, the more empowered and capable you’re going to feel in correcting your financial situation,” says Marter.

This doesn’t mean you have to spend thousands of dollars on a financial literacy college class. Marter says reading books on the topic, listening to money podcasts, and following money experts on social media, all help in learning how to best manage your personal finances. Following this approach also lets you digest small nuggets of information instead of trying to cram everything about money management from a single crash course. 

Just make sure the advice you’re getting is coming from a reputable source. Marter recommends financial experts such as Dave Ramsey and Suze Orman who offer online personal finance classes for under $100.

Split your income with the 50/30/20 rule

Ford and Marter say an important part of money management is making a plan that helps you save more than you’re spending. This is because financial anxiety is all about the uncertainty of the future. If you’re not sure how much money is coming in and out on a monthly basis, it can feel distressing to think about not making ends meet this month. 

The first step is having a record of your income and setting a budget of how much you’re willing to spend each month. A popular method is to split your money by the 50/30/20 rule, which states that you should distribute your funds according to your needs, wants, and savings. 

First, about 50 percent of your finances should go towards your needs—this includes items such as your rent, insurance, and loan payments. These costs are often fixed expenses, which means that they tend to stay the same month over month, making it easier to plan ahead. Other essentials like groceries and utilities also fall into this category, but they provide more wiggle room for savings. For example, you can always opt for more store brands versus name brands when it comes to foods, or turn off the heat at home before leaving for work.

The next 30 percent of your income should go towards your wants—this is everything that’s optional, like dining out, movie tickets, and shopping. This is the area where you can cut back the most on your spending because they are variable expenses. Even though their price doesn’t change from month to month, subscriptions such as streaming services and gym memberships, also fall under this category, as they are optional.

The last 20 percent of your income should go to your savings. This will help with setting money aside in case of emergencies such as unexpected medical bills, or cushioning periods in between jobs. Unforeseen expenses may prevent you from putting this 20 percent straight into your savings account, but that’s ok. Just try to get this area of your budget back into shape as soon as you can. And even in the tightest of months, make the effort to save some money—experts say that even one percent can help you keep the habit

Be realistic about your budget

The 50/30/20 rule is only one of many money management strategies, but whichever one you use, the most important thing is creating a budget you can realistically live on. If you have issues saving money, Ford says making a budget where you save $2,000 each month might be difficult and could discourage you from budgeting altogether. Instead, she recommends starting small, maybe saving $100 from every paycheck and eventually making your way up to put away a bit more. 

It’s also important to set up a budget that allows you to spend on the items that matter most to you. For example, some people may not think twice about cutting out rock climbing classes in favor of a lower-priced gym. But for someone else with a passion for the sport, there might be other budget areas they’re willing to modify to afford this activity. 

Everyone’s budget will look different. If you’re having trouble coming up with a plan, Marter recommends seeking support from organizations like the Consumer Credit Counseling Foundation which provides free assistance with creating a budget. Your bank or credit union may also have someone you can talk to in person for budgeting advice as well.

Have an accountability partner

Inconsistency and quitting too soon are two common reasons people fail at budgeting. Marter says having an accountability partner to check in on you every month can help you keep track of your financial goals. You would want to choose someone who can support you in making hard adjustments like paying in cash instead of using credit cards. 

Your money buddy should be someone who can provide some tough love if and when you go over budget. Some people might choose their spouse or best friend as their accountability partner. If you don’t feel comfortable sharing your finances with your friends or family, Ford says you might want to consider seeing a financial therapist.

Shift your money management mindset

You can budget and save all you want, but financial anxiety will not go away unless you change how you think about money. 

People with financial anxiety often experience negative or catastrophic thinking even if it’s illogical: losing your job does not necessarily mean you’ll never find another one and end up losing your house, for example. Financial anxiety also promotes a scarcity mindset, where you see limited opportunities to make money, resulting in a feeling that you’ll never have enough. 

[Related: 3 tech-savvy ways to boost your credit score]

Marter says the best way to shift your mindset is through cognitive behavioral therapy. The approach teaches you to restructure your negative and irrational thoughts around money into more neutral or positive ones. An effective technique is thought-stopping. “When you have money anxiety and are worried about being homeless or some other catastrophic fear, literally say to yourself: stop. Then reroute your attention to a positive thought,” explains Marter. The latter could involve practicing gratitude and thinking about the all good things in your life—not just the material ones. 

You could also try calming techniques when you feel yourself spiraling. Mindfulness practices like deep breathing and meditation act as a reboot for the mind and shifts the focus to the present moment, helping you let go of negative thoughts. Marter recommends a deep breathing technique called square breathing, where you inhale through your nose, hold your breath, and exhale through your mouth all in counts of four. 

Ultimately, tuning into any shifts in your mind and body when talking and thinking about money, can better equip you for sticking to a budget strategy. “Turning up your awareness of your financial landscape is an important aspect of managing financial anxiety, but also a good money management habit in general,” Ford says. Because when it comes to your spending habits, the saying still rings true: knowledge is power. 

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Dehydrating food can save you money and reduce waste https://www.popsci.com/diy/dehydrating-food/ Sat, 01 Apr 2023 15:59:52 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=524740
A wooden serving tray with a variety of dehydrated fruit and herbs on it, along with fresh fruit and herbs.
When those fresh fruits start to get old, you can dehydrate them too. Jhunelle Francis Sardido / Unsplash

Each US household loses about $2,000 a year in wasted food.

The post Dehydrating food can save you money and reduce waste appeared first on Popular Science.

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A wooden serving tray with a variety of dehydrated fruit and herbs on it, along with fresh fruit and herbs.
When those fresh fruits start to get old, you can dehydrate them too. Jhunelle Francis Sardido / Unsplash

In the United States, almost 32 percent of the average household’s purchased food goes to waste, a total annual loss of around $240 billion. All that squandered sustenance is hard on a household budget, as the moment spoiled food hits the trash can or compost heap, your money goes with it. But if you want to, you know, get what you paid for and eat your groceries instead, consider dehydrating them before they go bad.

Dehydrating food is not some new trend; Indigenous people in pre-colonial North America created a dried food called pemmican, and cultures around the world have used similar techniques for generations. It’s easy to see why: removing moisture from something edible prolongs its shelf life and makes it easier to transport.

Today, there are environmental benefits as well. Food decaying in landfills generates a significant amount of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and climate change is one of the biggest risks to American agriculture. Of course, composting can help, but you (and everyone else) may benefit more from dehydrating or otherwise preserving food to eat later.

How to make dehydrated food

Safely dehydrating food is fairly straightforward, according to Bryan Mayer, a butchery educator based in Kailua, Hawaii. He points out that safe dehydration techniques predate the Industrial Revolution by centuries.

“This has been a part of how we’ve made food safe to eat pre-refrigeration and certainly pre-canning, so it’s something that’s totally within reach for most people,” he explains. “It’s certainly something fun to do and something that I think we can use on an individual basis to reduce waste, keep things out of compost.”

Dehydrating meat, poultry, and fish

Mayer says the main thing to know about drying raw meat, poultry, and fish is that you’ll need to first cook it to a food-safe temperature specific to that protein before reducing the heat to a level more appropriate for dehydrating. If you need a reference, the US Department of Agriculture has a list of safe minimum internal temperatures for various foods.

Beyond that, start with the best-quality cut you can get, Mayer says. He recommends leaner cuts because you’ll have less overall work to do, since you’ll want to remove the fat if there is any.

“You’ll want to slice it however thick or thin you want, and then you’ll want to marinate it, usually up to 24 hours,” he says. The longer you marinate, the more any salt within your spice mix will seep into the meat, which means more time for the salt to penetrate cells and break things down.

[Related: Your food could be better if you salt it at the right time]

Any other spices will just sit on the surface of the meat, not making molecular changes like salt will, Mayer adds. There are no rules for what spices or other flavorings you can add to your meat jerky; you can go for tried-and-true options like barbecue sauce or mustard, or add something less likely to be in store-bought varieties, like Dr. Pepper or red wine and fish sauce. The People’s Choice Beef Jerky, a jerky purveyor, has a long list of possible meat jerky flavor combos.

Once you’ve decided the meat has marinated for long enough, line up the strips on a dehydrator rack or on a pan rack in your oven. Experiment with different lengths of time and temperatures, adding more time for lower temperatures (but always make sure as much moisture has been sucked from the meat as possible before you stop).

Dehydrating fruits, vegetables, herbs, and mushrooms

If you’re dehydrating fruits, vegetables, herbs, or mushrooms, it’s important to wash or brush them to remove any dirt, dust, or other contaminants, and prevent new ones, like insects, from getting into your newly dehydrated goods. That will help prevent the food from spoiling.

You’ll then want to cut everything into same-size pieces to ensure dehydration occurs evenly across your rack; a mandoline will help keep your cuts consistent.

Colorado State University recommends choosing one of several fruit pretreatment methods, using pure ascorbic acid crystals, citric acid, or other similar substances to help break down tough skins, prevent discoloration and kill off unhealthy bacteria. 

Because home-dried produce may not dehydrate evenly, you should mitigate mold growth by “conditioning”—loosely packing it in a shakeable container every day for a week—to help distribute any remaining moisture, according to the National Center for Home Food Preservation at the University of Georgia.

For vegetables, cut off any inedible parts, like stems or rot, before washing and thoroughly drying. Different vegetables dehydrate more easily after blanching, or briefly boiling then dunking in an ice bath, according to the Food Network. 

Herbs get a similar treatment: trim off any bruised, discolored, or inedible bits, as well as thicker stems, before you arrange them on the dehydrating rack. But you’ll have less room for temperature and time experimentation with the herbs, so set your dehydrator or countertop oven to the lowest possible setting and let them bake until they’re crumbly. You can also microwave smaller amounts sandwiched between paper towels for two or three minutes, then 30-second intervals until they’re dry.

[Related: Grow long and healthy hair with this DIY rosemary water]

If you don’t want to mechanically dry your herbs, sage, thyme, rosemary and other sturdy herbs can be bundled and air-dried indoors, according to the Oregon State University Master Food Preserver Program. Tender herbs, like basil and mint, can also be bundled and air dried, but OSU recommends hanging them inside a paper bag with vent holes cut in the top and side, closing the top, and placing it somewhere warm with good air circulation.

Dehydrating mushrooms is similar to other types of food dehydration, except you won’t need to think about pretreatment. You’ll want to clean them thoroughly, ensure no bugs are present, and trim off any inedible or tough bits before cutting them into even-size pieces. Different mushrooms will have different dehydrating times based on how moist they are, so a dryer mushroom won’t need as much time in the heat. Like fruits and vegetables, you’ll want to condition your mushrooms by storing them loosely in a sealed container and shaking them daily for a week.

How much food can I dehydrate at once?

At the height of mushroom season, Rob Rubba, a plant-based chef and co-owner of Oyster Oyster in Washington, D.C., says his restaurant “easily” receives deliveries of 100 pounds of local mushrooms each week. Not all of that will look pretty enough to be plated, so the less-attractive items end up dehydrated for use in future recipes.

That’s to say, there’s no maximum amount to how much food you can dehydrate—as long as you have enough space, heat, and time. But best practice is to lay everything out in an even layer with nothing overlapping on a rack on a sheet pan to maximize heat and air flow. Reasonably speaking, you can dehydrate as much as you can fit in your oven or on your dehydrator racks. You can also dehydrate different types of foods at once, but Rubba recommends considering flavor pairings in case of contamination. Apples and garlic, for example, wouldn’t taste great together.

Do I need a food dehydrator?

If you have an oven (countertop or otherwise) that can reach a low enough temperature (around 200 degrees Fahrenheit), you shouldn’t need to buy a food dehydrator. It’s also possible to sun-dry some produce, like tomatoes, apricots, peppers, grapes, or any fruits with high sugar and acid content. This requires an elevated rack or screen that allows air to pass on all sides, and avoiding materials that could stain or contaminate the food. Produce only, though: the Department of Agriculture doesn’t recommend sun-drying meat because it’s harder to keep everything healthy and hygienic. 

That being said, while a dehydrator will cost money and take up space, having one means you can multitask in the kitchen by dehydrating while you use the oven for other tasks. A food dehydrator is also purpose-built, so you’ll be able to fine-tune your temperature settings, keep the heat and dryness consistent, and use levels of racks to dehydrate more than you could inside a single-rack countertop oven. In a pinch, you may also be able to build your own dehydrator.

But if you’re really low on space for a new kitchen appliance and feel like using a full oven would be a waste, Rubba suggests using the waning heat from cooking or baking in the oven to dehydrate food.

“As the oven cools, there’ll be a declining temperature that will be slowly drying it out,” he explains, adding that this is also a great way to make breadcrumbs. “The next day, you could pull [the food] out and have something dehydrated—and that’s a good way of just utilizing leftover energy.”

What to do with dehydrated foods

Some items, like dried meat sticks, are probably best as quick snacks and meal supplements. But you can do a lot with dried fruits, vegetables, herbs, and mushrooms to make meals prettier or tastier.

Dehydrated mushrooms can become vegan jerky, but they can also be remoistened and used in stocks, stews, or anywhere you would use a regular mushroom. Harvard University’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health recommends rehydrating mushrooms for 15 to 20 minutes in boiling water.

[Related: 4 benefits of eating mushrooms]

Other dried produce can be rehydrated too. Generally, you’ll need to soak 1 cup of dried food in 1 to 3 cups of water for 30 to 90 minutes, and the University of Georgia has a handy chart you can refer to when rehydrating fruits and vegetables (page 7 of the linked PDF).

Slices or pieces of dried pineapple, oranges, kiwis, or other fruits can be used to garnish drinks and meals, or be eaten as a snack. Veggies can be dried into chips that can be eaten as-is or crushed into other things, like pasta dough and salads, or as a topping. Herbs can be dehydrated and ground into homemade spice mixes.

For bread service at Oyster Oyster, Rubba’s team makes a vegan marigold butter with “an abundance of marigold flowers that we dehydrate to garnish that and give it these pops of lemony, fragrant flavor on the butter,” he explains.

Another benefit of dehydrating foods is the flavor concentration that occurs when the water is stripped out, which Rubba, a 2023 James Beard award finalist, says can lead to “amazing” complexity.

“We’ve boiled and smoked whole pumpkins and then dehydrated those for a week to get this solid, giant piece that we can grate onto dishes, kind of reminiscent of a bonito [flake],” he explains. Rubba’s restaurant has also “reduced cucumber juice slowly in the dehydrator, and it takes on these wild, spicy flavors that you wouldn’t expect from a cucumber.”

How long you can keep dehydrated food

Proper storage is key to making dehydrated foods last. Rubba recommends using an airtight container to loosely pack anything you dehydrate and popping a silica packet inside to wick away any remaining moisture. Just make sure the packet isn’t broken and that you clean or thoroughly check the food when you use it again—silica beads are generally nontoxic but can be a choking hazard.

That’s going to give anything dehydrated a longer life, especially if you live in a humid climate, he explains, adding that dried fruits, veg, and ‘shrooms are shelf-stable but shouldn’t be exposed to moisture, so they’re better stored in the pantry than in the fridge.

Dried herbs, fruits, and vegetables should last up to a year but will not keep as long under hotter conditions; the National Center for Home Food Preservation says most dried fruits can be stored for one year at 60 degrees Fahrenheit, six months at 80 degrees, and that vegetables will last about half as long as fruits.

Properly dried meat won’t last nearly as long, according to the center—only about two weeks in a sealed container at room temperature, although you can refrigerate or freeze it to increase its shelf life. But odds are you’ll eat it long before two weeks pass.

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April’s skies boast the full pink moon, Lyrid meteor shower, and a total solar eclipse https://www.popsci.com/science/stargazing-guide-april-2023/ Fri, 31 Mar 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=524257
A total solar eclipse, a bright ring of sunlight around a dark moon on July 2, 2019.
A total solar eclipse from July 2, 2019 showing when the moon passes directly in front of the sun from the Earth’s perspective. ESA/CESAR/Wouter van Reeven, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

We're about to experience some epic sky events, just in time for Global Astronomy Month.

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A total solar eclipse, a bright ring of sunlight around a dark moon on July 2, 2019.
A total solar eclipse from July 2, 2019 showing when the moon passes directly in front of the sun from the Earth’s perspective. ESA/CESAR/Wouter van Reeven, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO
April 5 and 6Full Pink Moon
April 734P/PANSTARRS comet at closest flyby
April 20Total solar eclipse
April 21, 22, and 23Lyrid meteor shower

April is officially Global Astronomy Month, a month-long celebration of all things celestial by Astronomers Without Borders, a US-based club that connects global skywatchers. The event features a Global Star Party and Sun Day and online lessons to highlight the conjunction of art and astronomy. April also happens to be an exciting month for space happenings in general. If you happen to get any stellar sky photos, tag us and include #PopSkyGazers.

[Related: Your guide to the types of stars, from their dusty births to violent deaths.]

April 5 and 6 – Full Pink Moon

The first full moon of spring in the Northern Hemisphere will reach peak illumination at 12:37 AM EDT on April 6. First glimpses of the full Pink Moon will be on April 5, but because it reaches peak illumination so early in Eastern Time, Western time zones will see it peak on the night of April 5.

April’s full moon also goes by many names. The “pink” references early springtime blooms of the wildflower Phlox subulata found in eastern North America. This month’s moon is also the Paschal Full Moon, which determines when the Christian holiday Easter is celebrated. Easter is always celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon of spring, so this year Easter will be on Sunday, April 9.

Every year, the April full moon is also called the Frog Moon or Omakakiiwi-giizis in Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe, the It’s Thundering Moon or Wasakayutese in Oneida, and the Planting Moon or Tahch’atapa in Tunica, the language of the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana.

April 7 – 34P/PANSTARRS comet at its closest point in flyby

The Jupiter-family comet 364P/PANSTARRS will pass within 11 million miles (0.12 AU) of the Earth in early April. The comet will be in the “foxy” constellation Vulpecula and is expected to have a high brightness magnitude of about 12.3. It will be visible in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but those in Northern latitudes will be able to see it better. 

[Related: A total solar eclipse bathed Antarctica in darkness.]

April 20 – Total solar eclipse

Eclipses are always an exciting event, but this one comes with a twist. A total solar eclipse occurs during a rare cosmic alignment of the Earth, moon, and sun. The next solar eclipse will be the first of its kind since 2013 and the last until 2031.

On April 20, a new moon will eclipse the sun, but it will falter a bit. Since it is slightly too far away from the Earth in its elliptical orbit to fully cover all of the sun, the moon will actually fail to cause a total solar eclipse for a brief moment. A ring of fire will be visible for a few seconds over the Indian Ocean, but the moonshadow will completely cover the sun and cause a total solar eclipse by the time it reaches Western Australia. Eclipse chasers in the town of Exmouth and on ships in the Indian Ocean will likely experience about one minute of darkness during the day.

A long display of Baily’s beads around the New Moon and a view of the sun’s pink chromosphere could also appear around the moon during totality on eclipse day. While this eclipse won’t really be visible in the US, we’re only a few months away from the 2023 annular solar eclipse, which will reach totality in the western part of the country this October. 

April 21, 22, and 23 – Lyrid meteor shower

The Lyrids are predicted to start late in the evening of April 21 or April 22 and last until dawn on April 23. The predicted peak is 9:06 EDT on April 23. While the peak of the Lyrids is narrow, the new moon falls on April 19, so it will not interfere with skygazing

Ten to 15 meteors per hour can be seen in a dark sky with no moon. The Lyrids are even known for some rare surges in activity that can sometimes bring them up to 100 per hour. The meteor shower will be visible from both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but is much more active in the north.

The same skygazing rules that apply to pretty much all space-watching activities are key this month: Go to a dark spot away from the lights of a city or town and let the eyes adjust to the darkness for about a half an hour. 

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How to save your feet from painful blisters https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-prevent-blisters-on-feet/ Thu, 30 Mar 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=523944
Hands putting bandage on a hiker's foot outdoors
Putting on a bandage on the affected area before your skin fully bubbles up, is the best strategy to preventing blisters. PantherMediaSeller / Deposit Photos

Good planning and listening to your body are key to keep blisters from ruining any outing.

The post How to save your feet from painful blisters appeared first on Popular Science.

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Hands putting bandage on a hiker's foot outdoors
Putting on a bandage on the affected area before your skin fully bubbles up, is the best strategy to preventing blisters. PantherMediaSeller / Deposit Photos

You’ve probably felt that spot on your toe, ankle, or heel heat up. A bubble starts growing and spreading, while thin layers of skin shred and tear: A blister is imminent.

These small pockets of fluid are a frequent nuisance among hikers, runners, backpackers, and anyone who’s ever gone out in new shoes without breaking them in first. But blisters don’t have to mean the end of an outing. On the contrary, this type of wound is easy to prevent and treat if you just give it proper attention early on.

How do blisters form?

To prevent and treat them, it’s helpful to understand how blisters form. These painful bubbles occur when external forces cause the bone and skin to move out of sync, resulting in a tear under the surface, says Robin Larson, wilderness medicine program supervisor at the National Outdoor Leadership School. 

The constant friction in a specific area caused by an ill-fitting sock or shoe, for example, damages the structural connection between skin layers and separates them. The body responds by building up fluid in the spaces between those layers to protect them from further damage and allow for easier and faster healing

[Related: You broke a bone in the middle of nowhere. Now what?]

The main problem with a blister is not its formation but the risk of rupturing the thin skin layer protecting the wound, also known as the “roof.” Without a roof, your raw skin will be exposed, requiring extra care to prevent infection. Needless to say, a ruptured blister is extremely painful and will surely make the walk or run back to the trailhead or finish line a miserable trek.

Fortunately, blisters don’t start out as massive, painful, fluid-filled bubbles. They typically present first as what Larson calls a hot spot: a small area on your foot that slowly starts to feel sore or sensitive. This means that addressing the issue right away can make your day a lot easier.

How to prevent blisters on feet

As with most health-related issues in the backcountry, when it comes to blisters, prevention is key. This means you’ll need to pay special attention to what you put on your feet.

Sweaty or damp socks and shoes can increase the chances of blisters forming. If your day is likely to include long stretches of walking or running, choose socks made from synthetic, moisture-wicking materials. Cotton and other natural textiles just won’t dry up quickly enough while you’re hiking. Oversized socks don’t help either, as the extra fabric can bunch and rub, creating excessive friction and discomfort.

Likewise, make sure your shoes fit properly. They shouldn’t slip around on your feet when you’re walking but should leave enough room for swelling if you plan to be on your feet for most of the day. If you buy new hiking shoes, the general recommendation is to choose footwear half a size larger than you normally would. You should also break them in by wearing them around town or at home for a few days prior to any big athletic pursuits. The same rule doesn’t necessarily apply to running shoes, so the safest bet is to go to a specialized store and have your feet measured by a salesperson. They’ll be able to guide you through choosing the best shoe size and model for you depending on the distance you plan on covering and the shape of your feet.  

Heavy leather boots are usually harder to break in and often more likely to cause blisters, as they’re not as flexible or breathable as other footwear. If you’re hiking or backpacking and are prone to blisters, consider wearing lightweight boots or trail runners instead. If you know there are spots on your feet prone to getting blisters or your shoes feel especially tight in some areas, Larson recommends using kinesiology or waterproof first-aid tape to preemptively cover trouble zones and keep them from becoming a full-blown problem later.

Once you’re ready to hit the trail or pound the pavement, check your socks and shoes for debris. Remove any particles that might grate against your skin by dumping out your boots and turning your socks inside out. 

It doesn’t matter how many preventive measures you took: If you feel a hot spot or any sort of discomfort while you’re moving, Larson says you should stop immediately. Take a break and find the source of the irritation. Pay special attention to seams, debris, or loose socks, and remedy or remove the offender, if possible. To protect the spot from future aggravation, cover the damaged skin by slapping on a blister bandage or a piece of kinesiology tape. The latter is Larson’s favorite because it’s breathable, flexible, and sticky enough to stay put for days if necessary.

How to treat blisters

If, despite your best efforts, you still find yourself with a blister, your best bet is to treat it early. Whatever you do, don’t tear or peel away the roof: “You’re just creating a bigger wound with a greater risk of infection,” Larson says.

Dealing with a small blister that is soft to the touch (meaning is not entirely filled with fluid) is easy—just stick a blister bandage or piece of kinesiology tape directly over the offending spot. It should be large enough to extend beyond the boundaries of the blister area. 

But if the circumference of the blister is larger than a nickel or is fully filled with fluid and likely to rupture, you’ll need to carefully drain it first. To do so, wash your hands thoroughly and sanitize the skin around the blister with soap and clean drinking water, or an alcohol pad. Next, disinfect a safety pin with a different alcohol pad. If you don’t have one, you can also heat the pin over a lighter until the tip glows red. Just make sure to let the metal cool down before you use it to poke a small hole in the bottom of the fluid-filled bubble. Gently press on the blister to completely drain it out, and place a donut-shaped bandage around the outer edge of the wound or apply an adhesive blister bandage. This will prevent shoes or straps from pressing directly on the sensitive area. 

[Related: First aid basics for your adventure in the wilderness]

If the blister has ruptured or the roof is off, you should take special care to prevent infection. Wash your hands and clean the area thoroughly before placing the donut-shaped bandage around the wound, and then cover the area with a large bandage. If it’s really raw, say, if the roof has peeled back and your socks or shoes have been rubbing the wound for some time, use a hydrocolloid bandage. Larson also recommends making a jelly donut: use a moleskin donut bandage and cover the ruptured blister with 2nd Skin Squares, a jelly-like product that protects and moisturizes the skin to stimulate healing. Finish by covering everything up with a piece of kinesiology tape or an adhesive bandage.

With an open wound such as a roofless blister, preventing infection is your first priority, but Larson doesn’t often recommend applying antibiotic ointment. She explains that the cream can attract more dirt and keep bandages from sticking in place.

Tips and tricks for treating blisters

It’s a good idea to keep some blister bandages in your first aid kit, but don’t fret the next time you’re in the backcountry and you find you have none. Larson has used and seen plenty of less conventional blister treatments, from breathable and flexible kinesiology tape to duct tape. 

While she doesn’t prefer the latter, it can work in a pinch, especially if you cover the blister with a folded piece of tape (sticky sides together) slightly bigger than the circumference of the wound, and cover everything up with a larger strip. That will keep the adhesive from being in direct contact with delicate and damaged skin.

Larson is a big fan of hydrocolloid bandages, which are available at your local pharmacy. But be wary of traditional adhesive bandages, as they tend to slip off in the presence of sweat and moisture. She also suggests experimenting with different products to see what works for you but recommends you always keep some tape, a couple of alcohol prep pads, and a pin on hand, just in case. 

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Catch 5 planets (including Uranus) in an ultra-rare planetary alignment https://www.popsci.com/science/planetary-alignment-march-2023/ Sun, 26 Mar 2023 13:23:23 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=522921
Two people, silhouetted, looking up at a clear night sky.
Are any of those planets? Maybe you'll know after reading this story. Ryan Jacobson / Unsplash

On Tuesday, March 28, you'll be able to see something that won't happen again for 17 years.

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Two people, silhouetted, looking up at a clear night sky.
Are any of those planets? Maybe you'll know after reading this story. Ryan Jacobson / Unsplash

I’ve always loved learning about the planets and stars, but it sure takes a lot to get me outside on a cold, dark night to see them with my own eyes. This week, though, there’s a celestial lineup I don’t want to miss—and you shouldn’t either!

On Tuesday, five of the solar system’s eight planets (Jupiter, Mercury, Venus, Uranus, and Mars) will be visible together, lined up in the night sky. 

This is known as a planetary alignment, where the planets involved appear to parade across the sky in an orderly fashion. And I really mean you don’t want to miss this one—the next alignment featuring this many planets won’t be until 2040.

What’s the big deal here?

Although there have been some wild theories about strange happenings during planetary alignments—like an increase in natural disasters—those have generally been debunked. Instead, the reason a planetary alignment is a big deal is that it’s simply cool to see. “You get to see pretty much the whole solar system in one night,” says Rory Bentley, UCLA astronomer and avid stargazer.

Usually, the planets are spread across the sky, visible at different times of the night (even into the early morning). They’re technically always in some version of a line—all our solar system’s planets appear on the ecliptic, an invisible arc across the sky tracing the plane where everything orbits the sun. If the planets are close enough together, though, they appear to be in an almost straight line. 

[Related: Astronomers just mapped the ‘bubble’ that envelopes our planet]

That’s precisely what’s happening on March 28. The five planets will come within 50 degrees of each other, a tight bunch compared to their usual spread, giving stargazers of all ages an opportunity to meet our planetary neighbors.

How to see the March 28 alignment

A horizon at sunset, with Venus high up in the sky and Jupiter and Mercury down low, as they'll appear in the Tuesday, March 28, 2023 planetary alignment.
A simulation of what you might see looking west from Los Angeles at approximately 7:30 p.m. PDT on March 28, 2023. Venus is up high, while Jupiter and Mercury are down low. Briley Lewis; Stellarium

The time to spot this planetary parade is right after sunset on the March 28—no more than about 45 minutes after sundown, since Jupiter and Mercury will both disappear below the horizon fairly quickly. You’ll want to make sure you have a clear view of the western horizon, where the sun sets and Jupiter and Mercury will follow close behind. 

Jupiter will be closest to the horizon, easy to spot even in the lingering sunlight of dusk since it’s so bright. Mercury will be nearby—possibly visible to the naked eye, and definitely visible with binoculars. A bit higher up in the sky you’ll find Venus, shining intensely from its ultra-reflective thick clouds. It’s accompanied by Uranus, just a bit above—and for this one, you’ll definitely need those binoculars. Bringing up the tail end of the parade is Mars, up even higher in the sky near the crescent moon. (Bonus: you can see the moon, too, while you’re at it.)

A horizon at night, with Venus high up in the sky and Uranus just above it, as they'll appear in the Tuesday, March 28, 2023 planetary alignment.
A simulation of what you might see looking west from Los Angeles at approximately 8:30 p.m. PDT on March 28, 2023. Venus should still be easy to spot, but finding Uranus will be a little more difficult. Briley Lewis; Stellarium

If you’re not completely sure how to tell what’s a planet, know that the planets you see with your naked eye will generally be brighter than everything around them, and if you look really closely they won’t twinkle quite like stars.

You should be able to spot at least three of the parade participants (Jupiter, Venus, and Mars)—possibly even a fourth (Mercury)—with just your eyes if you’ve got good eyesight and/or a clear sky. Grab some binoculars or a telescope, and you can collect all five planets. Venus and Uranus will be visible until they dip below the horizon about three hours after sunset, and Mars stays out past midnight.

A horizon at night, with Mars and the moon high up in the sky, and the star Betelgeuse off to the left, as they'll appear in the Tuesday, March 28, 2023 planetary alignment.
A simulation of what you might see looking west from Los Angeles at approximately 11 p.m. PDT on March 28, 2023. Mars will be hanging out with the moon. Briley Lewis; Stellarium

Another benefit to using a decently sized pair of binoculars or a telescope is that you’ll get to see a slew of neat planetary features as the alignment glides by. You should be able to spot Saturn’s famous rings, and possibly even some of the colorful cloud bands of Jupiter. Although you won’t notice any surface features on Venus, you will be able to determine what phase it’s in, since Venus has phases (crescent, full, etc.) similar to our moon. Keep in mind that it’s easier to see details when you have clear, still skies, and are looking overhead. The closer your target gets to the horizon, the more of Earth’s atmosphere you end up looking through, making viewing more difficult.

What else to look for on Tuesday night

For extra credit, take a look at some of the other celestial wonders between the planets. Earth’s moon will be a beautiful waxing crescent, and a pair of binoculars will let you investigate its many craters in more detail. 

The Pleiades, a star cluster known across many cultures as the seven sisters, also shines between Venus and Mars. You may recognize this particular arrangement of stars from the logo on Subaru automobiles—it’s no coincidence, because Subaru is actually the Japanese name for this cluster. You’ll likely be able to see this one with just your eyes, even in a big city like Los Angeles.

[Related: Why we turn stars into constellations]

Another large open cluster of stars shines near Mars, known as Messier 35 (M35). This one is a bit more sparse than the Pleiades, but still neat to see. Binoculars are a must for this one, unless you’re in a particularly remote dark sky location. “Even then, it’d still be better with binoculars,” Bentley explains. Both M35 and the Pleiades are examples of stars all born around the same time from the same initial cloud of gas.

The big takeaway here is: go outside at sunset on Tuesday, March 28. It’ll be a nice moment to marvel at the cosmos, and appreciate our small blue planet as we look for other worlds. Happy stargazing!

Correction March 27, 2023: A previous version of this story said the moon would be in its waning crescent phase. It will be waxing.

The post Catch 5 planets (including Uranus) in an ultra-rare planetary alignment appeared first on Popular Science.

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6 tick-borne diseases you really don’t want to get https://www.popsci.com/health/tick-borne-diseases-list/ Mon, 27 Mar 2023 12:30:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=523163
Deer tick passing tick-borned diseases to a young person by biting back of the neck
Deer ticks don't just carry Lyme disease, but can pass on other tick-borne diseases like babesiosis too. Deposit Photos

From Alpha-gal syndrome to Powassan virus, your body could have a scary reaction to that tick bite.

The post 6 tick-borne diseases you really don’t want to get appeared first on Popular Science.

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Deer tick passing tick-borned diseases to a young person by biting back of the neck
Deer ticks don't just carry Lyme disease, but can pass on other tick-borne diseases like babesiosis too. Deposit Photos

Tick season is not only starting sooner—it’s becoming a year-round event. While April through September are usually the most active months, the pesky eight-legged parasites are biting people and animals much earlier in the year than expected. The increasing tick bites are leading to a rise in a variety of tick-borne diseases, including some that were previously uncommon.

One reason for the hike in tick-transmitted diseases like Lyme disease and babesiosis is because humans are expanding towns and cities into previously forested areas. Andrew Handel, a pediatric infectious disease specialist in Stony Brook Medicine, says cutting down forests creates an edge habitat—when one habitat type meets another—which presents more opportunity for common tick hosts such as deer and mice to interact with humans. 

[Related: A guide to the tick species every American should know]

Climate change is another culprit. Changes in rain and temperature have morphed regions with low rates of tick-borne diseases into a more palatable place for the parasites to live. What’s more, warmer conditions are getting ticks to wake up earlier from their winter sleep and have more time to bite nearby mammals. “As we see more mild winters, we’re absolutely going to see more tick-borne diseases,” says Handel.

The best thing to do is to stay aware of how ticks are circulating in your area. Even if you don’t live in the Northeast, you may be at risk for other tick-borne diseases. Knowing what to watch out for in spring, summer, and even other seasons can help treat and potentially prevent future tick bites—and the diseases that follow.

Babesiosis

Babesiosis is a parasitic infection transmitted by the bite of deer ticks (also known as black-legged ticks). These ticks are about the size of a poppy seed and found on small mammals like the white-footed mice living in the Northeast and upper Midwest. Minnesota and Wisconsin are two Midwestern states with endemic transmission of babesiosis.

Once the Babesia parasite enters the human body, it targets red blood cells. The parasites infect and destroy red blood cells by forcing their cell membrane to break open. A tremendous loss of red blood cells can, over time, cause hemolytic anemia. “It’s actually the same way that malaria works, and is why it’s called ‘the malaria of the Northeast,’” says Handel.

Babesiosis is treatable. Your doctor would prescribe a seven- to 10-day course of antibiotics if you are severely ill. Some people are at a higher risk of complications from anemia—people who are immunocompromised, those without a spleen, and newborn babies—and may need to get blood transfusions or other supportive care.

Lyme disease

Lyme disease is also spread through deer ticks. “These ticks carry and spread multiple diseases,” explains Chad Cross, a researcher at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas who studies parasites and vector-borne diseases. “If you are bitten by one, there’s always the possibility of being infected by more than one disease agent at the same time.”

While the CDC estimate shows 476,000 Lyme disease cases in the US each year, Cross states there are “at least 10 times more cases of Lyme disease than are actually reported” to the department. One reason for the discrepancy is that most cases are asymptomatic. When people do show symptoms, the fatigue and chills they exhibit can be mistaken for another condition. If left untreated, there is a risk of developing neurological problems such as facial paralysis and nerve damage to the limbs. Chronic lyme can lead to a host of persistent issues, too, many of which are still less understood. 

Most early Lyme disease cases are curable with a two- to four-week regimen of oral antibiotics such as doxycycline and amoxicillin. However, some patients may continue to experience pain, fatigue, and concentration issues six months after treatment. 

Anaplasmosis

Anaplasmosis manifests as a flu-like illness in humans. The bacterium is present in deer ticks in the Northeast and Midwestern US. The Western blacklegged tick, most prevalent around the coast of California, Oregon, and Washington, can also spread the pathogen. There has been an upward trend of anaplasmosis cases from 348 cases in 2000 to 5,655 cases in 2019.

Similar to Lyme disease, people who develop anaplasmosis develop nonspecific symptoms such as fever and muscle aches. If left untreated, it may turn fatal with some developing severe bleeding problems and organ failure. Handel says doxycycline is the most effective treatment option.

Powassan virus infection

Three tick species carry the Powassan virus: the groundhog tick, the squirrel tick, and the deer tick. Of those, the deer tick is the one that often bites and infects humans. Nearly all cases of this rare virus have occurred in the Northeast and Great Lakes region.

The virus causes mild symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and fever. By the time a diagnosis is made, Handel says about half of the patients present some type of neurologic deficit. People may also continue to show neurological problems, such as chronic headaches and memory problems after recovery.

Because there are only about 20 to 30 cases a year, Handel says there’s not a lot of medical research on how to treat it. There is no cure or antivirals to treat Powassan virus. Instead, infected individuals are given fluids, over-the-counter medications, and other supportive care to ease symptoms while the immune system fights off the infection.

Diseases dog tick removed from pet's fur
A dog tick after being pulled off a pet’s fur. Deposit Photos

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

There are two main ticks responsible for spreading rocky mountain spotted fever: the Rocky Mountain wood tick and the American dog tick. Cross says the American dog tick is very common out East while the Rocky Mountain wood tick is found in the West. Despite its name, Cross says Rocky Mountain spotted fever is being found more in the East and South than in the actual Rocky Mountain region. The less-common brown dog tick has also caused several cases along the US-Mexico border. The disease is part of a larger class of illnesses that strike thousands of people in the states each year.

The most noticeable sign is a rash that looks like red splotches or pinpoint dots in the first three days after getting bit. If treated with either doxycycline or an antibacterial agent within the first one to four days, the symptoms won’t worsen. Otherwise, the disease can be fatal. After a week, Cross says that people can develop swelling in the brain, life-threatening respiratory problems, and a coma-like state. Those who recover from severe illness may be left with permanent disability, such as paralysis or amputation of limbs.

Alpha-gal syndrome

A bite from the lone star tick can make you allergic to red meat for life. The unusual condition takes root when someone becomes highly sensitive to a sugar molecule called alpha-gal that’s found in most mammals. People who develop the allergy cannot eat red meat (fish and birds are safe to consume) or mammal-based products like dairy and gelatin. They may also be restricted in using certain medication such as heparin, which uses pig intestines. An allergic reaction can range from hives and nausea to more life-threatening reactions like anaphylactic shock.

Alpha-gal syndrome has been a rare but increasing tick-borne condition. In 2009, there were only 24 alpha-gal cases reported in the US. By 2021, the number was estimated to be around 34,000. While saliva from the lone star tick seems to trigger the mammalian allergy, deer tick bites are suspected of also causing it. According to the CDC, lone star ticks have concentrated in large numbers across the country. They are found in the southeastern, eastern, and south-central US states extending from Maine to central Texas and Oklahoma. 

There is no cure for alpha-gal syndrome. Instead, people need to learn to avoid certain foods and mammal-based products. Symptoms are managed using antihistamines and corticosteroids.

Reduce your chances of tick infections

These days, ticks are a threat across most of the US and in practically every season. Experts warn that cases will only continue to rise as ticks expand to previously uninhabitable areas. 

[Related: Climate change could introduce humans to thousands of new viruses]

Your best bet at avoiding tick-borne diseases is to keep the pests off your body. Rather than staying indoors for the rest of your life, both experts recommend spraying tick and mosquito repellant. “DEET is what we usually recommend at 20 to 30 percent,” says Handel. If you’re going to be hiking or spending a lot of time outside, learn how to handle an insecticide called permethrin. Handel advises leaving your clothes overnight in the solution to kill any insect on contact. The repellency lasts for up to 10 washes. But make sure to only use it on your clothes or gear—it’s not meant to be sprayed directly on human skin.

Remember, you can pick up ticks even if you’re not an avid hiker or camper. Ticks tend to live on tall grass, meaning they might climb on you at the park or even on your own property. Avoid rubbing up on any tall grass and keep to the middle when walking down a path. Wearing long sleeves and tucking your pants inside your socks further prevents any openings for the pests to crawl into if they latch on your clothes. 

Once you get home, immediately wash your clothes in high heat and perform a tick check for any stragglers. If you take your pet outdoors (even if it’s just the yard), you’ll want to check them daily for ticks as well. There are also topical medications that you or a vet can apply to your pet to control for any external parasites. If you or any members of your household are feeling unwell, always let your doctor know that you’ve been in wooded areas or places with high tick circulation.

“These tick-borne diseases have been around for a long time and they’re going to become more common over time,” says Handel. “But by following these steps you can keep yourself safe and still enjoying the outdoors without having to have too much anxiety about catching one of these infections.”

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How to clean your dryer vent so it doesn’t catch on fire https://www.popsci.com/story/diy/how-to-clean-dryer-vent/ Mon, 05 Apr 2021 13:32:51 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/story/?p=281097
A white clothes dryer with a clean dryer vent behind a white curtain, in front of a tall window with sunlight shining through.
So serene. Let's keep it that way. Andrew Winkler / Unsplash

Dryer maintenance doesn't stop at the lint trap. You are cleaning your lint trap—right?

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A white clothes dryer with a clean dryer vent behind a white curtain, in front of a tall window with sunlight shining through.
So serene. Let's keep it that way. Andrew Winkler / Unsplash

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Maintaining a clean dryer vent is an underappreciated household task. Not only will ensuring smooth airflow between your machine and the great outdoors help your clothes dry faster, but it will also reduce your fire risk. Trust us: a couple hours of your time (at most) is a small price to pay for avoiding a lint-fueled blaze.

When to clean your dryer vent

Guidance varies on how often you need to clear out the ol’ dust pipes, but most recommendations fall between every three months and at least once a year. You’ll probably need to do it more if you dry lots of laundry, and less if you live alone.

But if your clothes are taking increasingly longer to dry, your machine gets surprisingly hot to the touch, or (red alert) you notice a burning smell when the dryer is on, you should clean the vent and ducts immediately. There are about 3,000 dryer fires each year and neglected cleanings are the leading cause, the US Fire Administration says.

What you’ll need

At minimum, you’ll need a vacuum with a hose or otherwise tubular attachment. Depending on the length of your dryer duct, your desired cleanliness level, and how everything is connected, you may also want a long-handled brush, a face covering, a power drill, and/or a screwdriver.

[Related: A bare minimum guide to spring cleaning]

You can buy dryer vent cleaning kits with super-long brushes, but you can also improvise with a balled-up rag strapped to a stick. If you DIY your own cleaner, you should be careful not to damage the ductwork and ensure your makeshift swab doesn’t get stuck, or fall apart and block the duct. And of course, if you’re unsure about what you’re doing at any point, you can call a professional dryer cleaning service.

How to clean a dryer vent

1. Unplug your dryer. Disconnecting the power supply should be the first thing you do when working on any electrical appliance, and your dryer is no different. If you have a gas-fueled machine, find the supply line and turn the gas off too.

2. Locate both ends of the dryer vent. This should be relatively easy: one end is at the back of your dryer and the other is on the outside of your home.

  • Note: If you live in multi-family housing, you may not have access to the exit vent, so check with your property manager or landlord to see if they or you are responsible for cleaning the vent.

3. Remove your exterior vent cover. This cover prevents animals and debris from entering your home, and taking it off will make cleaning easier. It may be fastened with screws or it might slip on and off.

4. Move your dryer away from the wall. Give yourself enough space to access the vent connection in the back so you don’t bend or damage the ducts. If you have a gas line, be extremely careful not to bend or break it. You absolutely do not want a gas leak.

5. Disconnect the duct from the back of your dryer. Fasteners vary, so you may see tape, a screw-tightened steel hose clamp, or some kind of clip. When your machine is free of all restraints (except for any a gas connection), you can move it to wherever is comfortable for the rest of the job. 

6. Clean the dryer. If you haven’t done so already, take the lint trap out and clean it. You should be doing this after every load anyway—it’ll reduce the amount of lint that makes it into your duct, keeping it cleaner for longer. Then brush and vacuum out the lint trap area. Next, use your brush and vacuum to clean out the vent in the back of the dryer.

7. Disconnect the duct where it enters your wall. You might not be able to do this, but if you can, it will make cleaning easier. It likely connects to the outside-bound ductwork the same way it fastened to the back of your dryer.

[Related: How to wash your clothes without wearing them out]

8. Brush out the duct. Remove what lint you can by hand, and carefully vacuum inside—you don’t want to damage the pipe. For longer ducts, you can use a long-handled brush and rotate it as you move it back and forth (the ones included in cleaning kits often connect to power drills so you can spin them easily inside the duct). You might want to cover your face during this step to avoid inhaling dust and lint.

  • Pro tip: If one end of your dryer duct is higher than the other, clean from that side if possible. This will ensure that debris does not fall onto you while you work, and tumbling dirt might loosen up other grime as it falls.
  • Note: If you’ve been cleaning your lint trap or have a short distance between your dryer and the outside, you might not have to do much, but this can also be a dirty job. Flexible ducts, for example, are more likely to bend and clog.

9. Clean up. Vacuum or sweep up any dust and debris that’s on the floor or piled up outside where the vent exits the house. Any lint left behind the dryer may be sucked into the machine when it turns on. If you removed your exterior vent cover, don’t forget to put it back on—you don’t want a bird or small mammal moving into your dryer duct.

10. Reconnect your dryer. As you put everything back together, make sure nothing got damaged during the cleaning process. Put it back in place, plug it in, and (if necessary) turn the gas back on.

  • Pro tip: If you’re taping your duct, use foil tape instead of standard duct tape. Foil tape won’t dry up and fall off.
  • Warning: Do not fasten ducts with screws or other sharp fasteners. They can puncture the ductwork, causing leaks and catching lint.

11. Test the dryer. To ensure there are no air leaks and your setup works smoothly, run the empty dryer for about 15 minutes on a low setting.

How to prevent lint buildup

Future cleanings will be easier and your dryer will work better if you make it hard for lint to build up in the first place.

  • Clean the lint trap. We mentioned this above, but it bears repeating: make sure this removable screen is clear of lint before and after every load. Dryer sheet residue can also get stuck in the mesh, so try putting some water on it. If it doesn’t flow through, clean it with a brush and warm soapy water, then dry it with a towel.
  • Regularly clean around your dryer. Simply put, the less dust your machine can suck up from its environment, the better.
  • Hang heavier items out to dry. The heavier your dryer load, the harder your machine works. Stick that bulky duvet cover outside if you can, and your machine will thank you. You can also build yourself a handy wall-mounted drying rack if you’re feeling ambitious.
  • Consider replacing your duct. Because flexible dryer ducts are more likely to clog than solid metal ones, they are also more fire-prone. They may also be against building code in your area. If you have one, check with your local building code office to see if it’s OK. Even if it is, straight ducts are easier to clean.

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The right way to use seasonal allergy medications https://www.popsci.com/health/how-to-take-allergy-medications/ Tue, 01 Mar 2022 11:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=427554
A pile of pills of various shapes and colors on an orange background. Some of these may be allergy medications.
What you need to know before popping those allergy meds. Michał Parzuchowski / Unsplash

When allergy meds stop working, you may want to think about switching.

The post The right way to use seasonal allergy medications appeared first on Popular Science.

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A pile of pills of various shapes and colors on an orange background. Some of these may be allergy medications.
What you need to know before popping those allergy meds. Michał Parzuchowski / Unsplash

Another round of snow and ice may have recently gripped large portions of the country, but spring is here. And with spring comes allergies.

Across much of the US, the influx of pollen and mold spores that herald spring’s arrival also signal the return of sneezing, itchy eyes, runny noses, and more. Other allergies can irritate us year-round. Hay fever (also known as allergic rhinitis) affects 10 to 30 percent of the world’s population and can strike in any season due to dust mites and other common irritants. 

This year, the Great Plains, Florida, and the Carolinas are expected to be the worst areas of the US for people with allergies, according to a report by the nonprofit Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America. Outside these regions, Scranton, Pennsylvania, made the list at No. 3, and Rochester, New York, at No. 20. But as anyone with allergies knows—you can suffer anywhere.

Fortunately, there are several kinds of allergy medications that can tame symptoms. But, it’s important to know the differences among the many options to find out when and how long you should take them. Allergy experts have a few tips to keep in mind while bracing for the start of allergy season. 

Don’t make Benadryl a long-term fix

Many over-the-counter allergy medications are antihistamines. 

These drugs work by blocking your body’s response to histamine, a chemical the immune system releases when it detects a potential threat. Unfortunately for allergy sufferers, the immune system sometimes overreacts to substances like pollen that aren’t actually harmful. Histamine causes the blood vessels to expand and become leakier and mucus production to ramp up in order to fight the intruder, leading to a runny nose and other classic allergy symptoms.  

There are two main categories of antihistamines, says Eric Macy, an allergist-immunologist at Kaiser Permanente in San Diego. In addition to their allergy-fighting effects, “first-generation” antihistamines such as Benadryl can cause drowsiness and coordination problems. They belong to a class of drugs called anticholinergics whose long-term use may increase the risk of dementia.

[Related: Does taking allergy medication make my allergies worse?]

“The first-generation antihistamines have more cognitive or brain-related effects than the second generation do, so it’s not wise to take that every day,” says Sai R. Nimmagadda, an allergist-immunologist at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago. 

Newer “second-generation” antihistamines including Claritin, Zyrtec, and Allegra are generally safe to use regularly. However, Nimmagadda says, some people find that a given antihistamine becomes less effective over time. Rather than increasing the dose, he recommends switching to a different antihistamine. “I tell my patients to alternate the antihistamine therapies every three to six months if they find they have become tolerant to a particular medication,” Nimmagadda says.

Start using nasal spray before the pollen onslaught

Antihistamines are very effective against sneezing, itchy eyes, runny noses, and hives, but they don’t help very much with congestion, Macy says. However, corticosteroid nasal sprays like Flonase treat stuffiness as well as other allergy symptoms. They contain lab-made versions of naturally occuring hormones that calm inflammation.

Corticosteroids can be used daily without losing their edge, Nimmagadda says. “The only thing is that with intranasal steroids it’s important to start them early in the season,” he says. 

If you wait until your immune system goes to work against that dreaded pollen and your symptoms flare up, corticosteroids won’t work as well. Nimmagadda likens it to fighting a blaze before it gets out of hand. “If you have a small fire, it’s easier to put out with a garden hose,” he says. “If you have a large fire, when you try to use a garden hose it’s not going to work very well.”

An even simpler remedy is to use saline (aka salt water) washes to flush mucus and debris from your nasal passages. These solutions can be purchased at the pharmacy or made at home—and using them will likely cut down on the amount of allergy medications you need to keep your symptoms in check, Nimmagadda says.

“The cheapest and best treatment you can do is to wash your nose of all the pollen allergens every morning and night,” he says. “One of the mainstays of my treatment regimens is the saline rinses.” 

Don’t take decongestants year-round 

Sudafed and similar drugs fight congestion and pressure by causing the blood vessels to constrict. However, they can also cause agitation, interfere with sleep, and contribute to cardiovascular issues such as high blood pressure, Macy says. Additionally, prolonged use of decongestant nasal sprays can actually make stuffiness worse, an effect known as rebound congestion. Because of these side effects, decongestants shouldn’t be used for more than a few days at a time.

[Related: How to tell seasonal allergies from COVID-19 symptoms]

Another thing to keep in mind, Macy says, is that if you’re experiencing congestion and sinus pressure without other symptoms like itching and sneezing, it’s probably not caused by allergies. Other treatable conditions including migraines, infections, and nasal polyps, may actually be to blame. 

Check in with your doctor

If you’re dealing with nasal symptoms year-round, Macy advises, it’s a good idea to visit a doctor and discuss more effective treatment options.

“Basically it comes down to: See an allergist, figure out what the cause of the problem is, and get it dealt with [rather] than taking antihistamines to paint over rust,” he says. 

Immunotherapy treatments—allergy shots and drops—decrease a person’s sensitivity to pollen, dust mites, and other irritants. They work by exposing the immune system to gradually increasing doses of the allergen and can provide long-term relief, Nimmagadda says. 

“All these [allergy] medications are used after the fact; you have symptoms and you use medication to control the symptoms,” he says. “Immunotherapy blocks the symptoms from even starting.” 

This story has been updated. It was originally published on March 1, 2022.

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Read this if you’re too scared to walk past a goose https://www.popsci.com/diy/avoid-getting-attacked-by-a-goose/ Thu, 23 Mar 2023 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=522121
A Canada goose opening its mouth and spreading its wings to protect its nest and its mate behind it at the edge of a marshy area.
Not what you want to see during a nice stroll. noonie / Depositphotos

Geese are "all honk and no bonk" if you follow our advice.

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A Canada goose opening its mouth and spreading its wings to protect its nest and its mate behind it at the edge of a marshy area.
Not what you want to see during a nice stroll. noonie / Depositphotos

I was 8 years old when I first learned the term “goose egg” can be used to identify more than an unhatched gosling. It can also describe the welt that develops after the goose that laid those eggs chases you away from its nest and bites you squarely on the meaty part of your behind.

After this educational experience, I was extra cautious around this goose (it lived by my grandparents’ pond), but did not realize I had escaped relatively unscathed. Unbeknownst to me, every spring brings fresh reports of people being attacked by what would appear to be angry geese. Those attacks often result in bruises, cuts, concussions, and stitches, many of which are far more serious than a welt on the backside.

Fortunately, there have been no documented cases of a goose killing a human in the US, but the creatures still inspire fear—or at least caution—in the hearts of many. There’s a reason cultures around the world have used geese in place of guard dogs.

But if you’d prefer to avoid being chased by a large bird as you stroll around the neighborhood park, follow this advice the next time you try to walk past a goose.

Why geese attack

Geese, like other animals, aren’t naturally aggressive—at least as humans generally define the word. These birds aren’t out to get upright bipeds; they have no particular vendetta that makes them want to bite soft young flesh or beat cyclists with their wings. Still, the animals will chase down just about anything: children, adults, bicycles, even cars, and frequently knock humans and other predators to the ground in impressive feats of agility and strength.

But when a goose lashes out, it’s not because it’s angry or mean. “Geese are typically only defensive when they have a nest they’re protecting or are defending their young,” says Vanessa A. Williams, a wildlife biologist and animal behaviorist who works with Wild Goose Chase, an Illinois-based company that specializes in wild bird management. “And they’ll attack anything they see as a threat to their nest or their babies.”

[Related: How birds of a feather flock together]

That’s because geese, unlike ducks, are monogamous—they mate for life and work with their partner to take care of their nest and babies. That means that while the female is incubating, the male is standing guard, ready to defend the nest and protect his mate. After the goslings hatch, he will fight to protect his whole brood.

If you look at the data, you’ll see most adverse human-goose encounters occur almost exclusively in the spring when nesting season begins and stop entirely by fall when goslings are fully mobile, WIlliams says.

Although goose attacks occasionally occur for other reasons, like if a goose or its mate is injured, this is rare, you can reduce your chances of getting rushed by one of these birds by simply staying away from their young and places you know they’re nesting.

How geese attack

Anyone who’s worried about getting chomped by a goose bill lined with tooth-like cartilage should know that according to Williams, my childhood encounter isn’t the norm. Geese rarely bite as a defensive strategy. Instead, they charge, using their strong wings as weapons.

I hear you: Bird wings may not seem all that threatening. After all, like most other birds that fly, the bones in goose wings are hollow. But because geese can weigh up to 25 pounds, the muscles in those wings are incredibly strong. They have to be to lift such a heavy bird into the air and carry it hundreds of miles at a time during migration.

So you really don’t want to be pummeled by those wings—they can quickly knock down a full-grown adult and cause scrapes, stitches, even broken bones. All of these injuries have been reported after goose assaults.

How to know when you might get attacked by a goose

But geese rarely go directly into blitz mode. They’ll warn you of impending doom first. If you get too close, they’ll hiss. Continue to approach and they’ll start honking, too. If you still haven’t left, they will spread their wings and charge. “If they hit you with one of those wings, it’s going to hurt,” Williams warns.

Fortunately, those initial warnings often lead to little more than a bluff charge as long as you respond by vacating the area as soon as possible. But how you do so matters.

Here’s what Williams advises: When a goose first lets you know you’re not welcome, start backing away—not slowly, but don’t run. If the animal stands down, you’re likely in the clear. If not, make yourself look large and menacing by holding your hands over your head or waving your backpack in the air. If you’re wearing a jacket, unzip it and hold it open, flapping the sides like wings. Keep facing the goose, because as long as you do, the animal will likely perceive you as a threat and do little more than bluff charge.

Whatever you do, Williams implores, don’t turn your back on the bird while it’s charging. You’ll make yourself an easy target, the goose may decide it’s safe to attack, and you might find yourself on the ground under a barrage of wings.

Instead, she says to continue backing away until the bird stops following you. When it does, you can turn around, but keep an eye on the goose to make sure it leaves you alone for good.

How to avoid an encounter with a defensive goose

If you’d rather avoid an encounter altogether—and who wouldn’t—the first rule of sharing space with wild animals is to keep your distance. How much depends on the bird. According to Williams, some geese will flee their nest immediately while others will start to feel threatened when you’re as far as 50 yards from them. So keep plenty of distance between yourself and geese, and the sooner you can create space between you and them, the better. And just generally be alert and listen for hissing.

[Related: How to avoid an alligator encounter—and what to do if you can’t]

As mentioned above, absolutely stay away from nests, too. Not only does it put you at risk of starting a fight with a large fowl, it’s against the law to touch many wild birds’ nests in the US thanks to the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918. Likewise, don’t try to feed a mother goose while she’s on her nest, Williams says. Females don’t eat when they’re incubating, she explains, so not only are you not helping, you’re likely agitating her and her mate, who’s undoubtedly nearby.

And even though goslings are cute, don’t feed them or even think about grabbing a selfie. That’s easily enough to provoke mom and dad.

But if you keep your distance, let wildlife be, stay prepared, and remain aware, Williams says geese are often “all honk and no bonk if you know how to interact with them.”

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How to feel full just by eating good food https://www.popsci.com/diy/best-foods-feel-full/ Tue, 21 Mar 2023 00:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=520982
Foods that make you feel full on a beige background, including kale, raspberry, whole wheat pasta, salmon, green apple, steak, crackers, chocolates, popcorn, pink frosted donut, peas in a pod, and a basil leaf
Sugars and carbs rate low on the satiety index; proteins and fats rate high. Courtesy of Saveur

Which foods rank high on the 'satiety index'? Probably some of your favorites.

The post How to feel full just by eating good food appeared first on Popular Science.

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Foods that make you feel full on a beige background, including kale, raspberry, whole wheat pasta, salmon, green apple, steak, crackers, chocolates, popcorn, pink frosted donut, peas in a pod, and a basil leaf
Sugars and carbs rate low on the satiety index; proteins and fats rate high. Courtesy of Saveur

This article was originally published on Saveur.

Eating disorders run in my family. Recently, a cousin died of one. It wasn’t just how much he ate but what: cola, chips, and candy round the clock. He basically snacked himself to death on a diet that led to heart disease, diabetes, and other complications. One reason he might have made unhealthy food choices is counterintuitive: He couldn’t stay full. “Food that is mainly carbohydrates or high in sugar is palatable. It goes down easily. It’s lower in volume, or water content, so you can eat a lot before your stomach expands,” explains Cara Harbstreet, a dietitian and the founder of Street Smart Nutrition. “But it doesn’t carry the fiber or other things that contribute to fullness and slow down eating.” 

You know that stuffed feeling after polishing off a steak or a bowl of pea soup? Experts call it satiety. In 1995, Australian nutritionists devised a satiety index to track which foods made us feel fullest. Feeding subjects different foods and monitoring their hunger afterward, the researchers found foods with the lowest satiety were carb-and-sugar bombs. These are delicious, but their dopamine rewards amount to empty calories. 

Foods with high satiety—those that keep you fullest the longest—are “high-thermic,” says food scientist Dr. Taylor C. Wallace, meaning that “muscles in the stomach and intestines take a lot of energy to break them down.” Chief among high-thermic foods is protein. “The body spends almost 30 percent of the calories it takes in from a protein trying to digest it.” 

After protein on the high-thermic scale, there’s fat, which slows the body’s absorption of carbohydrates. Anyone who loves toast slathered in butter knows how fat carries flavor, which begets satiety and satisfaction. Then comes fiber—the roughage that makes whole grains, fruit, vegetables, and legumes harder (in a good way) to digest. High-fiber foods often contain lots of water, which further fills your belly. 

That’s the gist of satiety: There are foods that take their time in your gut, and foods that don’t. “Generally, whole foods make you feel full longer than processed ones,” says dietitian nutritionist Kylene Bogden, a dietitian and functional sports nutrition expert who works with professional athletes. 

But every expert I spoke with cautioned against using the satiety index as a diet plan. Diets, they say, don’t work. “Clinical studies show minimal, if any, effect,” Wallace notes. And the satiety index has only been used in a limited way in labs; it hasn’t been applied to a broad study of actual, everyday behavior, where its efficacy can really be tested.

Still, the concept of satiety is useful. “If you eat a doughnut, and your brain’s happy, you can understand why your stomach still wants a meal. If you eat fish and vegetables, and your body is happy, you know why your brain still wants the doughnut,” says Ariane Resnick, a special-diet chef and nutritionist whose clients have included Gwyneth Paltrow and P!nk. 

Makes sense to me. In a world where celebrities are clamoring for weight-loss short-cuts like taking Ozempic and other diabetes drugs to suppress their appetites, and where others, like my cousin, refuse to take care of their diabetes and go for broke on unhealthful foods, paying attention to fullness seems like a sober and balanced approach to eating. The pros I spoke with have pointers for thinking about the satiety index. 

Don’t mistake satiety for healthfulness

“You could eat a Wendy’s triple cheeseburger without the bun, and that’s high satiety, but it’s not healthy,” says Wallace. “You’ll see weight loss, but did you raise your bad cholesterol or give yourself hypertension?” Satiety can, however, help avoid the pitfalls of calorie counting. “You could starve yourself slamming low-cal Ritz Cracker packs that spike your blood sugar level. Then you’re hungry, can’t lose weight, and have no energy,” says Bogden. “Foods that are slower to digest keep blood sugar more stable.”

Go for satisfaction

Resnick isn’t a fan of steamed vegetables. “Roasted under a chicken or stir fried, vegetables are more appealing,” she says. If you agree with her, then you’re more inclined to eat your veggies with some fat on them. As it turns out, some vitamins are fat soluble; your body can’t access them unless the veggies are glistening in chicken drippings. “So think about what gives you satisfaction as well as nutrition. We do better listening to our bodies than to ideology.”

Diversify your plate

Protein, fat, and fiber: Satiety requires all three. “If one is missing, that leads to hunger,” Harbstreet explains. “You end up dissatisfied and might rummage around for something else to munch on.” That means combining colors, textures, and flavors at every meal as much as possible. 

Resist dogma

“You’ll probably need more than fish and vegetables because, typically, those foods don’t give you the most joy and satisfaction, as they’re not full of sugar, salt, or fat, which are emotional triggers,” says Resnick. “So add a carbohydrate if you like.” If refined carbs (like white bread or pasta) make you happy, start there, then give less-refined carbs (like brown rice and pulses) a try. 

Be proactive

Fully eliminating low-satiety foods is impossible. We aren’t robots, after all. Rather than abstinence, Harbstreet recommends a measured, mindful approach: “If you’re going to a birthday party, be strategic. Have a balanced meal beforehand, then go ahead and eat some cake.” It’s not about hard rights and wrongs. Make your choices on a “cake-by-cake” basis.

Write your own story

Get to know yourself through your eating. “Start with what you normally eat and keep a journal of how you’re feeling, and how full you are, 30 minutes, one hour, and two hours from eating,” suggests Bogden. Did your energy dip? Do you want to eat more? “Then gravitate to higher satiety foods, and journal again.” If journaling is dredging up bad feelings, go see a professional who can help you use satiety and other tools in a way that works for your mind and body. “None are the be-all, end-all,” says Resnick. “Every tool is something to consider to find what’s best for you.”

The post How to feel full just by eating good food appeared first on Popular Science.

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A driver’s guide to hydroplaning and how to handle it https://www.popsci.com/diy/stop-car-hydroplaning/ Fri, 17 Mar 2023 22:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=520747
Black Mercedes Benz sedan hydroplaning in rain when speeding down highway
You might not always have control over driving conditions, but you can regain control if your car starts hydroplaning. Deposit Photos

Hydroplaning can be dangerous in any season. Here's how to ride it out if it happens to you.

The post A driver’s guide to hydroplaning and how to handle it appeared first on Popular Science.

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Black Mercedes Benz sedan hydroplaning in rain when speeding down highway
You might not always have control over driving conditions, but you can regain control if your car starts hydroplaning. Deposit Photos

This article was originally published on The Drive.

When it’s your decision to do so, sliding across the pavement like slippery socks on a vinyl floor is an adrenaline-spiking thrill unlike any other. When it’s not your decision to do so, however, sliding across the pavement is a fear-instilling event that will leave you questioning why you’re waiting to take that bucket-list trip to the Grand Canyon.

Scary skids are significantly more likely when dealing with precipitation, but it doesn’t have to be sleet, snow, or ice. Regular plain rain can be just as dangerous if the evil stars align and your car begins to hydroplane. 

Hydroplaning is covered in regulatory driving tests, but it’s not something you fully understand until you experience it. It’s impossible to completely avoid it for your entire life, so the only thing you can do is prepare yourself for when it occurs. The Drive’s editors have gathered a guide to explain what hydroplaning is, when and why it occurs, and how to handle yourself when lightning does strike. Get your notebook and learn something new below.

What is hydroplaning?

Hydroplaning, also referred to as aquaplaning, is when water, sometimes mixed with other contaminants, gets underneath an automobile’s tires’ contact patches and separates the tires and vehicle from the road surface. The car is then technically riding on slippery wetness rather than the grippy road because the tires cannot displace the water fast enough.

When does hydroplaning happen?

Hydroplaning occurs when the amount of water on the road overwhelms the tires’ abilities to remove water from underneath the tire through the tire tread grooves. 

This doesn’t necessarily mean it only happens when there’s a massive amount of precipitation raining down from the sky. Depending on how bald your tires are or how underinflated they are, it could even happen on a slippery road surface during a light rain.

Hydroplaning is also more likely to occur at higher speeds. 

Why does hydroplaning happen?

Hydroplaning occurs when the amount of water on the road overwhelms the tires’ abilities to remove water from underneath the tire through the tire tread grooves. 

This doesn’t necessarily mean it only happens when there’s a massive amount of precipitation raining down from the sky. Depending on how bald your tires are or how underinflated they are, it could even happen on a slippery road surface during a light rain.

Hydroplaning is also more likely to occur at higher speeds. 

Where does hydroplaning happen?

Technically, hydroplaning can occur anywhere there is smooth pavement or a surface that can trap water underneath the tires. This is especially true on roads with standing water like runoff or puddles. Because of the speed, it might be more likely to experience hydroplaning on a highway.

How to protect against hydroplaning

There are precautions you can take that will help prevent hydroplaning. 

  • Make sure your tires are appropriate for the season and conditions. Certain designs have extra sipes to clear water.
  • Make sure the tire is properly inflated.
  • Make sure the tire has enough tread.
  • Follow a strict tire rotation schedule.
  • Avoid sudden movements like quick turns or hard acceleration or braking.
  • Limit your speeds during rain.
  • Don’t use cruise control in slippery conditions.
  • Avoid puddles.
  • If a road is crowned, the water will puddle easier on the outside of the road, so stick inside.

How to react when you’re hydroplaning

*French Montana voice* Don’t panic. 

  1. Resist your immediate urge to overreact.
  2. Let off the gas.
  3. Firmly hold the steering wheel. 
  4. If you’re sliding straight ahead, keep the wheel straight. If you’re sliding toward the edge of a turn, turn the wheel slightly in the direction the car is moving. Just be aware that the direction of your tires will matter when you regain traction, so you don’t want them all twisted up.
  5. Ride it out until you feel the car regain traction.
  6. Pull over, take a deep breath and calm down before you get back on the road.

The post A driver’s guide to hydroplaning and how to handle it appeared first on Popular Science.

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Colon cancer cases in younger generations are rising. When should you get screened? https://www.popsci.com/health/when-to-get-a-colonoscopy/ Tue, 14 Mar 2023 22:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=519582
Colon cancer shown in abdominal X-ray in red, blue, and green
Abdominal X-ray by barium of colorectal cancer. Cavallini James/BSIP/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

Virtual colonoscopies and at-home tests are making check-ups a little more comfortable.

The post Colon cancer cases in younger generations are rising. When should you get screened? appeared first on Popular Science.

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Colon cancer shown in abdominal X-ray in red, blue, and green
Abdominal X-ray by barium of colorectal cancer. Cavallini James/BSIP/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

The number of colorectal cancer diagnoses has nearly doubled in people younger than 55, a recent report from the American Cancer Society (ACS) warns. 

Colon cancer cases rose across the country from 11 percent in 1995 to 20 percent in 2019 people younger than 55.  There was an 8-percent jump in advanced cases across all ages since the mid-2000s. Most young people who were diagnosed had late-stage tumors. 

While the statistics are alarming, it doesn’t come as a surprise to doctors in the field who’ve noticed a trend in younger patients over the past few years. “This data is confirmation of that clinical observation,” says Deborah Nagle, the chief of colon and rectal surgery at Stony Brook Medicine in New York. 

Colonoscopies remain the gold standard for screening colorectal cancer. However, some might find the preparation, recovery, and procedure itself uncomfortable and time-consuming. Fortunately, there are other less invasive tools for detecting colon cancer, some of which you can access in the comfort of your own home. 

The reasons behind rising colon cancer rates

Why do some people get colon cancer over others? There’s “no smoking gun,” says Samir Gupta, a gastroenterologist and professor of medicine at the University of California, San Diego. Several causes factor into an individual’s overall risk.

One is antibiotics: The drugs might contribute to colorectal cancer by changing the composition of the gut microbiome that allows “bad” bacteria—those that lower a person’s immunity, create cancer-promoting metabolites, and damage DNA—to flourish. A 2021 study in Sweden found adults treated with antibiotics had a 17 percent risk of cancer in the ascending colon. The more antibiotics people took, the greater the risk. Gupta says there could also be a potential link between antibiotic exposure during infancy and future colorectal cancer. 

At 91 percent, colorectal cancer has one of the highest five-year survival rates.

Obesity is another contributor for different kinds of cancers, including early-stage colorectal. Nagle says the obesity rate has significantly increased in the US in the past few decades. Nearly 42 percent of Americans have a BMI of or above 30. Excess body fat promotes inflammation and drives up the production of insulin and hormones, and in turn, can increase the number of cells that can lead to cancer. Additionally, inflammation from fat itself sometimes damages healthy cells and leads to cancerous mutations in cellular DNA.

While less studied in humans, chemicals put in food have also been seen as a potential cancer contributor. Dietary emulsifiers, which are usually added to processed foods to increase their shelf life, have been linked to colon cancer through animal research. In one 2022 study, titanium dioxide, a common food coloring in candies and baking products, helped promote colorectal tumor development in lab mice.

[Related: Two decades-long studies link ultra-processed foods to cancer and premature death]

Oncology researchers are also interested in looking at how big of a role genetics play in colorectal cancer formation. One in five people diagnosed with colorectal cancer carry a genetic mutation associated with tumor development.

Prevention is possible, however. At 91 percent, colorectal cancer has one of the highest five-year survival rates. The key is catching it in time. Both Gupta and Nagle recommend getting a colonoscopy screening to detect any early signs of cancer. A follow-up study in Europe last year showed that people who got a colonoscopy reduced their risk of colorectal cancer by 31 percent and the risk of dying from said disease by 50 percent.

When to get a colonoscopy

While there are standard guidelines for when you should get a colonoscopy, both experts urge anyone who experiences persistent rectal bleeding and changes in bowel habits to get immediate medical attention.

If you have no symptoms and no family history of colorectal cancer, the ACS recommends routine screenings starting at age 45. Those considered at high risk of colorectal cancer—family history of disease, history of radiation in the abdomen area to treat prior cancer, inflammatory bowel syndrome—are encouraged to get a screening before 45. 

People with Lynch syndrome, a hereditary condition that genetically predisposes a person to multiple types of cancer, are strongly urged to get a colonoscopy every one to two years starting in their early 20s or 2 to 5 years before the youngest case in the family.

Test your options

While colonoscopies are the go-to tool for colorectal screenings, says Nagle, they’re not all too popular among patients. The prep required for a colonoscopy—taking a laxative and adjusting your diet a few days before —can deter people. The procedure and recovery also takes up a huge chunk of time, which may not be doable for those who can’t take time off work. 

Stool-based tests like Cologuard offer an easier, at-home alternative. There’s no prep needed, and the results are generally accurate, though not on par with a colonoscopy. There are also fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) that look for hidden blood in your stool. This annual test can be done at home, though it is less accurate at detecting polyps smaller than 6 millimeters than colonoscopies.

A less invasive method some oncologists are turning to virtual colonoscopies. The procedure uses CT scans to create images of your large intestine to look for ulcers, polyps, and tumors.

[Related: First study of cancer-detecting blood test shows hopeful results]

There is ongoing research looking to improve screening results using a combination of these methods. Some involve using a person’s gut microbiome composition to identify the loss of certain “good” bacteria to predict their risk of precancerous tumors. Others include a multi-step screening process that still includes the recommended colonoscopy. A study from last spring suggests getting a colonoscopy after an at-home stool test; those who did not follow up were twice as likely to die from colorectal cancer.

“We have an opportunity to prevent some cancers from happening by doing the screenings,” says Gupta. “When people are diagnosed early, it’s more treatable.”

The post Colon cancer cases in younger generations are rising. When should you get screened? appeared first on Popular Science.

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The best seedling starter trays of 2023 https://www.popsci.com/gear/best-seedling-starter-trays/ Sat, 11 Mar 2023 14:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=518227
Start your garden early with the help of the best seedling starter trays.

Plan your garden early with the help of these growing tools.

The post The best seedling starter trays of 2023 appeared first on Popular Science.

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Start your garden early with the help of the best seedling starter trays.

We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Learn more ›

Best overall The Super Sprouter Deluxe Propogation Kit is the best seedling starter tray overall. Super Sprouter Deluxe Propagation Kit
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Germinate, sprout, and grow seedlings with this all-in-one seedling starter tray kit.

Best with dome The Gardzen 5-Set Garden Propogator Set is the best seedling tray with dome. Gardzen 5-Set Garden Propogator Set
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These five trays come with lids to lock in create humidity and encourage growth.

Best budget The Mhonniwa 180-Cell Seed Starter Tray is the best seedling starter kit at a budget-friendly price. Mhonniwa 180-Cell Seed Starter
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Use this affordable value pack to sprout up to 180 seedlings.

When planning a garden, seedling starter trays are a smart way to get an early start on the growing season. Simply dropping some seeds into the garden often isn’t an effective way to ensure that the seeds will grow. In fact, planting seeds in an outdoor garden often leads to them being eaten by insects, rodents, and other pests. Instead, start your seeds in a safe, controlled starter tray that can be kept indoors until the seedlings are ready to be transplanted into the garden. The trays come with humidity domes, watering mats, and base trays to help improve the chances of your seeds germinating without putting them at risk of being eaten by scavengers. Keep reading to learn how to choose the best seedling starter trays for your next home grow.

How we chose the best seedling starter trays

My years of home gardening experience helped me understand what works and what doesn’t work regarding seed germination and seedling growth. This experience, combined with extensive research of more than 40 different products, is the basis for this selection. I concentrated on the material, dimensions, and capacity of the seedling starter trays.

There are several different materials used to make these trays, and each one has a different but equal benefit. I chose top products from each material category, including biodegradable, disposable plastic, and reusable plastic. I also took into consideration the dimensions as well as the capacity of the seedling starter trays to determine how many plants could be grown at one time without choking out nearby seedlings. Additionally, any product with extra features that improved the germination, sprouting, or growth period superior to similar products that lacked these added benefits got extra weight in making my selections.

The best seedling starter trays: Reviews & Recommendations

Whether you’re just getting started with planting, overseeing a kids’ project, establishing seedlings for a greenhouse, or have lots of garden tools ready to go, we’ve rounded up the best options for taking that first step.

Best overall: Super Sprouter Deluxe Propagation Kit

Super Sprouter

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Why it made the cut: Use the built-in grow light and humidity dome to germinate, sprout, and grow plants efficiently.

Specs

  • Capacity: Variable up to 72 cells
  • Material: Reusable plastic
  • Dimensions: 10 x 20 inches

Pros

  • Comes with a grow light and humidity dome
  • Reusable for multiple home grows
  • The tray fits most standard inserts and plug trays

Cons

  • Does not include a plug tray with individual cells

Our best overall pick can help ensure the seeds germinate and sprout quickly. The Super Sprouter Deluxe Propagation Kit has a humidity dome to help control the humidity level during germination. The seedling starter tray measures 10 inches by 20 inches, allowing it to be used with most standard inserts and plug trays. Though it should be noted that while this product can accommodate a tray with up to 72 cells, it does not come with a plug tray. Instead, the seedling starter set comprises a reusable plastic base tray to collect excess water, a humidity dome, and a grow light to provide even lighting to the plants.

The grow light is designed to sit in a track on top of the humidity dome, where it can shine down on the entire tray. This comprehensive kit is an excellent option for a beginner because it provides the user with all of the basic supplies to start growing their plants in the comfort of the kitchen, living room, den, or even the bedroom.

Best biodegradable: JOLLY GROW Seed Starter Peat Pots Kit

Jolly Grow

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Why it made the cut: Ensure that the roots, stem, and leaves are undamaged by poor transplantation with this biodegradable starter tray that can be planted directly into the garden.

Specs

  • Capacity: 50 cells
  • Material: Biodegradable peat pots
  • Dimensions: 10 x 4 inches

Pros

  • Biodegradable cells are easy to transplant
  • Environmentally friendly option for home gardening
  • Five 10-cell trays with plastic plant markers/labels

Cons

  • Water permeable
  • Doesn’t come with a base tray

One of the main benefits of using a biodegradable seedling starter tray is that the seedlings do not need to be removed from the cells. This makes it simple to break apart the cells and plant them individually in the garden without worrying about damaging the seedling in an attempt to remove them from a plastic tray. Once the biodegradable peat cells are buried, they will begin to break down, and the roots of the seedlings will have no issue piercing through the peat walls and spreading into the soil.

The JOLLY GROW Seed Starter Peat Pots Kit comes with five trays that each have 10 cells for a total capacity of 50 cells. Each tray measures 4 inches by 10 inches and also includes plastic plant markers so that the cells can be labeled with the plant’s name. Remember that the biodegradable cells, while great for the environment, are water-permeable, so it’s advised to have a non-permeable base tray to collect excess water that drains from the soil.

Best with dome: Gardzen 5-Set Garden Propagator Set

Gardzen

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Why it made the cut: Control the humidity level inside each of these five seedling starter trays using the included domes.

Specs

  • Capacity: 200 cells
  • Material: Reusable plastic
  • Dimensions: 9 x 14.5 inches

Pros

  • Five seedling starter trays with humidity domes
  • Reusable for multiple home grows
  • Uses seedling paper instead of soil

Cons

  • Not biodegradable

In contrast to other seedling starter trays, the Gardzen 5-Set Garden Propagator Set does not require soil pods to help seeds germinate and sprout. Instead, these seedling starter trays consist of a seed tray with a drainage hold to prevent overwatering; a base tray for hydroponic gardening; and a humidity dome to encourage growth. You can also place the trays on a heating mat for extra warmth.

Each tray is made of reusable plastic and measures 9 inches by 14.5 inches. The set also comes with a dibber and a widger for easy planting. Each of the 40 cells is 1.4 inches square, which makes the trays ideal for early-season pepper and vine and smaller plants, such as cabbage, kale, and broccoli. (The company also makes 15-cell and 70-cell versions for different sizes of seedlings.)

Best with watering mat: Burpee Seed Starter Tray

Burpee

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Why it made the cut: The base tray and watering mat hold excess water until it’s needed for germination, sprouting, and growth.

Specs

  • Capacity: 32 extra-large cells
  • Material: Reusable plastic and thin, disposable plastic
  • Dimensions: 10 x 20 inches

Pros

  • Comes with a watering mat for automatic watering
  • Extra-large cells for strong root systems
  • Includes natural coconut fiber growing plugs

Cons

  • Cell trays are made with thin, disposable plastic

While most seedling starter trays can include standard-sized cell trays, this Burpee Seed Starter Tray has two cell trays that each have 16 extra-large cells, making them ideal for plants with strong, deep root growth. The cell trays have drainage holes in the bottom. They can both sit within the 10- by 20-inch base tray, which doubles as a watering mat, allowing the seeds and seedlings to absorb water from the tray as necessary instead of oversaturating the soil.

This product also comes with 32 natural coconut fiber growing plugs so that users can start their next home grow as soon as they have the seeds for the coconut fiber growing medium. Use the included humidity dome to help accelerate germination, but remember that while the base tray and dome are made with reusable plastic, the cell trays are thin and disposable, so they may need to be replaced after two or more home grows.

Best budget: Mhonniwa 180-Cell Seed Starter Tray

Mhonniwa

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Why it made the cut: Germinate and sprout up to 180 seedlings with this biodegradable product.

Specs

  • Capacity: 180 cells
  • Material: Organic peat
  • Dimensions: 6.5 x 4.7 inches

Pros

  • Comes with tools and labels
  • 15 trays
  • Biodegradable

Cons

  • One-size tray
  • No dome


The Mhonniwa 180-Cell Seed Starter Tray is an impressive product, especially given the 180-cell capacity and the affordable price for this complete set. This seedling starter tray set includes 12 small trays that each measure 6.5 inches by 4.7 inches and have a capacity of 12 cells. Additionally, this set comes with two gardening tools to help with transplantation, as well as labels for the plants. If you don’t have good soil for a garden, check out our guide to the best raised beds.

Things to consider before buying seedling starter trays

In addition to the plants you wish to grow, here are some important factors to weigh before selecting the best seedling starter tray for your needs.

Tray capacity

The capacity of a seedling starter tray can range significantly—from a single-cell tray that can manage three to four seedlings to seedling trays with more than 40 cells. Consider the number of plants that you want to grow, the space necessary for these plants to germinate properly, and the space required for the seedlings to finish growing after being transplanted into individual pots or a garden. 

Remember that some plants also require larger cells because they tend to sprout dense roots that need more space to grow and expand. Before starting any gardening project, research the individual plant species to determine the specific needs of the plant. This foundation of knowledge will make it easier to decide on the best seedling starter tray capacity.

Material

At first thought, the material for a seedling starter tray seems like a trivial matter. After all, the tray is just used to hold the seedlings while they grow. However, these trays can be made of thick, reusable plastic; thin, disposable plastic; and even biodegradable peat pots that are specifically designed for planting directly into the garden without having to remove the seedlings.

Biodegradable trays are a popular option for people that have a hard time properly transplanting their seedlings, but these products rarely have the same capacity as plastic seedling starter trays. Choose a thick, reusable plastic starter tray if you are planning on regularly growing seedlings at home, but keep in mind that the tough plastic makes it more difficult to take the soil plug out of the tray cell during transplantation. On the other hand, it’s easier to remove the plugs from thin plastic starter tray cells, but these disposable products won’t typically last for more than one or two home grows.

Extra features

Despite the simplicity of seedling starter trays, they can actually come with several different added features that manufacturers have included to improve the product. These include a humidity dome, a base tray, a watering mat, and a heating mat.

Humidity domes are essentially clear plastic domes that are intended to cover the seeds and soil plugs to help maintain an ideal humidity level during the germination period. Base trays are commonly used to catch the excess water from seedling starter tray cells, reducing the chance of mold, mildew, and disease. Watering mats help to make the growing process easier. These mats are filled with water and sit underneath the seedling cells, allowing the plants to draw water from the mat at any point without oversaturating the soil. This is a basic form of hydroponics. Heating mats are rarely included with seedling starter tray sets, but they are a good accessory to help increase germination and growth rates.

FAQs

Q: Are seedling trays reusable?

Whether the tray can be reused or not depends on the specific product. Some trays are made with thin plastic that isn’t very useful for more than one or two seedlings’ germination periods, but other products are made with thick, durable plastic that can be reused multiple times. It should be mentioned that seedlings are more difficult to remove from these hard plastic trays.

Q: Do seed-starting trays need drainage holes?

If you don’t want the water from the seedlings to spill out onto your counter, table, or seedling shelf, then you should have at least one base tray that does not have drainage holes. However, the pots or cells where the seedlings are grown should have drainage holes to prevent the build-up of excess water, which can lead to mold and mildew growth and damage the seedlings.

Q: How long can seedlings stay in trays?

Seedlings typically outgrow their starter trays within about three to four weeks. If the seedlings are not removed before they outgrow the tray, this can lead to the plants becoming root-bound. This means that the roots have twisted and turned, growing into a tangled mass that inhibits further growth.

Q: How long do you keep seedlings in the humidity dome?

A humidity dome is specifically intended to trap humidity and moisture, making it easy for the seedlings to germinate. Still, as soon as you see the plants poking out through the top of the soil, it’s time to remove the humidity dome. Leaving this dome on for a longer period of time keeps the seedlings trapped in an overly humid environment, which can lead to mold, mildew, and disease.

Final thoughts on the best seedling starter trays

Getting an early start on the growing season is a great idea. Equipped with a grow light and a humidity dome, the Super Sprouter Deluxe Propagation Kit is an excellent option. If you need a product with a greater seedling capacity, go with the affordable Mhonniwa 180-Cell Seed Starter Tray.

Why trust us

Popular Science started writing about technology more than 150 years ago. There was no such thing as “gadget writing” when we published our first issue in 1872, but if there was, our mission to demystify the world of innovation for everyday readers means we would have been all over it. Here in the present, PopSci is fully committed to helping readers navigate the increasingly intimidating array of devices on the market right now.

Our writers and editors have combined decades of experience covering and reviewing consumer electronics. We each have our own obsessive specialties—from high-end audio, to video games, to cameras, and beyond—but when we’re reviewing devices outside of our immediate wheelhouses, we do our best to seek out trustworthy voices and opinions to help guide people to the very best recommendations. We know we don’t know everything, but we’re excited to live through the analysis paralysis that internet shopping can spur so readers don’t have to.

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How to track your own period—without an app https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-track-your-period-without-an-app/ Wed, 06 Jul 2022 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=454591
Hand holding a pen placing sticky note on planner, a good way to track your period without an app.
Is this a sign telling you you should definitely get that cute planner you saw the other day? Yes, yes it is. Marissa Grootes / Unsplash

You don't need an app—you can easily learn how to track your cycle.

The post How to track your own period—without an app appeared first on Popular Science.

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Hand holding a pen placing sticky note on planner, a good way to track your period without an app.
Is this a sign telling you you should definitely get that cute planner you saw the other day? Yes, yes it is. Marissa Grootes / Unsplash

Menstruating is living in constant fear of ruining your best pair of underwear or making a spectacle of yourself the day you decide to wear white pants. And that’s only the least important reason to learn how to properly track your period. 

There are a lot of apps out there that promise to make your life easier in this regard, but you may not want to rely on them. Luckily, you can learn how to track your period without an app by using the good ol’ calendar method.

Why you should track your period

Theoretically, menstrual cycles are simple—they last 28 days, start on the first day of your period, and on day 14 you ovulate. 

Easy peasy, right? Think again. 

Menstrual cycles are highly susceptible to changes due to illness, lifestyle, and even stress levels. Add to that the fact that each body is different and the theoretical model goes out the window. 

Well, not entirely—the 28-day menstrual cycle is a good parameter to compare your own particular cycle to, and people have used it for decades to track their periods and detect any anomalies. 

[Related: Fertility apps are a pain in the uterus. Here’s how to make them better.]

Research has found that what we understand as a healthy menstrual cycle varies depending on where in the world you are. In the US, a healthy cycle is anywhere between 21 and 35 days, has a period lasting usually between three and seven days, and happens monthly, with a margin of error of up to two days. Any drastic variation outside these parameters prompts a visit to the doctor, but since all bodies are different, some irregularities can be perfectly normal.   

How to manually track your period

The calendar method is more than just circling a day on your calendar and then circling another 28 days later. To fully understand not only how to track your period on paper but how you can make it work for you, you first need to understand how your cycle works. It may seem like a lot, but you’ll need to trust the process.

You can divide a menstrual cycle into two parts—the pre-ovulation stage or follicular phase, and the post-ovulation stage, or luteal phase. These two episodes are separated by ovulation, the main event in every cycle where the ovary releases an egg into the fallopian tube.

In the follicular phase, the egg matures in a follicle within the ovary. Once it’s ready, estrogen levels signal to the brain that it’s time for the egg’s debut in society, and the noggin responds by releasing luteinizing hormone to trigger ovulation. The egg is now free to try and fulfill its purpose.   

The empty follicle that remains in the ovary turns into the progesterone-releasing corpus luteum. This tiny structure is key to understanding your specific menstrual cycle because it’s one of the only elements in this whole process that mostly remains constant for all menstruating people. If the egg doesn’t find a companion to join it in the dance of life, the corpus luteum will die after 12 to 14 days, abruptly cutting the supply of progesterone and triggering the shedding of the uterine lining, also known as your period. 

Now that you understand how the menstrual cycle works, it’s time to learn how to track your period without an app, so go ahead and write down the first day of your cycle—you can use a digital or analog calendar, your planner, or even a piece of paper. Keep in mind that the first day is when you start with full-flow bleeding—spotting doesn’t count. 

Starting on the first day of your period, go back 14 days on your calendar. That’s your ovulation day—mark it down. Knowing how long it takes your body to ovulate will help you determine when you’ll be at your most fertile, a crucial piece of information that, depending on how you use it, will help you get pregnant or avoid it altogether. 

Finally, jot down details about each day of your period. Take note of the amount and color of your flow, plus any other symptoms such as tender breasts, backache, headaches, mood swings, high sex drive, and low energy. Tracking symptoms throughout the rest of your cycle will eventually allow you to find patterns that will help you project ovulation, pre-menstrual syndrome, and, of course, your period. 

The caveats of manually tracking your cycle

Period app developers brag about proprietary algorithms that promise to provide accuracy in all things fertility. The truth is that most of these apps use glorified versions of the calendar method, where machines try to learn from the data of millions of users to refine your results

The problem is that when it comes to your period, the only data that matters is yours—the periods of people in Asia, Europe, the next state, or even the house around the corner from yours, don’t say much about when your next period will come.  

[Related: How to make your period more eco-friendly]

This is why it’s important to spend at least five months gathering as much data about your menstrual cycle as possible before you can make any projections. The results will only be as good as the data you collect, so the more details you write down, the better. 

Also, keep in mind that just like a period app can’t tell you exactly when you’re most likely to get pregnant, the calendar method won’t be able to give you a high level of accuracy either. If you’re tracking your period as a natural birth control method, know that this technique is around 77 percent effective, and you may want to complement it with other types of contraception, such as condoms, cervical mucus tracking, and basal temperature during your fertile window.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on July 6, 2022.

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How to cope with collective grief—and even turn it into action https://www.popsci.com/health/collective-grief-coping-guide/ Thu, 09 Mar 2023 11:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=518230
Yellow, red, and white roses left at a memorial for the victims of the Half Moon Bay mass shooting. A white sign behind the bouquets says "as a community we grieve."
Flowers are placed to mourn the seven victims of a mass shooting in Half Moon Bay, CA, on January 24, 2023. Li Jianguo/Xinhua via Getty Images

Grief is a universal experience. Understanding that can help you recover, and even inspire change.

The post How to cope with collective grief—and even turn it into action appeared first on Popular Science.

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Yellow, red, and white roses left at a memorial for the victims of the Half Moon Bay mass shooting. A white sign behind the bouquets says "as a community we grieve."
Flowers are placed to mourn the seven victims of a mass shooting in Half Moon Bay, CA, on January 24, 2023. Li Jianguo/Xinhua via Getty Images

As a New Yorker, there’s a difference in whether it’s cold or “brick” outside. Cold weather is when you throw on a sweater before heading out. When it’s brick, you try to stay home as much as possible to avoid ending up like a human glacier. But the local lingo didn’t apply much this winter, with record-low snowfall and above-average temperatures across New York City.

A warm winter is more than just losing a few snow days. It’s knowing that the world will be dealing with more scorching heat waves and droughts, and natural disasters like the deadly flooding caused by Hurricane Ian in Florida and Cuba last year.

Climate change is only one of humanity’s long list of problems. This month we mark the third anniversary of the COVID pandemic, a disease that has killed millions worldwide and is becoming more chronic like the flu. On top of that, Turkey and Syria are still facing the aftershocks of a historically deadly earthquake, and soaring food prices from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine could worsen global hunger for years to come. 

[Related: How to manage your mental health as traumatic events pile up]

There seems to be no shortage of community-wide tragedies. Likewise, these events are taking a toll on people’s psyches. Whether conscious or subconscious, you might mourn a loss of safety and security, on top of the more obvious layers of sorrow. But these feelings can also help you be the change you need to move forward in this ever-evolving world.

Collective grief is both a shared and unique experience

Some tragedies, like a mass shooting or police brutality, resonate among an entire group of people. “Grief is a normal reaction to loss,” says Kriss Kevorkian, a thanatologist and founder of the counseling service, A Grieving World. “When it’s collective grief, we’re experiencing that on a larger scale with more people.”

Collective grief can take hold even if you don’t personally know the people directly affected. When the Uvlade school shooting occurred, there was a nationwide outpouring of anger and sorrow over the murders of the teachers and children. Violent events like these force you to rethink life and the safety of your family, says Kevorkian.

Younger generations have become the most vulnerable to collective grief, especially with environmental anxiety. Kevorkian says that government failure to stop climate change has caused children to become more helpless and apathetic. When young people like Greta Thunberg do speak out on climate change, they are mocked and subject to verbal abuse.

Your brain and body on grief

Grief doesn’t stay in one corner of your body—it consumes your entire being. You might feel more tired than usual from tossing and turning all night. Maybe you’ve lost your appetite or have trouble keeping food down. Research shows that the first few months of grief can affect your body’s immune system activity and increase your risk of blood clots.

When your mind is weighed down by sadness, anger, and loneliness, there is little space to focus on other matters. Having “grief brain” can make it feel like you’re in a fog. Everyday tasks such as watering the plants or taking out the trash become really challenging. As you try to process your loss, you might forget things like where you placed your keys or an important doctor’s appointment. 

Grief brain happens because your mind recognizes the stress and emotional trauma as a threat, triggering the entire body’s fight-or-flight response. Brain regions like the amygdala signal the alarm through stress hormones that elevate your heart rate and increase your blood pressure, upping your anxiety and panic to keep tabs on the stressor. 

When you don’t deal with the heavy emotion, your brain protects itself by going into constant survival mode. Believing it’s in danger, it allocates more energy and resources to fear centers like the amygdala. Your brain might also decide to escape the stressor by metaphorically running away. It might dissociate from daily happenings, for example, to give you a mental break from negative emotions. “Deciding how to approach your grief can foster healing as opposed to delaying it when we try to ignore or deny reality,” says Jasmine Cobb, a social worker specializing in grief and trauma at Visual Healing Therapeutic Services in Texas.

Uvalde mass shooting victims' families hugging outside of a silver community center during a grief counseling session
Families gather and hug outside the Willie de Leon Civic Center where grief counseling was offered in Uvalde, Texas, after a mass shooting in May 2022. Allison Dinner/AFP via Getty Images

Consume your grief before it consumes you

The good news is that grief-related stress on the brain is reversible. Meditation and mindfulness can train you to focus on the present moment instead of reliving the past or dissociating from future threats. Going outside for a 30-minute walk instead of doom-scrolling or watching the news can help clear and calm the mind. Crying can also be a healthy release of stress as it releases feel-good hormones such as oxytocin and endorphins. 

There is no normal amount of time you’re supposed to grieve. You can spend months or years mourning, only for a news story or movie to trigger your pain all over again. “There are three words I really can’t stand, ‘get over it,’” says Kevorkian. “Grief never ends.” 

While time can help with the grieving process, it’s important that you’re actively working on your emotions and any unresolved issues related to the loss. Cobb says speaking with someone you can confide in is important, whether it’s a family friend, therapist, or a spiritual leader. There is also power in shared grief. People who have gone through a similar experience can help provide support in overcoming your grief. “Find your community who can hold a torch for you when you’re unable to do that for yourself,” advises Cobb.

Turning collective grief into collective action

Grief is one of life’s greatest teachers, says Kevorkian. It shows you how to live in the present and appreciate all that you have right now. Beyond acceptance, taking action can help you wrestle with some of the hopelessness you might feel when dealing with events out of your control, Kevorkian explains.

[Related: The biggest tool we have to fight climate anxiety is community]

One example of a group turning pain into lasting change is Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). In 1980, 13-year-old Cari Lightner was killed by a drunk driver—a man who had just gotten out of jail two days after his fourth DUI arrest. For the next few years, Cari’s mother, Candace, used her daughter’s photo and story of her accident to raise awareness and change California traffic safety laws. Candace went on to form MADD, a political-advocacy group that gives other grieving parents the opportunity to feel like their tragedy was not in vain. 

“It’s easy for us to stay in bed under the covers and wallow in despair,” says Kevorkian. But finding the courage to take action can help you get out of your head and connect with others sharing similar distress. Hopefully, with time and work, the world will seem a little less bleak.

The post How to cope with collective grief—and even turn it into action appeared first on Popular Science.

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Travel more sustainably with a DIY zero-waste toiletry kit https://www.popsci.com/diy/zero-waste-toiletry-kit-diy/ Tue, 07 Mar 2023 19:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=517868
A set of hand soaps and shampoo bars over organic cotton covers and other wooden-made toiletries.
Products with no packaging like soap, shampoo, and conditioner bars are a great addition to your toiletry kit. Igishevamaria / Deposit Photos

Don't fall for the cute little bottles. You probably already have everything you need.

The post Travel more sustainably with a DIY zero-waste toiletry kit appeared first on Popular Science.

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A set of hand soaps and shampoo bars over organic cotton covers and other wooden-made toiletries.
Products with no packaging like soap, shampoo, and conditioner bars are a great addition to your toiletry kit. Igishevamaria / Deposit Photos

Those little bottles of travel-sized toiletries you bought before your last trip may be convenient, but they are an environmental nightmare. Most facilities are not properly equipped to recycle small plastic tubes, tubs, and anything with a pump, so they probably won’t. Only 9 percent of plastics get successfully recycled worldwide, and at least 14 million tons of what’s left ends up in the ocean every year, making up for 80 percent of marine debris. 

More sustainable alternatives to these miniatures include products like shampoo bars and toothpaste tablets, but they can be expensive and hard to find locally if you don’t live in a large city. 

Fortunately, putting together a zero-waste toiletry kit for your next getaway doesn’t have to be complicated or spendy, and there are plenty of strategies that won’t require you to buy a single thing. 

You probably already have suitable containers

The most common items you’ll find in a toiletry bag are shampoo, conditioner, soap, and toothpaste, all of which you probably already have in abundance in your bathroom at home. So the logical solution is not buying more, but transferring some of it to travel-sized containers. You can buy bottles and miniature tubs for this purpose, but chances are there’s already an abundance of storage solutions sitting around your house that will do the job just as well.

[Related: Will we ever be able to recycle all our plastic?]

Instead of purchasing new vessels, take a moment to scan your surroundings and see what might suit the task at hand. For example, a tiny glass jam jar like the kind you might find at an upscale diner is the perfect size for a week’s worth of face wash. Likewise, a breath mint tin is an excellent place to store a bar of soap, and if you use a non-aerosol variety, you can refill empty hand sanitizer spray bottles with hair spray. Even your child’s empty paint pots with screw-on lids or used-up sample jars that came from beauty counters are practically designed to carry your bathroom products.

Ketti Wilhelm, the author of the sustainable travel blog Tilted Map, has a less conventional idea: contact lens cases. If you wear contacts, you probably have enough of these to last a lifetime, and she explains they hold just enough face lotion or toothpaste (in paste or tablet form) for a weekend trip.

Creativity is key: Any container will do, especially if it has a twist top or a lid that latches. If you think it might hold anything from half a bar of soap to a week’s worth of conditioner, wash the container thoroughly, sanitize the inside by spraying it with alcohol, and let it air dry. Then designate a box under the sink or in the bathroom where you can stash the bottles or jars until your next trip.

Do simple swaps

For most travelers, toiletry kits not only include shampoo and conditioner, but also single-use items like cotton swabs and face wipes. But these products may not be as biodegradable as you think, as they often include synthetic materials like plastic, and are laden with chemicals. The good news is that these items also tend to have easy no-waste alternatives.

Instead of using disposable wipes in non-recyclable packaging, bring a washcloth and facial cleanser. Wilhelm likes to pack small bars of face soap, which she tucks into the pockets of a folded washcloth. This technique saves space but also negates the need for a soap container.

You can replace cotton balls and cotton rounds by cutting 3-by-3-inch squares out of a clean cotton T-shirt or sheets you’d like to retire. You can even cut larger swatches, fold them over several times and sew the edges to create a thicker pad. After every use, wash your pad with gentle soap in the sink, wring it as best you can, and let it air dry.

You don’t need a new toiletry bag

There are hundreds of stylish, sustainable, and functional toiletry bags available for purchase out there. But the most eco-friendly is the one you already have, so give it a wash or a patch job if it’s seen better days. And if your toiletry bag is beyond salvation, try to repurpose something else you have around—it could be a small soft-sided lunch bag, lingerie wash bag, a small camera bag, or even a reusable silicone zip-top bag. Small packing cubes and zippered pouches that come with department-store skincare products are also suitable.

Just don’t fall into the trap of thinking you need separate cases, stands, and covers for items like razors to toothbrushes. 

“Ask, do you need extra things to go on top of your things?” Wilhelm says. “It’s just part of re-examining the mindset of excess consumption that we’re so conditioned to.” 

If your toiletry bag has a separate compartment that fits your toothbrush, skip the plastic brush cover. If you’re really afraid your razor is going to slice through something, place a large binder clip or folded piece of scrap mail held in place by a rubber band over the blade.

Make smart substitutions

As you run out of your bath and body products and it’s time to replace them, do so more mindfully. Look for multi-tasking and zero-waste items like 2-in-1 bars of shampoo and body wash, or conditioner bars that can also serve as shaving cream. Opt for a face lotion that also contains SPF and go for avocado oil, which you can double as a makeup remover and body moisturizer.

[Related: How to go zero-waste at the grocery store]

“Minimalism sounds scary to people, but taking just a small dose of that perspective and rethinking all the products you use can be really transformative,” Wilhelm posits. 

But reconsidering your routines and the products you use is a process. She advises that as you strive for a zero-waste toiletry kit, you start by changing or swapping one thing that feels easy and approachable—maybe a product you’re not in love with and don’t mind replacing. From there, rethink what to get next as you finish your products one by one.

Whether it’s collecting small jars and bottles to use on your next vacation or committing to not using the products in your hotel room, make sure to remember that every bit of waste you reduce makes an impact in the long run.

The post Travel more sustainably with a DIY zero-waste toiletry kit appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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How to use the power of mushrooms to improve your life https://www.popsci.com/environment/how-to-use-mushrooms-creatively/ Tue, 07 Mar 2023 13:00:06 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=517411
Beech mushrooms growing on a substrate against a gold background
Beech mushrooms. Ted Cavanaugh for Popular Science

Enter the worlds of mushroom dyeing, mycotecture, and more.

The post How to use the power of mushrooms to improve your life appeared first on Popular Science.

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Beech mushrooms growing on a substrate against a gold background
Beech mushrooms. Ted Cavanaugh for Popular Science

YOU’RE WALKING through a forest. The soil is soft beneath your feet, and the sun is shining brightly through the dark green treetops. To your left, you see rotten logs with dense clusters of oyster mushrooms. On your right, a thick bundle of chanterelles sprouts from the leaf-littered floor. Farther off the beaten path are stout-looking porcinis, frequently with a colony of poisonous fly agarics nearby, and, maybe, a bunch of magic blue gyms—those might ruin your nature walk, though. 

The mushroom kingdom holds many shapes and secrets beyond those of the little white buttons and baby bellas found at the grocery store. Ethical foraging is one of the easiest and most valuable ways to incorporate an array of mushrooms into your life; to get started, you can join a mycology group or contact a local guide to learn how to harvest edible fungi safely and sustainably

But there are more creative ways to incorporate the power of mushrooms into your days. Fungi are a versatile and adaptable group, which is why they offer a range of benefits to a variety of people. They’re a multifaceted food source, providing fiber, protein, and other nutrients. They can be used to create dyes, build structures, or breed new strains of mushrooms. In essence, they’re really cool, and they’re inspiring biologists, artists, and engineers to develop practices that can make the world prosper. Here’s a mini-tour of what the flourishing field of mushrooming has to offer.

Pink oyster mushrooms
Pink oyster mushrooms. Ted Cavanaugh for Popular Science

Shopping for mushrooms 

Head to the supplement aisle in any health food store, and you’re bound to find shelf space dedicated to the medicinal wonder of mushrooms. Research on fruit flies and mice shows that cordyceps, popular among consumers (and apocalyptic TV shows), has anti-cancer properties and possibly anti-aging effects, too. Reishi and turkey tail are coveted for their potential immune-stimulating effects, while lion’s mane may help soften dementia, according to a small pilot study.  

Most of these benefits have been investigated on animals or in test tubes, making it challenging to draw conclusions on human health. If you’re looking for guaranteed results, it’s better to grab fresh, whole mushrooms from the produce section than spend all your money on pills and potions. 

“Eating food is always safer and less expensive than using its supplemental form,” says Lori Chong, a registered dietitian at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. With fungi, you should know which edible varieties are good to cook with. Reishi and turkey tail are not commonly used for culinary purposes because their tough texture and bitter taste make them unpalatable. On the other hand, lion’s mane, shiitake, enoki, and maitake make fine ingredients for a meal, each with its distinct flavors and properties. 

A steady intake of mushrooms can work wonders for our bodies. Eating 18 grams daily could reduce someone’s cancer risk by 45 percent, according to a scientific review of 17 observational studies. Using mushrooms to lessen meat consumption can also help reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering saturated fat in a diet—you can do this by mixing chewy stems and caps with ground meat. And they’re one of a few sources of ergothioneine, an amino acid with anti-inflammatory effects, according to several international medical papers. 

Getting them into your diet isn’t too difficult, says Chong. “Mushrooms make a great addition to any combination of stir-fried vegetables,” she explains. “They are easy to prep and quick to cook. Consider sautéing a package of mushrooms and keeping them in the refrigerator to add to an omelet, spaghetti sauce, sandwich, or salad.” 

Oh, and don’t eat them raw: Farmed mushrooms may contain agaritine, a toxic compound destroyed by heat during the cooking process. Research has found that certain store-bought varieties have less agaritine than freshly picked ones, but questions remain.

When shopping for whole mushrooms, make sure they’re firm to the touch, smooth, and dry on the surface. You don’t want any that look dried out, feel slimy, have big spots of discoloration, or show wet spots. Once you get home, store them in the fridge in a loose bag or a glass container with the lid cracked to prevent moisture buildup and fast spoilage.   

Chestnut mushrooms on blue background
Chestnut mushrooms. Ted Cavanaugh for Popular Science

Dyeing with mushrooms 

Though they’re certainly delicious, there’s much more you can do with mushrooms than eat them, including making pigments for fabric dyes, ink, and all varieties of paint. In fact, the vastness of the fungus kingdom covers every color of the rainbow, says Julie Beeler, a naturalist, teacher, and artist. “Mushrooms contain a variety of different chemical compounds that create colors ranging from red to yellow to blue and colors in between,” says Beeler. “These pigments can be found throughout the mushroom, but for certain species like Cortinarius semisanguineus [the surprise webcap], the color is concentrated in the caps. For Hydnellum caeruleum [the blue and orange hydnellum], the color is throughout the mushroom. And for Hypomyces lactifluorum [the lobster mushroom], it is only the parasitized outer layer.”

Beeler created the website Mushroom Color Atlas as an educational resource for people who want to use mushrooms to make hues. She walks beginners through the process of extracting dyes from 28 fungal varieties that are common in the wild, and she intends to add another 13 in the coming months. Those few dozen specimens can produce more than 800 colors, she notes.

Woman with gray hair and a blue shirt in front of a wall with samples of mushroom paints
Julie Beeler, founder of the Mushroom Color Atlas, turns fungi pigments into paints. Mee Ree Rales

While the practice is growing in popularity, it has centuries of history. Fungi, particularly lichens—complex organisms created by a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga—have been used in cultural practices across North America, North Africa, Asia, and Europe. Prior to the Industrial Revolution, all pigments were processed naturally. Since then, pretty much every dyed item we encounter has been colored using synthetic dyes. “Mushrooms allow you to get back to natural practices that are more regenerative and sustainable for the environment and the planet as a whole,” says Beeler. 

To stain fabrics, she explains, you need a pot, similar to one for making tea. Beeler suggests cutting the fungi into smaller pieces and steeping them for about an hour in hot, but not boiling, water. (A temperature of about 160 degrees Fahrenheit will prevent the compounds from degrading.) When the color of the water has changed, you can dip natural fibers in to dye them. 

The look of your final product will depend on the mushrooms you use and your material. Wool tends to absorb more vibrant, bolder shades from the organisms than other textiles. Cotton, the world’s most widely used fiber, is surprisingly more complicated because it’s cellulose-based and requires a lengthier mordanting process to fix the chemicals to the threads. “You’ll need to be a lot more advanced to get really great colors on cotton,” says Beeler, “but you can get some incredible colors with wool.” 

Strips of mushroom-dyed fibers on a rack
The dyes can also be used to colorize fibers. Micah Fisher

If you’re not getting the look you want, you can alter the pH of the dye bath depending on what the mushroom you’re working with responds to best. Certain species prefer more acidic environments, so you can add vinegar to produce an orange tinge. Or for greater alkalinity, add a sprinkle of sodium carbonate to get a vibrant blue or green. The hues might fade over time with repeated washing or exposure to sunlight, unless you use a mordant like alum to bind them to the fibers.

The best part is that you can find your main materials almost anywhere: while moving dead limbs around your yard, during a walk through the park, or perched upon a strip of grass in a parking lot after a good rain. Some will look like the mushrooms you get from the grocery store, with the expected gills underneath; others will have more novel structures. Boletes, such as the spring king, have a spongy cap and produce a range of beautiful earth tones. Some false gill mushrooms deliver a spectrum of blues, greens, and yellows, depending on which you grab. Tooth fungi have fanglike spines and often produce blues or greens. Another excellent clue to the dyeing potential of a mushroom is whether it’s colorful inside and out. The lobster mushroom, for example, makes a variety of pinks and reds, true to its name. 

“I just love that as I’m walking in different environments, every step I’m taking, I’m thinking about that fungal underground in the soil and the mycelium, this web of connections creating a rainbow beneath my feet,” Beeler says. 

Black king mushroom on a light brown background
Black king mushroom. Ted Cavanaugh for Popular Science

Building on mushrooms

Creating structures with mycelium—the network of fungal filaments that allows mushrooms to grow aboveground—is an exercise in simulating the layers in natural ecosystems. The practice is a chance to think of the presence of trash as an opportunity to create something new. “In the living world, there isn’t really such a thing as waste,” says Merlin Sheldrake, the author of Entangled Life, a bestselling book on mycology. Scraps are always used to create something else, like a scavenger breaking down a carcass. “Are there ways that we can learn from those cyclical processes to behave more like other living organisms do?” Sheldrake continues. “Or will we continue just to produce stuff and then put it in landfills?” 

Building with fungi is a relatively new field that’s in a state of expansion. Mycelium can be used to create packaging, clothing, and even buildings; researchers are working on making the materials more robust and streamlining production. BioHAB, an architectural project in Namibia, for instance, is salvaging the remains of cleared encroacher bush, an indigenous species that drastically reduces usable land and resources, to create a substrate for farming mushrooms. The waste from cultivating the fungi is then compacted into eco-friendly bricks. The end product is strong, flexible, insulative, and soundproof, and can be used to reinforce structures in local villages, BioHAB’s website states. 

Man in blue shirt in warehouse holding a brick of compressed mycelium
Local supervisor Ivan Severus holds one of BioHAB’s signature mycelium-based bricks. MycoHab Ltd.

Similarly, NASA is looking into mycelium-based construction materials for astronaut dwellings on the moon and Mars. These composites are light and transportable, protect better against radiation, could self-replicate in their new environments for an endless resource, and, at the end of their life spans, can be turned into fertilizer.

Working with mushroom structures encourages builders to think about the whole cycle of production. “If you’re growing composite material using mycelium and hemp, for example, then you think about where the hemp is coming from,” Sheldrake explains. “Then you start thinking about the fact that you are harnessing a waste stream from another industry to produce the feedstock to grow the fungus.” 

Accessing mycotecture at the consumer level is a bit more complicated, but more opportunities are sprouting up. If you want to wear your mushrooms, luxury fashion houses like Stella McCartney, Balenciaga, and Hermès are experimenting with mycelium leather. In 2021 Hermès introduced a bag in partnership with MycoWorks, a company that develops leatherlike materials in a variety of colors from reishi. 

Sheets of brown mushroom "leather"
MycoWorks’ reishi-sourced material mimics leather. Jesse Green/MycoWorks

Pivoting to mushrooms could, in part, help buffer the effect industrialization has on the planet. Manufacturing is a major cause of environmental degradation, pollution, carbon emissions, and waste. Mushroom-sourced components can offer a break from petrochemicals and plastics if they can be produced sustainably enough and brought to scale. But the field, which is still in its infancy, has a ways to go before it can make an earnest contribution to the use of sustainable goods. 

“These fungal materials are exciting when you step back and look at how all these different industries go together and the possibilities that exist between them,” says Sheldrake. “Unless we rethink the way that we build and produce, then we are going to be in even bigger trouble than we already are.” 

Lion's mane mushroom in front of a blue-green background
Lion’s mane mushroom. Ted Cavanaugh for Popular Science

Growing your own mushrooms

When Tavis Lynch started raising mushrooms in the early 1990s, he approached it as a hobby before expanding into more complicated projects, eventually becoming a professional mycologist and commercial cultivator. He currently grows 20 indoor and outdoor mushroom varieties employing genetic pairing—creating new strains of mushrooms by mating spores from two existing varieties. 

Lynch has made a fruitful career out of something people can do at home. A DIY venture doesn’t have to be complicated. “There are a lot of different ways to grow mushrooms,” Lynch explains. “We can grow them on wheat or oat straw. We can grow them on natural logs. We can grow them on compost. We can even grow them on blended substrates that we create, typically an enriched sawdust or coffee grounds.” 

Most varieties of mushrooms bred at home are used for cooking or medicine. But the first thing to assess is the resources available where you live. Coffee grounds, compost, or sawdust will be the best substrates for anyone living in a major metropolitan area where green space is limited or tightly regulated. For those budding hobbyists, going the kitchen counter route with a tabletop kit, rearing specimens in a basement, or even hanging them somewhere in your shower will be your best bet. (Choosing a shaded, humid spot is the most important element.)

Once you’ve figured out the logistics, including what type of mushroom you want to farm, Lynch suggests finding a spawn supplier—a step that, like growing the fungi, won’t be too hard. “They’re popping up left and right every day because the trend toward home cultivation of mushrooms is massive right now,” he says. Companies such as Tavis’s Mushrooms, North Spore, Field & Forest Products, Earth Angel Mushrooms, and Mushroom Queens offer online ordering and quick shipping across the US.

I ordered a pink oyster mushroom kit online from Forest Origins. Starting the growth process was as simple as Lynch had said it would be: All I had to do was cut into the substrate bag, disturb some of the top layer with a fork, dampen it, and place it on my counter to get indirect sunlight. Then, twice a day, I came by and spritzed it with a water bottle. I started seeing fruiting bodies develop about a week into this daily ritual. Sadly, I accidentally sprayed it with bleach while cleaning and had to order another kit. 

Bleaching aside, checking on my baby mushrooms felt as good as tending to my other plants. Ensuring they had enough sun and moisture gave me a few minutes of grounding amid chaotic days. It was a reminder that nearly everything provided to us by this Earth is beautiful and useful.

“Getting out, working with your hands, having a distraction from your digital devices and from the noise of others and the city—that’s the real medicine,” says Lynch. “I’m looking out my window right now at my mushroom farm, and I wish I was out there working on it.” 

Read more PopSci+ stories.

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10 time-tested essentials that can help you survive your next hiking trip https://www.popsci.com/diy/hiking-essentials/ Thu, 02 Mar 2023 05:07:12 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=516477
A black backpack on a weathered wooden bench in the forest, with a silver metal water bottle next to it.
We hope you packed everything. Markus Spiske / Unsplash

You don't want to leave these tools and supplies at home when you head outdoors.

The post 10 time-tested essentials that can help you survive your next hiking trip appeared first on Popular Science.

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A black backpack on a weathered wooden bench in the forest, with a silver metal water bottle next to it.
We hope you packed everything. Markus Spiske / Unsplash

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A lot can go wrong when you’re hiking or backpacking far from civilization: you could get turned around, become dehydrated, suffer from hypothermia, or get stuck in inclement weather. Whether you’re prepared for those problems depends largely on what’s in your backpack, so you’d better be carrying the essentials. 

We’re talking about the Ten Essentials, a list first published by outdoor organization The Mountaineers in 1974. This group of items was designed to answer two important questions:

  • Can you prevent emergencies and respond positively if one occurs?
  • Can you safely spend a night or more outside?

According to Steve McClure, instructor at The Mountaineers and author of the updated 10 essentials in the most recent edition of the book Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, whether you need all 10 will depend on your destination. For example, a short, easy day hike in the frontcountry where you’ll never be out of cell service or more than a short distance from a trailhead or road likely won’t require you to pack an emergency shelter or a firestarter. 

But for longer hikes in the backcountry, don’t skip any of these important items—even if you’re familiar with the territory or consider yourself experienced. “Stuff happens,” McClure says. “It just does. Eventually it’s gonna happen to you or someone you’re with.” And it’s always best to be prepared. To make packing easy, keep the first seven items in your favorite hiking pack all the time and toss in the last three (plus a map) before you head out the door.

1. Navigational tools

“Today we carry five tools for navigation in the backcountry,” McClure says. “These key tools are a physical paper map, a compass, an altimeter app on your phone or a watch with an altimeter, a cell phone GPS app, downloaded digital maps, and a way to contact first responders with a device such as a Garmin inReach.” Just don’t forget extra batteries or a power bank, especially if you’ll be using your phone to help navigate.

2. Headlamp

Few hikers who have gotten lost in the woods or fell behind schedule were probably anticipating being in the woods or mountains after dark. So no matter the length of the hike, pack a headlamp or flashlight. Sure, we all have cell phones with built-in lights these days, but those tend to drain the battery quickly, making your phone unavailable for emergency calls or digital maps. Just make sure your headlamp batteries are charged and bring spares, just in case.

3. Sun protection

Sunscreen, sunglasses, and other sun protection like sun-protective clothing and wide-brimmed hats are vital, especially in the summer. Just don’t make the mistake of thinking you don’t need this stuff in the winter. No matter the season, you absolutely need to protect exposed skin, especially if you’re at high altitudes where there’s less atmosphere to filter out ultraviolet rays.

4. First aid

A first aid kit should never be missing from your pack. How comprehensive it is depends on the hike in question, but even short day hikes near home require at least a simple kit. You can buy a pre-made one or build your own with items like bandages, skin closures, gauze pads and dressings, a roller bandage or wrap, tape, antiseptic, blister prevention and treatment supplies, nitrile gloves, tweezers, a needle, non-prescription painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, antidiarrheal medicine, antihistamine tablets, a topical antibiotic, insect repellent, and blister prevention patches. Longer trips naturally require more supplies, and don’t forget personal medications like an EpiPen or insulin.

[Related: How to remove cactus needles, even without tweezers]

5. Knife (and other necessary tools)

A knife or multi tool and repair patches are essential. Wrap a few layers of duct tape around your trekking pole or water bottle and carry a length of paracord and an adhesive patch or two on longer hikes in case your jacket or backpack springs a leak.

6. Fire

If the worst should happen, having a way to light a fire for warmth—or an emergency signal—can help you make it through an unexpected night outdoors. But items like matches and tinder are only helpful if you’re in an area with downed wood. Trails above the treeline or in the snow can be lacking in that department. So think more along the lines of whether you have the ability to heat water, McClure explains, suggesting items like a backpacking stove and lightweight pot.

7. Shelter

A shelter can mean many things depending on where you’re headed and how long you plan to be out there, but for a day hike, think less “tent” and more “tarp.” McClure brings an ultralight emergency bivy for warmer hikes and a warmer bivy for winter hikes. An emergency blanket or a tarp can also bring peace of mind and potentially save your life in inclement weather. Of course, if you’re backpacking, you’ve likely already packed a tent.

8. Extra food

No matter the length of your hike, always bring more food than you think you’ll need. Even on a day hike you might be surprised how quickly your stomach starts to grumble when you’re exerting yourself on a tough trail. So on day hikes, bring extra snacks like trail mix, cookies, or other high-calorie foods. And on multi-day hikes, pack an extra meal or two.

[Related: What happens to the food you leave outdoors]

9. Extra water

Not enough water can quickly cause dehydration, especially in warmer months, and this can lead to a whole slew of additional health problems—it can even kill you. So pack at least half a liter per hour that you plan to be hiking and bring more than you think you need, especially on longer excursions.

10. Extra clothes

No matter the season or the length of the hike, always pack an extra layer. Even in the summer, temperatures can drop or wet weather can roll in, so bring an extra item of clothing or two. Depending on the forecast and where you’re hiking, that might be a cozy fleece, a rain jacket, or a lightweight puffer. Check the forecast before you go and bring that extra layer just in case.

The bottom line

Each of The Ten Essentials may look slightly different depending on the hike you’re planning, but your goal should be to leave home prepared for any eventuality. Just don’t skimp on important gear in the name of saving weight. Think of it this way, McClure says: “You almost never use your spare tire, but you never think of leaving it at home.” So make counting these 10 a habit, and explore confidently.

The post 10 time-tested essentials that can help you survive your next hiking trip appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to get more lemon juice, and 8 other genius microwave hacks https://www.popsci.com/diy/microwave-tricks/ Mon, 13 Sep 2021 18:00:43 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=396084
A person pressing buttons on a microwave oven.
Unleash your microwave's full potential with these hacks. rsedlacek / Depositphotos

Ask not about the limits of your microwave, but about its endless possibilities.

The post How to get more lemon juice, and 8 other genius microwave hacks appeared first on Popular Science.

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A person pressing buttons on a microwave oven.
Unleash your microwave's full potential with these hacks. rsedlacek / Depositphotos

Microwave ovens are so commonplace that it’s hard to imagine you’re missing out on tremendous cooking potential every time you pop in some leftovers, set it, and forget it. But you are. They don’t do anything that, say, a conventional oven or a stovetop can’t do, though they can do it faster, more efficiently, and with way less hassle.

But first, how do microwave ovens work?

I’ll make this quick, I promise. 

The heart of your microwave is called a magnetron—a bulky component made of a vacuum tube and two magnets. Its sole purpose is to emit, well, microwaves. Every time you reheat that delicious day-old pizza, the waves enter the oven’s inner chamber and travel across your slice. As they go, they excite water molecules and make them vibrate. This movement releases energy in the form of heat, which cooks your food from the inside out.

Microwaves are not perfect, though. As you might have noticed the last time you tried to nuke a hefty plate of rice, they don’t always warm up your dinner evenly, leaving some bits cold or undercooked, and others extremely hot. This is because—just like all waves—microwaves have peaks and valleys where their power fluctuates.  

9 microwave hacks you need to know

Now, what you came here for. Prepare to save time, wash fewer dishes, and get more deliciousness out of your foods.

Dry some herbs 

Sure, you can go to the grocery store and get a bottle of dried basil, rosemary, or oregano. But if you have an abundance of fresh herbs, you can preserve them by using your microwave to dry them. Wash the leaves and thoroughly pat them dry—if there’s any water left on them, you’ll cook them, and you don’t want that. 

[Related: The best indoor herb gardens of 2023]

Take four or five sprigs, put them between two sheets of paper towels, and heat them in the microwave for 30-second increments on high power until they’re dried. When they’re done, take them out, let them cool, and use your fingers to break the leaves. Store them in an airtight container. 

The quick spurt of heat has an effect similar to blanching, which preserves the color and aromatics of your herbs. The water in the leaves evaporates rapidly due to the effect of the microwaves, rendering perfectly dried flakes you can use year-round. 

Get up to the last drop of citrus juice

Before you make orange juice or lemonade, give your fruit a 20-second spin in the microwave.

The heat softens the juice-holding membranes, so you’ll get more juice when you squeeze them than you would from room-temperature fruit. 

  • Pro tip: Before using the microwave, roll your unpeeled citrus on the counter while applying light pressure. This will loosen the membranes even more. 

Heat up two dishes at the same time

Somewhat of a classic nowadays, and perfect if you’re having company for leftover dinner, is heating up two dishes in tandem by placing one toward the edge of the turntable, and the other one on top of a mug or an upside-down bowl. This second story will make the most out of the space inside your microwave and save you some hustling. 

[Related: 4 tips to make sure your dishwasher does its job]

It won’t save you a lot of time though. As I mentioned before, microwaves are not perfect and sometimes leave cold spots in your meals, or fail to penetrate all the way to the center of denser foods. And this is in a normal setup. Having an irregular one might make it harder for your microwave oven to cook your dishes evenly, so stop the heating, give your food a stir, and pop it in for an extra minute or two to make sure no one gets stuck with a cold meal. 

Peel garlic and tomatoes

Since we learned how to smash garlic cloves with the side of a knife to peel them, our lives have been easier. But microwaves will make you forgo blades entirely (at least for garlic). Just put the cloves you’ll be using into your microwave and heat them up for 15 to 20 seconds—the skin will come right off.  

The principle is simple: the heat produces steam when it contacts the water molecules inside the garlic, separating the skin from the flesh.  

Something similar happens with tomatoes. First, wash your tomatoes and cut an X shape with the tip of a sharp knife on the side of the fruit opposite the stem. Microwave them for 25 to 30 seconds and then cool them. Finish by pulling on the corners of the X to remove the skin. 

Bake or cook with your microwave

If you live by yourself, chances are that you’ve wanted to bake a cake or a batch of cookies but decided against it because you’d have no one to share your sweets with.

I’m not here to tell you you can’t eat an entire cake by yourself, but whenever you want just one slice, you can make a mug cake. These sweet treats are single-serving cakes you can prepare without preheating the oven or dusting off your baking equipment—a microwave will suffice. You can choose chocolate, or vanilla, experiment with other flavors and even try a cookie in a mug. The best part is that you won’t have to scrub baking sheets or cake molds afterward. 

If you’re into more savory stuff, maybe you’d like to cook a potato—that is, without boiling any water or having to wash a pot afterward. First, poke your spud with a fork to allow for even cooking and prevent any explosions. Then, put your potato (one, two, more—you do you) in a microwave-safe glass or ceramic bowl with some olive oil, salt, the dried rosemary you made before, or whatever other aromatics you’d like to add. Heat up your tater for five minutes on high power, and when that’s done, carefully take it out of the microwave (it’ll be hot!) and turn it over. If you’re only cooking a single potato, nuke it for an extra three minutes, but if you’re eating more than one, do a second five-minute round, and enjoy. The microwave is truly the best appliance for solo living.

Microwave smarter with a wet paper towel

This is a fairly well-known microwave hack, but if you haven’t heard of it, boy, do I have a treat for you: Next time you heat up a dish, get a paper towel, dampen it with some water, and put it on top of your food. 

This serves two purposes, and the first one is pretty obvious if you’ve ever stuck your head inside the microwave and looked up (Have you? It’s gross). The paper towel will prevent your food from splattering all over the inside of your microwave, so it stays clean for longer. A damp paper towel will also help retain some of the moisture in your food so it cooks more evenly, and doesn’t dry out and become chewy

Use citric acid to keep your microwave oven squeaky clean

If you haven’t taken a look at the inside of your microwave in a while, go look. You’re likely to find disgusting food scabs all over it. Let’s get rid of them with the power of citric acid

Slice a lemon in half and squirt some of the juice into a microwave-safe bowl with about an inch of water. Toss the lemon halves into the bowl (make sure the water doesn’t cover them) and microwave them for three minutes on high power, or until the water comes to a boil.

When the time is up, leave the bowl inside—the steam from the water will carry the lemon juice and its precious citric acid cleaning powers to every corner of your microwave, while the heat will loosen up any dried gunk living inside. After five minutes, open the door and carefully remove the bowl (it’s probably still hot). Then use a clean rag or paper towel to wipe the roof and sides of the microwave’s interior. Don’t forget the turntable and the door, which are almost definitely also pretty gross.

[Related: Cubicle cuisine: 4 delicious meals you can cook in the office microwave]

If there are any stubborn stains or food buildup that resisted the citric steam, a degreaser can be your best friend—spray it on a clean rag and go to town. Just make sure that you use a clean paper towel with some water to remove any residue before you heat up your food.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on September 13, 2021 to supplement PopSci’s Taste issue. As intuitive as our love of chowing down is, a lot stands between us and optimal eating. We spent the month breaking down diet myths, unlocking delicious kitchen hacks, and exploring our most common misconceptions about grub.

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Use citric acid to clean your dishwasher and other gross household items https://www.popsci.com/story/diy/citric-acid-cleaning-guide/ Thu, 05 Nov 2020 19:29:48 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/citric-acid-cleaning-guide/
A person holding a shiny, clean showerhead, and you can see their reflection in it.
Trust me: the showerhead did not look this clean when I first took it off. Sandra Gutierrez G.

Cleaning solutions smell like lemon for a reason.

The post Use citric acid to clean your dishwasher and other gross household items appeared first on Popular Science.

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A person holding a shiny, clean showerhead, and you can see their reflection in it.
Trust me: the showerhead did not look this clean when I first took it off. Sandra Gutierrez G.

The smell of lemon is the smell of cleanliness. There’s nothing like the scent of a freshly cleaned bathroom (lemon), a stack of spotless dishes (lemon), or a floor so pristine that five-second rules easily become three-minute rules (yes, again, lemon).

It’s marketing, for sure, but there’s also a reason for it. Lemons and other citrus fruits contain citric acid, and this natural compound also happens to be a great cleaning agent. You can make your home smell like a citrusy paradise with lemon-scented cleaning products, but you can also get cheap citric acid for cleaning assistance in some of the most problematic corners of your home.

You won’t actually get that signature aroma—citric acid in its pure, crystalline form is odorless. But who cares about that when you can actually see through your glass shower door for the first time in years?

(Also, please don’t eat off the floor—no matter how clean it looks or how lemony it smells.)

Why citric acid is good for cleaning

Citric acid has become a staple in household products mainly because of its disinfectant and chelation properties, which make it really effective against hard water.

“Chelation means that the molecule binds very strongly to metal ions. Since hard-water scales and rust have metal components, binding the metals breaks up the materials and makes them dissolve in the water,” explains Patrick Holland, professor of chemistry at Yale University.

[Related: A bare minimum guide to spring cleaning]

Just as in chelation therapy—which doctors use to eliminate heavy metals from the bloodstream in patients suffering from heavy metal poisoning—citric acid binds to calcium and lime, which are abundant in hard water. This allows other cleaning agents and surfactants to work better, and if you use the white crystals in higher concentrations, you can actually eliminate solid mineral deposits in your appliances.

How to use citric acid to clean a dishwasher

Hard water can do a number on your dishwasher—mineral residue can build up in the guts of the machine, and even clog them. So on top of running sanitizing cycles, you should do a regular deep clean with citric acid. This won’t just take care of any lime or metals ruining your dishwasher from the inside out: Citric acid is also known for being a great disinfectant, and it’s often suggested as a milder, more natural alternative to bleach, so it’ll also help with any unpleasant smells.

Dishwasher manufacturer General Electric recommends crystallized citric acid for cleaning the interior of dishwashers—also known as sour salts. Put 3 to 4 tablespoons of the compound in the detergent cup, close it, and run a normal cycle without any dishes. After that, GE suggests following up with another cycle (this time with regular dishwasher detergent).

How to use citric acid to clean an electric kettle

If you’re a fan of tea, you probably have an electric kettle, and it probably has some mineral buildup inside. Using filtered water instead of tap helps prevent this (or at least slow the process down), but if you have a hard water source in your area, it’s highly likely metals and minerals coming straight from your faucet have created a white crust. This residue can even crack and end up in your tea. Gross.

But because of its chelating faculties, using citric acid to clean your electric kettle is both fast and simple. Mix a tablespoon of citric acid with a liter (4 ⅓ cups) of water, and stir until dissolved. Boil the mixture and then let it sit for 15 minutes. After that, dispose of the solution, rinse the inside of your electric kettle, and stand in awe of your brand-new-looking appliance.

Rinsing after cleaning is important, but you shouldn’t worry too much about a smidge of leftover residue. Citric acid is widely used in the food industry, and it’s not only present in all kinds of fruit (including strawberries and pineapple), but also in jams as a preservative, and even in fizzy candy.

“A little bit [of citric acid] ingested wouldn’t hurt anyone,” says Holland.

How to use citric acid to clean showerheads and faucet aerators

A measuring cup containing a mixture of water and citric acid for cleaning a showerhead—the showerhead is held down by a jar of olives.
Keep that showerhead submerged. Olive jars do that well. Sandra Gutierrez G.

I don’t think I’m exaggerating when I say that low water pressure can be counted as one of the horsemen of the apocalypse. Having just a single thread of water to clean yourself (or that pan with burnt lasagna ends stuck on the sides) cannot be defined as anything but a nightmare.

Low water pressure depends on a lot of factors—some of which are out of your control—but one you can definitely do something about is clogged showerheads and faucet aerators (the same thing, but in your kitchen sink).

The cleaning method is similar to that of the electric kettle. Just unscrew your showerhead or aerator (or both, if you want to multitask), and submerge it in a solution of 1 tablespoon of citric acid per 4 ½ cups of boiling water. Showerheads are hollow and will float, most likely with the holes facing up—which clearly defeats the purpose of this strategy. Use anything heavy and heat-resistant to keep it submerged. I used a jar of olives, but I’m sure you can come up with something better.

Once your showerhead is securely submerged, leave it soaking for 15 minutes before rinsing with cold water. If there’s any residue still sticking to the piece at this point, you should be able to easily scrub it away using a small brush.

Screw it back in place and enjoy your (at least slightly) improved water pressure.

How to use citric acid to clean an espresso machine

You probably spent a lot of money on that fancy-looking appliance you use to make your delicious coffee, but what’s the point when your cup of morning glory has a slight taste of rust and metal? If you want to find the likely culprit of this travesty, look no further than the minerals in the water you’re using.

I’m sure you’re on to it by now, so let’s cut to the chase and get rid of that mineral residue. To descale your espresso machine, just fill the water reservoir with a solution of 2 tablespoons of citric acid for every quart of water, stir it to fully dissolve the crystals, and run the machine normally.

[Related: Are your cleaning products really green? Here’s how to tell.]

The mineral buildup will come out along with the citric acid solution. (Please don’t drink it.) If you see a lot of buildup, it might be worth it to run some fresh citric acid solution through your machine once or twice more. When you’re satisfied, run the machine one final time with clean water.

Depending on your water source, you might want to repeat the process every 30 or 60 days.

How to use citric acid to clean shower doors

I don’t think I need to keep singing the praises of citric acid, but on top of everything else, citric acid will also help you get rid of hard water stains on shower doors. That gunk is basically just mineral buildup.

You’ll need a little help from high temperatures, though. Using a citric acid to water ratio of 2 1/2 tablespoons per 1 cup of hot water, pour the solution on the door. Let it act for 15 minutes before rinsing. You might need to scrub a little with a sponge or rag, but the buildup should be loose and the stains should come off easily.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on November 5, 2020.

The post Use citric acid to clean your dishwasher and other gross household items appeared first on Popular Science.

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3 early spring cleaning ideas to get you out of hibernation mode https://www.popsci.com/winter-cleaning-tips/ Thu, 24 Jan 2019 18:56:08 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/winter-cleaning-tips/
An older person with short brown hair wearing blue rubber gloves and cleaning a window with a yellow rag.
The sunshine will come in brighter through clean windows. Andrea Piacquadio / Pexels

The weather outside is still frightful. You may as well make use of it.

The post 3 early spring cleaning ideas to get you out of hibernation mode appeared first on Popular Science.

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An older person with short brown hair wearing blue rubber gloves and cleaning a window with a yellow rag.
The sunshine will come in brighter through clean windows. Andrea Piacquadio / Pexels

When the wintry mix makes going outside unpleasant, the couch and a good book are tempting. But think: if you start your spring cleaning now, you’ll be able to enjoy the first warm days of the season outside smelling flowers instead of inside scrubbing floors.

Why should you do an early spring deep-clean

If you’re thinking about putting off this year’s spring cleaning, think again—there are plenty of reasons why you shouldn’t. A 2011 Princeton study published in The Journal of Neuroscience found that a junk-covered room can amp up stress and frustration by overloading your mind with stimuli and constantly reminding you of the things you should be doing. That feeling only intensifies during those long winter evenings when it’s just you, the pile of books you’ve been meaning to alphabetize, and the crusties underneath your stove grates.

Untidy spaces in particular seem to have a harmful effect on your mood and health. As a 2017 article in Psychology Today noted, clutter can interrupt “both your ability to move and your ability to think.”

[Related: A complete guide to digital spring cleaning]

Plus, it turns out people who regularly tidy up are getting a fair amount of light physical activity. That’s good if one of your New Year’s resolutions was to decrease the number on the scale, but cleaning also offers the benefit of space in your home to do things like rolling out the yoga mat or firing up an exercise video, doubling down on the physical benefits of a tidier space.

And if you start your spring cleaning now, it’ll give you an edge when warmer weather rolls around. Nearly 80 percent of households in the US ring in the new season with spring cleaning, and tackling what you can now means there will be less to do when you’d rather be outside. Some tasks, though, like washing windows, should probably still wait until you’re in significantly above-freezing temperatures.

Organize your things and donate the items people need most

A good place to start your pre-spring cleaning journey is by gathering the things you no longer need that others can use. Winter clothing and shelf-stable food should be at the top of the list. (Though it’s worth noting that canned food is good to donate regardless of the season). Once you’re done in the kitchen, dive into your bathroom cabinets. Unopened soap, shampoos, and other toiletries can be useful to certain projects and charities—even those you brought back home from your latest hotel stay can be a great donation.

Up next is your closet. Make sure any clothes you donate are clean and in good shape. Carefully check items that have been in long-term storage, as bugs like to chomp on textiles and can be persistent when there’s a meal involved. They may have also laid their eggs before you stored the items in question. For clothes in bad shape (thin, stained, or with tiny holes), check to see if your local government participates in textile recycling.

Next, consider what you’ve accumulated—gifts, trinkets, and toys—over the past year and pare down items that serve similar purposes. For example, if you got a new phone or computer for Christmas, donate the old one. Be sure to include any cords and chargers, and consider including a pre-paid minutes card if you can afford it.

Tackle big indoor projects in small chunks

During winter we spend more time in our homes, a reality that was only exacerbated by the changes in living and working routines brought on by the Covid-19 pandemic. So when the snow flies or freezes into a sheet of black ice on the highway, you’ll want your space clean and tidy to stave off cabin fever.

That said, don’t declare this the weekend you finally scour all the stain off every tile in your kitchen. Break a big task into more digestible chunks and tackle those grout stains a row or two at a time. Taking smaller steps will also let you know what “clean” and “tidy” mean to you—your place doesn’t have to look like an apartment straight out of #cleantok to be functional for you.

Give yourself a flexible deadline and bend the scope of the task to accommodate. Instead of having that shelf in order and the books to be donated out the door by the first day of spring, set a steady, regular pace that you can pick up and put down as you need. Even if the big stuff isn’t complete by the time the robins come back, it’ll still be much closer to being done than it was before.

Finally, consider tackling multiple projects on a rotating basis. A 2015 survey conducted by Microsoft in Canada showed that our attention spans have dropped substantially in the past decades—from 12 seconds in 2000 to 8 seconds in 2013. But switching things up keeps us more productive for longer. For work that’s repetitive or doesn’t need your full attention, multitasking and doing it in “small bites” can also help.

Lay the groundwork for other spring tasks

If you’re planning a particular spring blowout, such as a garage sale, start the prep now. Organizing and pricing items in January and February means that once the driveway is clear, you can simply roll out the stuff, post the flyer online, and see it go to another loving home. Spending an hour or two over the winter squaring away these tasks will make it much easier.

[Related: The germiest places you might not be cleaning]

For other major projects, take the winter to do some research. If you’re planning to start a sustainable garden, now’s the time to plan out which local plants you want and which tools you need. If you’re going to rip out your water heater or make your house more energy efficient, start researching technologies and approaches that best fit your budget and needs. Painting? Look at swatches and pricing.

Think of it this way: once the boring part’s done, you can get to the fun part much faster, and enjoy the sunshine that much more.

This story has been updated. It was first published on January 26, 2019.

The post 3 early spring cleaning ideas to get you out of hibernation mode appeared first on Popular Science.

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A bare minimum guide to spring cleaning https://www.popsci.com/diy/spring-cleaning-tips/ Mon, 09 May 2022 18:19:23 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=441854
A man in a blue plaid shirt, jeans, and white socks using a cordless vacuum to clean a tile kitchen floor near a large window.
If you're into using your socks as floor dusters, we won't stop you. Mart Production / Pexels

What you can forego and still claim you live in a clean house.

The post A bare minimum guide to spring cleaning appeared first on Popular Science.

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A man in a blue plaid shirt, jeans, and white socks using a cordless vacuum to clean a tile kitchen floor near a large window.
If you're into using your socks as floor dusters, we won't stop you. Mart Production / Pexels

Some people like scrubbing floors, sweeping out a garage, or dusting a forgotten bookcase. But for many of us, spring cleaning is the most dreaded chore of the year.

Love it or hate it, spring cleaning carries with it a sense of a clean slate, which can help us feel like we are setting ourselves up for success. Researchers call this “the fresh start effect,” where we take specific events such as New Year’s or the start of a new school year, as an opportunity to try something again. 

This explains why a whopping 78 percent of Americans choose to do a yearly spring cleaning, although 8 percent avoid it at all costs. That’s not surprising either—this series of chores can be daunting, and some of it might not even be necessary.

Determine what spring cleaning means to you

If you’ve ever compared what you and somebody else think is a dirty bathroom, you know that everyone has a widely different standard for what “clean” means. Leanne Stapf, chief operating officer of The Cleaning Authority, a home cleaning service, says the first step to identifying what you really care about tidying up is to try to find a focus for every room. You can start by going to each room and targeting potential germy areas that could negatively affect your family’s health, ignoring simple clutter. 

“De-germing your home should be at the top of your spring cleaning checklist,” says Stapf. “Wiping down and sanitizing all high-traffic areas such as doorknobs, cabinets, light switches, handles, countertops, and your computer keyboard is essential when avoiding the accumulation of germs and bacteria.”

[Related: This DIY slime can clean the grossest parts of your home and car]

So whether you are going to do a full house deep clean, or just tidy up, keep an eye on germy areas—the rest is just extra credit.

Prioritize the most forgotten nooks and crannies

If you can’t remember the last time you cleaned something, it’s a must-do this spring. Stapf says this list usually includes tasks like cleaning coffee pots, changing water filters, clearing drain pipes, scrubbing down the fridge, discarding cracked food storage containers, and giving your wood cutting boards a thorough cleaning with salt and lemon, followed by oil.

You might also find untreated stains and odors on your mattress. Work on those by spraying white vinegar and scrubbing them with a soft bristle brush. When the surface is dry, finish up by sprinkling baking soda all over your mattress and letting it sit for a few hours before vacuuming everything up.

Another dreaded spring cleaning job is not just taking out the trash, but cleaning out the trash cans themselves. But before you reach for whatever old chemicals and cleaners you have in the back of your cabinet, make sure you aren’t cleaning with harmful ingredients that could be dangerous to inhale, like bleach or ammonia. Duyen Nguyen, an allergist at Memorial Hermann, a nonprofit health system based in Houston, recommends wearing an N95 mask while cleaning with harsh chemicals, as they will keep your lungs free of fumes and debris, especially if you have allergies or asthma. (You probably still have one of those on hand at home.)

Must-do items for anyone with indoor allergies

If you’re among the 50 million Americans who suffer from allergies, read carefully. Spring cleaning for you isn’t just about aesthetics or removing those leftover winter decorations—it’s about health. 

The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America says that 8 out of 10 people come in contact with dust mites, while 6 of 10 are exposed to cat and dog dander, and even cockroaches can cause allergic reactions, especially for people who live in the south and urban areas. Spring cleaning is the perfect time to identify what’s exacerbating your allergies, and minimize those triggers by cleaning out the build-up at home.

“Without spring cleaning, both patient allergies and allergic-induced asthma symptoms will be difficult to control, despite being on medications,” says Nguyen. 

She says one of the most common mistakes people make while spring cleaning is turning on a fan to circulate air, which instead riles up dust mites that have been settling into bedding, carpets, and other fabrics throughout the winter.  

Unfortunately, those with indoor allergies cannot cut corners and will have a hefty to-do list, Nguyen says. They should:

  • Wash bedding and stuffed animals in water at 130 degrees Fahrenheit or hotter, and finish by putting it in the dryer to kill dust mites. Make sure to check a product’s tags before drying a stuffed animal, as some may have specific cleaning instructions.
  • Use a vacuum with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.
  • Avoid steam-cleaning carpets. This will increase moisture, making it the perfect environment for mold.
  • Clean out the pantry, remove any open foods, and sweep floors where cockroaches might find scraps. Don’t forget that pet dish on the floor.

Don’t forget to clean the air

While you may feel like your air is fresh and clean after you use your favorite lemon-scented cleaning product, you might be overlooking the invisible truth: Indoor air can be up to five times more contaminated than outdoor air, according to Felipe Soberón, chief technology officer of WellAir. The hard-to-spot culprits in the air include pollen, dust, particulate matter, bacteria, and mold spores. All of these pollutants can accumulate over the wintertime in basements, attics, and closets, and will be waiting for you the moment you open your storage area.

[Related: The five smells Americans hate most (and how to get rid of them)]

“If the conditions in the storage environment are right—average room temperature and higher humidity—you will see growth and build-up of mold,” Soberón explains.  

To work toward cleaner air, he recommends thoroughly dusting surfaces such as tabletops, shelves, cabinets, windowsills, and blinds, using a damp cloth. This, Nguyen explains, will trap allergens in the fabric and prevent them from flying into the air and into your airways. If you don’t have outdoor allergies, flinging open the windows does help with air circulation, too.

While the Environmental Protection Agency is split on whether to use an indoor air cleaner, they note that these devices and HVAC filters can “possibly” improve cardiovascular and respiratory health.

And a few tasks you can skip

Once your home is free from germs and indoor pollutants, you might notice your closet is full of clothes you need to sort and donate, or that you have the urge to do a full basement or garage clean out as well. And you can certainly do all that if you feel up to it—research shows that cluttered homes spike cortisol levels, resulting in depressed moods, no doubt inspiring the minimalist and decluttering movements. But Stapf says your closet can wait.

“While I don’t recommend having shoes scattered across the floor, you can save this for a calmer weekend and focus on more important spring-cleaning tasks,” she says. 

She also says people tend to try to repair wall scuff marks. That’s not as high on the priority list, so if you can wait to tackle this, do so.

But instead of doing it all at once, Stapf is adamant that we should trade “spring cleaning” for more consistent decluttering throughout the year. “Many people put off the everyday, mundane chores, leading items to pile up. This causes people to feel as though they need to do one large spring cleaning overhaul,” she says. People tend to avoid wiping up their stoves after cooking and regularly discarding old food, clothes, and clutter, so she recommends getting into the habit of cleaning up right after you finish something to avoid larger messes.

“Immediately after a meal, place your dish in the dishwasher. When you leave one room to go to another, take a few items that are out of place and put them back before leaving. Getting into the habit of continually picking up after yourself will help you avoid the need for a massive cleanup,” Stapf says.

Then you might have time to do more fun spring activities, like going outside and getting actual fresh air.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on May 9, 2022.

Update February 27, 2023: A previous version of this story recommended using baking soda and vinegar to treat stains on mattresses. New evidence shows these ingredients should be used separately and for different purposes: white vinegar for stains, and baking soda for odors. 

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5 ways to get better at trivia, according to a Jeopardy! contestant https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-get-better-at-trivia/ Sun, 19 Feb 2023 15:09:05 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=513698
Guests at Filmmaker's Trivia Night during the 2021 Tribeca Festival at Battery Park on June 14, 2021 in New York City.
Keep these tips in mind, and your local trivia night will feel a lot more inviting. Santiago Felipe / Getty Images for Tribeca Festival

These trivia tips will help whether you're competing for pride or payment.

The post 5 ways to get better at trivia, according to a Jeopardy! contestant appeared first on Popular Science.

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Guests at Filmmaker's Trivia Night during the 2021 Tribeca Festival at Battery Park on June 14, 2021 in New York City.
Keep these tips in mind, and your local trivia night will feel a lot more inviting. Santiago Felipe / Getty Images for Tribeca Festival

About three years ago, I stopped telling people I was on Jeopardy!. This is primarily because it is a very strange way to start a conversation, but also because it does become repetitive answering the same questions (they don’t tell you the categories beforehand, and Alex Trebek was very nice). Recently, the show invited me back to compete in the upcoming High School Reunion Tournament, and as I prepared I found myself cataloging all the techniques I’ve developed over my years of trivia. I’d like to pass on my expertise to everyone who wants to get better.

I’ll be honest, though: some trivia does simply come down to luck—it is a lot easier to name the states bordering Illinois if you live in Chicago, for instance. But there are definitely a few tricks to the trade that will almost immediately help you get better at trivia. So the next time you’re at your local bar playing with some friends or following along with Jeopardy! at home, consider these tips before you finalize your answer.

Figure out what the question is asking

This one might feel a little silly at first, but understanding the structure of a trivia question will often help you toward the answer. First, identify what type of answer you’ll need to give. For instance, does the question use the word “who”? If it does, your answer is going to be a person. Then think about what other hints the question provides. If it’s a history question, any date will likely be helpful.

Every time I hear a trivia question, I break it down into a bulleted list of facts in my head. Take this question I saw last year in the trivia league LearnedLeague: “Kathleen Hanna, co-founder and lead singer of the punk band Bikini Kill, allegedly (and inspirationally) once wrote with a Sharpie on a hotel room wall, ‘Kurt smells like’ what?”

Here’s how I broke it down:

  • The answer is a word or phrase that completes the sentence “Kurt smells like…”
  • The answer somehow inspired one of Kathleen Hanna’s friends.
  • Bikini Kill played punk music, so the answer probably has something to do with rock music.
  • Kathleen Hanna knew a guy named Kurt.

You likely only know one musical Kurt (Cobain), and he did play rock music, so it almost certainly has something to do with him. Cobain was the lead singer of Nirvana, so you can start thinking through Nirvana songs. From there, you’re likely to come up with Smells Like Teen Spirit. “Teen Spirit” nicely completes the phrase and is indeed the correct answer.

Understand the trivia “canon”

The goal of a good trivia question is to reward you for answering it correctly. The quizmaster wants it to be difficult, but not impossible (sometimes, you’ll hear the term “knowable”). So then, it’s incredibly important to develop a grasp of the trivia “canon,” or the collection of facts, figures, and faces that could reasonably be answers.

If you’re asked a question about a movie from the 1940s, for instance, you can immediately begin honing in on your answer based solely on what’s relevant enough for someone to know (think Citizen Kane or It’s a Wonderful Life, not some B movie only five people have watched). While I was in my last year of high school, I appeared on Jeopardy’s Teen Tournament, where I finished as a semifinalist and won $10,000.

[Related: Why do we love game shows like ‘Jeopardy!‘ so much?]

Here’s my breakdown of the final question of that Jeopardy! semifinal (I got the question wrong, in case you were wondering). The category was “the American Revolutionary era”: “She was disowned by the Quakers after marrying an Episcopalian upholsterer in 1773 and later took over his business.”

  • The question says she, so we’re looking for a woman.
  • This person was a Quaker, but was later disowned.
  • This person married an upholsterer.
  • This person took over her husband’s business.

There were plenty of women around during the Revolutionary era, but only a few of them are remotely famous. The answer is going to be someone you’ve heard of. It won’t be someone pulled from obscurity. So, I started running through famous revolutionary women—Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, and Dolley Madison were the names I came up with.

Unfortunately, I couldn’t go much further than that. I didn’t know any of the presidents’ religions, and the last clue just didn’t fit at all. In fact, the answer was not a president’s wife, but seamstress and alleged flag designer Betsy Ross. I kicked myself when the answer was revealed, going “Of course! Very famous, very ‘knowable.’”

Don’t be afraid to guess

Jeopardy! host Mayim Bialik wearing red, on the left, standing next to this story's author, Jack Izzo, wearing light blue, on the right, both behind a Jeopardy! podium.
The author (right) stands next to Jeopardy! host Mayim Bialik (left) on his recent return to the show. Jeopardy Productions, Inc.

Sometimes, you’ll have to make educated guesses because it’s impossible to know literally everything. At the bar where my friends and I play trivia every Tuesday, an incorrect answer doesn’t have a penalty, so if we don’t know, we always take a guess. On Jeopardy!, which does penalize incorrect answers, it’s wiser to play a little more cautiously when you’re unsure. But in general, it’s good practice to guess.

Take this other question from my other Jeopardy! Teen Tournament appearance: “The word ‘trombone’ comes from the Italian for this related instrument.”

  • The answer is the name of an instrument.
  • That instrument is related to the trombone.
  • Its name is the origin of the word trombone.

At that point in my life, the last time I’d played a musical instrument was during piano lessons in fifth grade. I did not know the answer to this question, and I did not know the origin of the word trombone. However, I did know that trumpet and tuba are both related instruments that start with “T.” Of the two, “trumpet” shares more letters. My gut instinct said trumpet, so I buzzed in, said “trumpet,” and got the question right.

Watch for wordplay

Trivia writers (Jeopardy! especially) love to throw in little wordplay hints to lead you to the answer. Pay attention to them, because they’re relatively common when the main fact is pretty obscure. Wordplay hints generally won’t get you to 100 percent certainty, but they’ll often get you from knowing nothing to an educated guess.

Here’s another example from LearnedLeague: “The American photographer William Wegman is well-known for his warmly whimsical and witty works which primarily feature dogs of what breed?”

  • We’re looking for a dog breed.
  • This breed is featured prominently in photographs by William Wegman.

I’d never heard of William Wegman or his photographs, but paying attention to the exact wording of the question led me to tack on this bullet point:

  • That’s weird, why do so many of the words in this question start with “W”?

To a trivia writer’s mind, this is probably a hint that the name of the dog breed you’re looking for starts with “W.” So, start going through dog breeds until you happen across the correct answer, “Weimaraner”, and take a shot in the dark. This will never be perfect (you could have thought of the Whippet, for instance), but it is quite useful.

Grow what you know

All of this is great information for applying what you already know, but that will only get you so far. To truly get better at trivia, you’ll have to expand your information base. Consuming media helps a lot. Watching movies and TV, listening to music, going to art museums, and reading books will make you much better at those subjects. Beyond that, there are some great online resources that will help you learn history and science. For geography, I recommend using websites like Sporcle or JetPunk to take practice quizzes. 

There is one more strategy I have for learning things, although it’s a little more artificial than simply consuming media and remembering. There is a subset of hints that either make excellent trivia facts or uniquely identify an individual, but get overused when writing questions. Jeopardy! enthusiasts refer to these clues as “Pavlovs” and quizbowl players call them “stock” clues.

[Related: How and when to use a ‘memory palace’]

For example, the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who wrote Eugene Onegin and Boris Gudonov, fought a bunch of people in duels before dying, so he’s often clued as a “duelist” or as a “Russian duelist.” If I hear that turn of phrase in a question, the answer will almost always be Pushkin.

Other Pavlovs include “Iowan painter” for Grant Wood of American Gothic fame, “Artist in Tahiti” for French painter Paul Gaugin, and “King of Swing” for clarinetist Benny Goodman. 

Pavlovs make nice shortcuts, especially when you’re talking about literature and the arts. You can’t read every book, but if you can remember that Nigerian author Chinua Achebe once gave a speech about racism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, you might not need to.

You can combine Pavlov clues with the trivia canon to really fine-tune your studying habits, too, by making sure to study the most common stuff first. For instance, John Steinbeck is a prolific American author with plenty of works likely to come up in trivia. So when you hear a question about Steinbeck, you can probably assume the answer will be related to his most notable works. From there, knowing the essential details of each of those works should lead you to an answer (Okies for The Grapes of Wrath, the protagonists George and Lenny for Of Mice and Men, and the story of Cain and Abel for East of Eden are the most prominent).

Finally, trivia does take practice. You’ll begin to develop your own set of stock clues based on the questions you hear (the Achebe/Conrad connection is one of mine) and pick up new interesting information along the way. I was involved in competitive trivia for about four years before going on Jeopardy!. I played quizbowl starting in eighth grade and continued through college. Those years of practice were invaluable. It takes time, but being good at trivia is a very different skill from simply “being smart.”

The post 5 ways to get better at trivia, according to a Jeopardy! contestant appeared first on Popular Science.

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A jellyfish sting treatment that actually works https://www.popsci.com/how-to-treat-jellyfish-sting/ Mon, 20 Mar 2017 20:15:52 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/how-to-treat-jellyfish-sting/
A large group of red and orange jellyfish floating in blue water.
Does peeing on a jellyfish sting help? No. No it does not. Francis Taylor / Unsplash

In some cases, jellyfish sting care can be a matter of life and death.

The post A jellyfish sting treatment that actually works appeared first on Popular Science.

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A large group of red and orange jellyfish floating in blue water.
Does peeing on a jellyfish sting help? No. No it does not. Francis Taylor / Unsplash

So you’ve been stung by a jellyfish. The good news: there’s no need to get your friend to pee on you. The bad news: all the other treatments you’ve heard of will probably only make it worse.

A jellyfish sting is like a thousand tiny spears simultaneously injecting you with poison—literally. Their tentacles have millions of minuscule lances embedded inside nematocysts, which launch the little stingers out and into your skin upon contact. They latch on, like those little burrs that get in your dog’s fur, and let loose a stream of venom. If the jellyfish that gets you happens to be, say, a box jellyfish, you could be dead in minutes.

If you’re a character from a hit ’90s television series, you’re probably thinking, “Yeah, but you can just pee on it, right? Everyone knows the ammonia or whatever counteracts the sting.” But that’s where you’re wrong. Know what else doesn’t work? Almost everything Google suggests. Two researchers from the University of Hawaii at Mānoa reviewed those purported solutions and found that of all the home remedies, only one was really a good idea: vinegar. They published their findings in the journal Toxins.

How to treat jellyfish stings

Many of the sites that come up when you search “jellyfish sting treatment” have conflicting information. Some suggest rinsing with seawater, removing any tentacles, then dousing the area in vinegar or hot water. Others reverse the order of the steps. The advice gets worse the older the page is, too—most of the top results have corrected outdated information, but some have not. When you or a friend is suffering on the beach, you need proven methods from actual scientific studies.

Vinegar

Your best bet in a pinch is to douse your skin—and the tentacles on it—in vinegar. Find the most highly-concentrated stuff you can and pour it on. Vinegar inactivates the jelly’s nematocysts so they can’t fire, which means they won’t be able to hurt you any worse. Once you treat the injury with vinegar, you’ll still have to remove the stingers with tweezers. Or rather, you’ll have to get a friend to don protective gear and do it for you.

[Related: Are jellyfish going to take over the ocean?]

When you’ve gotten rid of the jelly using vinegar and tweezers, apply heat to the injury. It might seem like you want ice to cool off the burning wound, but heat actually reduces the venom’s activity—so you’ll end up with less damage in the long run. Ice packs actually doubled the size of the damaged area for one of the types of jellyfish studied.

Sting No More

In a shocking turn of events, by far the most effective jellyfish sting treatment was—drumroll please—Sting No More, a product designed to treat jellyfish stings. The spray contains vinegar to inhibit the nematocysts, plus urea to help dissolve the sticky substances that help tentacles adhere. It was the only treatment that allowed the tentacles to be washed away rather than plucked out.

What not to do with jellyfish stings

For one, don’t try to scrape away the tentacles. Jellyfish nematocysts are triggered in part by pressure, so pressing on them just prompts them to release more venom. You’ll ultimately end up with fewer stingers in your skin than you would if you pulled out the lances with tweezers, but the venom is what really stings—and what could potentially kill you. If you’re stung by a box jellyfish, scraping the tentacles away could actually prove fatal. They’re highly lethal, and forcing them to release even incremental amounts of additional toxin could spell the difference between I-need-severe-pain-killers and welcome-to-my-funeral. And even if you’re just stung by the average, non-lethal jellyfish, you still don’t want any more poison in you than is absolutely necessary.

Alcohol of any kind will also make the nematocysts fire more, according to research, so don’t go pouring your beach beer on a throbbing jellyfish sting. Seawater is more innocuous, but trying to rinse away the tentacles just means there’s more opportunity for the stingers to latch on to other parts of your body. Shaving cream and baking soda, which purportedly help block the stingers, do almost nothing in reality.

Why peeing on a jellyfish sting doesn’t help

If you know your chemistry, you might be wondering why pee is poo-poo’ed as a remedy when urea—one of its components—shows up in the most effective jellyfish sting treatment. But here’s the deal: while urea does indeed help unstick tentacles from stung skin, human urine is generally too diluted to accomplish this. And while your well-meaning buddy’s pee almost certainly won’t have enough urea to help you out, it may contain enough salt to trigger nematocysts to fire more venom into you.

So the next time you’re hanging out at the beach, just bring your handy vinegar. Or try wearing pantyhose—the smooth mesh protects against many stinging species. Sure, you might get some weird looks. But at least you’ll be ready for this jelly.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on March 20, 2017.

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6 things to know before deciding to raise backyard chickens https://www.popsci.com/diy/raising-chickens-in-backyard-tips/ Wed, 08 Feb 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=510647
A flock of chickens, including five hens and rooster, peck at a backyard
You'll never again have to pay for eggs. Zosia Korcz / Unsplash

Getting your eggs at the store might be easier, but keeping chickens is definitely fun.

The post 6 things to know before deciding to raise backyard chickens appeared first on Popular Science.

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A flock of chickens, including five hens and rooster, peck at a backyard
You'll never again have to pay for eggs. Zosia Korcz / Unsplash

With egg prices rising and concerns over food security increasing, some folks have taken a step toward self-sufficiency and opted to raise chickens in their backyards. Whether for meat or solely for eggs, having your own coop may be a great solution if you’ve been struggling to find ingredients for your breakfast omelet.

But tending a flock requires work, time, space, and above all, shouldering the responsibility of caring for the health and well-being of animals. It’s no joke. That’s why it’s important to know exactly what you’re getting yourself into before you welcome chickens into your life. 

You’re making a commitment 

This might sound obvious, but it can be easy to forget that having a weekly supply of delicious eggs actually entails caring for chickens—and yes, that’s plural. 

“People see the adorable coops on social media and the cute fluffy chickens and it’s something they automatically want. But chicken keeping is work,” says Nikki Husted, author of the upcoming book Chicken Keeping Pure and Simple: A Fun, Friendly Guide to Backyard Chicken Keeping

[Related: Why you should build a swing for your chickens]

Husted, who’s also known to her almost 250,000 TikTok followers as @purelychickens, explains that there’s a learning curve to raising birds where you’ll be constantly troubleshooting and adjusting your caretaking techniques. The process can quickly become frustrating, which may be why some folks trying it for the first time at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic ended up giving up their chickens or even abandoning them

This is why it’s important to do thorough research before you set off on this new adventure. But don’t be discouraged: they’re very much worth it and not only for the food.   

“[Chickens] provide so much more than just eggs,” says Husted. “Not only do they give us laughs and companionship, but they have helped [me and my husband] teach our children about kindness and respect for animals.”  

Chickens are low maintenance

If you have ever lived with a dog, you know what taking care of a high-maintenance creature is. Keeping a flock in your backyard is not like that.  

“Chicken upkeep doesn’t take much time at all,” says Lisa Steele, author of The Fresh Eggs Daily Cookbook and fifth-generation chicken keeper. 

Once you’ve perfected your routine, it should only take about 10 minutes each morning and night to let the chickens in and out, feed them, and check for eggs. That’s it. This should be pretty easy if you’re working from home, but as long as you provide your birds with enough food and water, as well as a safe coop and run, there’s no need to have anyone supervising the flock during the day, she says. 

If you need to go somewhere for work, Husted recommends using large gravity feeders and five-gallon waterers. That way you won’t have to worry about your chickens starving if you run late at night. 

But you will have to worry about temperature in the colder months. “Eggs tend to freeze in the winter if you don’t collect them in a timely manner,” she explains. If that happens, the egg can crack, making it vulnerable to germs, and it’s as good as gone. 

You can raise chickens on a budget

Financially speaking, the biggest investment you’ll make is setting up the coop and chicken run. Depending on the size of your flock and the aesthetics you want to go for, buying a coop can cost anywhere between $150 and thousands of dollars. But you can buy a house for your chickens second-hand, upgrade an existing building or shed, or build one from scratch—just make sure you meet all the requirements for a healthy environment for your birds. If you opt for the DIY option, you can design your own to fit your needs and space or follow one of the myriad plans available online

For the coop, you’ll need to consider 3 to 4 square feet per chicken. This is especially important in the colder months when they’ll spend most of their time indoors, or if there’s not a large area for the run. And don’t forget about furniture. Yes, chicken furniture. Steele recommends a minimum of 8 inches of roosting bar per hen (they perch on it to sleep), and one nesting box for every 3 to 4 hens to lay their eggs. Keeping your flock entertained and stimulated is also a good idea, as bored birds can start pecking their roommates. For this, consider making your own chicken swing out of branches and rope.

All the sources we consulted for this story recommend getting a coop that can house more chicks than you actually plan on buying. If your flock outgrows its shelter or you end up purchasing more chickens, you’ll have to upgrade your setup, and that’s not only annoying, but can also get expensive. 

As for chicks, Steele says they can cost between $4 and $15 each depending on the breed. But high demand for the hobby has slightly increased prices in the past two years and made some varieties harder to find

The main other expense you’ll have is chicken feed. Amy Barkley, livestock and beginning farm specialist with Cornell University Cooperative Extension, explains that hens will eat about 1/3 pound of feed per day, which equates to a yearly cost of about $50 per bird. This calculation is based on 50-pound bags of feed, which Barkley says you should be able to find for around $20. But prices will vary depending on where you are and what kind of food you get—you’ll find varieties like GMO-free or organic can be slightly more expensive than generic. Steele says you can also reduce your feed bill by sharing some kitchen and garden scraps with the flock or allowing them to forage for grass, weeds, and bugs in the yard.

“The cost to keep chickens is relatively low, but the reality is that it’s still probably cheaper to purchase eggs from the store,” says Barkley. If you find that’s the case for you, you may want to reconsider your flock-keeping endeavors—and that is absolutely fine. 

Not all chickens are the same

We’ve already hinted at it, but just like dogs and cats, there is a long list of chicken breeds—some have been bred for meat, while others specialize in laying eggs. There’s a wide variety of birds in this second group, but Barkley recommends beginners stick to what are known as “standard breeds.” 

“​​Breeds in this category are large-sized chickens that will lay well and are easy to manage,” she explains. These include Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island and New Hampshire Reds, Orpingtons, Ameraucanas, and Leghorns

Then there’s the question of how to start: should you get chicks or fully grown hens? There are pros and cons to both approaches. With chicks, there are fewer things in the world cuter than a baby yellow fluff, they’re inexpensive, and raising them from a younger age will make it easier for them to get used to you. Familiarity will prevent you from sharing your property with some very aggressive tenants. 

On the downside, you’ll have to wait between 5 and 6 months before your chicks are old enough to lay eggs, and they need more equipment and care than older birds, including heat lamps, brooders, and chick dust. And then there’s the wild card factor: telling a chick’s sex is tricky, so even if you buy females, there’s still a 10 percent chance that you’ll end up with a rooster instead of a hen, says Barkley. That can easily become a problem, not only because they can be more aggressive than hens, but because some urban areas don’t allow keeping roosters because of noise concerns.

If you want to make sure your flock comprises egg-laying hens only, you can get ready-to-lay birds. But it’ll cost you—they can go for $20 to $50 each, more than three times as much as a chick from the most expensive breeds. Also, adult hens are more set in their ways, so you may get more than one less-than-loving peck every time you enter the coop.

You’ll need to beware of predators 

“Everything wants to eat chicken!” Steele says. No matter where you live, there’s always going to be a long list of creatures you’ll need to protect your birds from. These include foxes, coyotes, weasels, raccoons, bears, bobcats, skunks, hawks, eagles, owls, snakes, and rats, but the number one backyard chicken killer, according to Steele, is dogs. 

If you have a pupper, getting them to peacefully coexist with your flock is not impossible, but it’ll highly depend on their breed, as some are genetically wired to hunt fowl. Knowing your pooch’s limits and slowly introducing them to your birds in a supervised environment will be key to helping them get along. Just keep in mind that it may never happen. In that case, providing a secure shelter and run for your flock is essential to protecting them.

Other than a proper roof, The Happy Chicken Coop, a website dedicated to providing information about backyard chicken keeping, suggests using wire mesh with openings no larger than a ½ inch for the bottom 3 feet of the fence around your run

“If you have a building that has a dirt floor, line the perimeter with cinder blocks or bury hardware cloth 12 inches below the ground to keep baddies from digging under the walls,” Barkley says.

You may have to get a permit

Living in a rural area generally grants you the freedom to raise as many chickens and roosters as you want within your property lines, but that is definitely not the case in cities and many suburban areas. 

Some counties and municipalities have people apply for permits, fill out applications, or pay a fee to set up a chicken coop on their property. They may also have specific requirements as to how big it can be and where it can be located. Sometimes they’ll even send inspectors to make sure everything’s in order. 

[Related: We don’t know what a happy chicken looks like, and that’s a big problem]

To save yourself money and trouble, check the requirements for keeping chickens in your area. You’ll usually find that information in your state’s or city’s health code or by asking the wildlife or parks department. Barkley also recommends reaching out to your local university’s extension office. In New York City, for example, the city’s regulations allow people to have hens, not roosters, in all five boroughs without a permit, but the coop and run have to be at least 25 feet away from the nearest building. 

If you live in a communal building or have close neighbors, informing them about your plans ahead of time can also help preserve the peace. Steele says that even if you only keep hens, they’ll still make noise, especially after laying, so you’ll need to be prepared if that becomes a problem. But the promise of fresh eggs delivered to their door may be enough to convince your neighbors. It might be a small price to pay to keep everyone happy. Especially your chickens.

The post 6 things to know before deciding to raise backyard chickens appeared first on Popular Science.

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Throwing the perfect football spiral is a feat in science https://www.popsci.com/science/how-to-throw-a-football-spiral/ Mon, 06 Feb 2023 18:38:32 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=510229
Super Bowl-qualifying Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts throws a perfect football spiral
While the basic mechanics of throwing a perfect football spiral are the same, some quarterbacks, like Philadelphia Eagles' Jalen Hurts, put their own spin on it. Mitchell Leff/Getty Images

Football players don’t break the laws of physics—they take advantage of them. And you can too.

The post Throwing the perfect football spiral is a feat in science appeared first on Popular Science.

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Super Bowl-qualifying Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Jalen Hurts throws a perfect football spiral
While the basic mechanics of throwing a perfect football spiral are the same, some quarterbacks, like Philadelphia Eagles' Jalen Hurts, put their own spin on it. Mitchell Leff/Getty Images

It’s Super Bowl LVII time, and this year the Philadelphia Eagles are squaring off against the Kansas City Chiefs for the championship title. While the Chiefs are returning for their third final in four years, bets are slightly favored towards the Eagles as they’ve kept a strong and consistent offensive line all season, led by quarterback Jalen Hurts. But the Chiefs could defy the odds if quarterback Patrick Mahomes fully recovers from an ankle sprain he sustained more than a week ago against the Cincinnati Bengals. 

[Related: We calculated how much sweat will come out of the Super Bowl]

Ultimately, the game could come down to every single throw. Mahomes has already proven he can hit his mark in most circumstances: His football spirals are the “closest we’ll see to breaking the law of physics,” says Chad Orzel, an associate professor of physics and astronomy at Union College in New York. “He manages to make some amazing passes from bizarre positions that wouldn’t look like they would produce anything good.” Hurts has also been leveled up his game this season through “meteoric improvements” in his throws.

Throwing the perfect football spiral might seem like something reserved for Super Bowl quarterbacks. But with some practice and science know-how, you too can chuck up the perfect spiral.

Why do football players throw spirals?

Unlike baseball or basketball, the American football relies on a spiral rotation because of its prolate spheroid shape. If you make the ball spin fast enough, it will stay in the same axis it’s pointing towards and hit the intended target straight-on, Orzel says. This follows the conservation of angular momentum: an object preserves its rotational speed if no external force is acting on it. 

Think of a spinning top. When you twist the toy and release, it will rotate in the same direction that you wound it up in, and will continue to stay upright in that angle until another external force (like your hand) causes it to stop. “It’s the same idea with football,” explains Orzel. “If you get the ball spinning rapidly around its axis, it’s a little more likely to hold its orientation and fly through [the air] in an aerodynamic shape.” 

[Related: Hitting a baseball is the hardest skill to pull off in sports. Here’s why.]

In a game where you have seconds to pass before you get tackled or intercepted, the biggest priority is to flick the ball with its nose pointed toward you. This confers less air resistance, meaning the ball can travel farther in a straight path (as long as it doesn’t meet outside forces like strong winds), explains John Eric Goff, a professor of physics at the University of Lynchburg in Virginia and author of Gold Medal Physics: The Science of Sports. A wobbly pass will result in more air drag and take longer to reach its destination, he adds. If you have to duck a defender and then pass the ball off quickly, you will get erratic air drag, which also hurts the accuracy of the throw.

How to throw a football spiral

To get a great spiral, you need to master angular momentum, which involves a few key physical factors. First, a person’s grip on the laces of the ball acts as torque—a measure of force applied to an object to rotate on its axis. In other words, the friction from the fingers gives the ball traction to spin. 

Second, you need to perfectly balance the frictional force on the ball and the forward force needed to give the ball velocity. This requires strong core muscles to rotate the body all the way through the shoulder and increase throwing power. “Tom Brady used to practice drills where he would rotate his torso quickly to help develop fast-twitching muscles in his core,” says Goff. 

Third, the hand must also be on the back of the ball to give it forward velocity, but not too far back to prevent the necessary torque for the spin. “A typical NFL spiral rotates at around 600 rotations per minute, which is the low end of a washing machine’s rotational rate and about 30 percent greater rotation rate than that of a helicopter’s rotor blades,” adds Goff. “Pass speeds are typically in the range 45 to 60 mph—the same range for cars entering and driving on highways.” For maximum force, pull the ball back to your ear just above your armpit, then release it with your elbow fully extended. Your wrist should point down at the end of the pass.

Knowing the physics behind a football spiral is only half of the battle. Both physicists emphasize the importance of practice. Practice can be as simple as watching videos of pro footballers, studying their technique using computer simulations, and playing a game of catch at the park with friends. 

Achieving a perfect spiral is challenging but doable. Even your favorite NFL quarterback might have started with a clumsy first toss. But with practice, they’ve become the ideal throwing machines we cheer for every year. 

The post Throwing the perfect football spiral is a feat in science appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to water your plants less but still keep them happy https://www.popsci.com/diy/watering-plants-efficiently/ Sun, 05 Feb 2023 14:05:06 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=509978
A blonde person leaning over to water a potted houseplant near a window.
It can be hard to water your plants all the time, but it might be fine to water them less. Kevin Malik / Pexels

Your houseplants are more resilient than you may think.

The post How to water your plants less but still keep them happy appeared first on Popular Science.

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A blonde person leaning over to water a potted houseplant near a window.
It can be hard to water your plants all the time, but it might be fine to water them less. Kevin Malik / Pexels

Plants create energy out of sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water, and our houseplants really only need us to actively give them one of those things. Still, we are sometimes too busy attending to our human needs and wants to give them some fresh H2O. We go on vacation, become busy, get sick, and forget or postpone our watering duties.

Fortunately, plants are fairly forgiving about their watering schedule. The worst mistake you can make while hydrating a plant is to leave it soaking in a pot without drainage, which can cause root rot and death within two weeks. So really, don’t worry if you’re a little lax with your watering—most plants can withstand the occasional drought. Especially if you take steps to make each pour as effective and long-lasting as possible. 

Feel the soil to check moisture

When you water a plant, do so thoroughly. Afterward, your houseplant’s soil should have the moisture levels of a wrung-out sponge, says Katie Wagner, extension associate professor of horticulture at Utah State University. “The very best check is putting your fingers in the soil to see if you feel that nice, even moisture,” says Wagner. The dirt should not be dripping with water, but you should be able to feel that it’s wet. Houseplant soil, like a sponge, should be full of air pockets for the roots to breathe, Wagner adds.

Increase the humidity around your houseplant

Our houses and apartments are inevitably drier than the environments our plants evolved in. We have heaters, air conditioners, and generally dislike it when our books grow mold. Most plants don’t efficiently take in water through their leaves, so increasing the humidity won’t affect the amount of water the plant takes in. But warm, dry conditions cause plants to release water through their leaves more quickly, meaning they’ll need a drink more frequently.

Fortunately, there are many ways to increase the humidity around a plant. You can enclose the plant in glass or clear plastic, which is the only way I can keep my carnivorous plants alive. You can put a plate of water or humidifier near the plant (do not place the plant itself in the water, as this could cause root rot).

Keep your home cool while you’re away

Plants generally like to be warm. However, if you’re leaving for a long journey, letting your plants be a little colder than they usually would be and moving them out of the sun might be a good idea. That might help stretch your last watering a little bit further, according to Wagner. 

Use ice or a glass bulb to water gradually

Many grocery-store orchids come with care instructions that advise giving them a piece of ice instead of liquid water. However, this guidance is controversial. Wagner says you should make sure there’s some soil between the ice and your plant’s roots, but that you’ll probably be fine with this prolonged watering strategy. Hillary Jufer, horticultural program manager at Cornell Cooperative Extension, notes, “Where ice touches plant material, it can lead to tissue damage and rot.”

You can also use a glass bulb, or even a glass soft drink bottle, to give your plants the same type of gradual water supply. Just fill the bulb or bottle with water and leave it in the soil. The water will flow out slowly over time. 

Cover the soil

Wagner started putting packaging paper around the bases of her plants to keep her cats from scratching the stems. Since then, she’s found this feline defense strategy also helps the plants’ soil stay moist for longer. “It’s almost like a mulch layer,” she says.

Embrace the chore

Many care-taking delays can’t be helped. But if you can take the time, plant maintenance—or “horticultural therapy”—is good for your mental health. Tending to my plants helped me recover from a tough layoff and adjust to the solitude of freelancing in 2018, for example. If you are careful, your houseplants will offer oxygen and companionship when you are able to get back to them.

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How to turn AAA batteries into AAs https://www.popsci.com/diy/aluminum-foil-battery-trick/ Wed, 01 Feb 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=508949
Close up to a stack of AA batteries
Don't interrupt movie night when your remote decides to die on you. Hilary Halliwell / Pexels

A truly A+ hack.

The post How to turn AAA batteries into AAs appeared first on Popular Science.

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Close up to a stack of AA batteries
Don't interrupt movie night when your remote decides to die on you. Hilary Halliwell / Pexels

Of all the annoying things that can happen on a lazy Sunday afternoon watching TV, running out of AA batteries for your remote might easily be in the top 10. Luckily, there’s a hack for that: you can use AAA batteries instead. 

Just wad up some aluminum foil and place it between the battery and the spring so that it fits snugly. It’s a perfect solution if your gamepad dies or you cannot be bothered to go to the store to get some AAs. 

This trick has been around for a while and it’s currently making the rounds on TikTok again. But you can’t trust everything you see on your For You page, and some of those viral lifehacks are duds or even just straight-out dangerous. We wanted to know if this is one of them, so we turned to the experts.

Spoiler alert: It actually works

“This is definitely a valid trick,” says Arthur Shi, who leads the technical writing team at iFixIt, a company that sells repair kits and writes repair guides for just about every gadget you can think of. He even goes further and says AA and AAA batteries are actually not that different.

[Related: An AI called Dragonfly is helping design faster-charging batteries]

Alkaline batteries from AAAA size up to D cells have the same operating voltage, Shi explains. This means non-rechargeable batteries like these all offer 1.5 volts of power, so there’s no electrical reason you can’t use them interchangeably—they just won’t physically fit right into the battery slot in your device. That’s where the tinfoil comes in: it allows the battery to fit snugly in place while still conducting electricity.

“Aluminum foil isn’t the best conductor,” says Shi. “But for low-power devices such as those powered by AA batteries, it works just fine.”

If you don’t mind spending a little money, you can also opt for buying a dedicated product for the job. You can buy battery adapters that turn AAA batteries into AAs, or even D cells. Shi says these are better than aluminum foil as they facilitate more stable physical contact.

Maybe buying one of these adapters means you’ll never have to purchase any battery bigger than AAA for the rest of your life. Technically, you could, but that’s far from a perfect solution.

The downside

It would be too easy for tin foil or a battery adapter to completely solve the AA problem, so of course there’s a downside to it—the lifespan. Devices powered with a smaller battery just don’t run as long as they would when using a right-sized juice source, simply because smaller gizmos store a smaller amount of energy. 

[Related: The best rechargeable batteries for 2023]

But it’s not just a matter of size. Shi says that as a rule of thumb, cheap D-cell batteries, for example, have less power than a good AA, and the heavier the battery is, the more energy it will pack.

So consider tin foil as the perfect way to avoid a trip to the store on a lazy day. But don’t be surprised if a week later you find you’ve drained all the AAAs you had at home. It’ll buy you some time, but it’s not the end-all solution.  

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What to do when your fishing lure hooks a bird, otter—or gator https://www.popsci.com/diy/fishing-lure-gator-otter/ Tue, 31 Jan 2023 02:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=508485
Chomp.
Chomp. DepositPhotos

Fish aren't the only animals to chase after bait.

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Chomp.
Chomp. DepositPhotos

This article was originally featured on Field and Stream.

Are you familiar with the fur-bearing trout? This mythical creature has been part of Scottish and Icelandic folklore since the 17th century. In 1929, there was even a fur-bearing trout catch reported in the Arkansas River, where it was theorized that a large amount of hair tonic accidentally dumped into the water caused the trout to grow a thick coat of polar bear-like fur. These fish are, of course, pure fiction, though I’d love to own one of the ancient taxidermied fur trout that pop up in bars and museums from time to time. It would look great next to my jackalope. But while a fur-bearing fish isn’t like to smack your spinner or gulp your live shiner, catching something with fur can happen.

According to this (vague) story on Whiskyriff.com, a couple of friends ice fishing in an undisclosed location were rolling video on what they assumed was a nice fish on a tip-up line, only to be shocked when a muskrat pops through the hole. The fuzzy little fellow quickly spits out the shiner and dives back in. This kind of mammalian ice catch isn’t that uncommon, though. In February 2022, Massachusetts angler Keith Poisant made headlines when he hooked a huge otter through the ice. This kind of thing happens more than people think and not just on the hardwater.

The Usual Suspects

I know someone who was fly fishing for brown trout at night when he snagged an ornery beaver that started tail slapping all around his drift boat. I’m betting his reel’s drag hasn’t spun at higher RPMs since. But there are certain locations and scenarios where having a critter actually take shot at your bait or lure is a real possibility. The craziest first-hand account I ever heard was from a friend trolling Barnegat Bay in New Jersey for striped bass. When his rod doubled over, he was convinced he had a record-class fish on the line only to have that glory dashed when a harbor seal surfaced with his shad swimbait dangling from its lip. The seal looked at my buddy, and then dove back under and took 100 yards of line off the reel in 3 seconds before it broke off.

That’s a very rare occurrence, but if you talk to southern anglers that fish were gators swim, you’ll hear plenty of stories about these reptiles—usually the smaller ones—grabbing cut baits and even attacking topwater lures. Though I’ve never experienced that in the States, I have witnessed the aggression of juvenile caimans in South America, which seemed particularly attracted to Spook-style walking topwaters that produced a loud clack.

Birds are probably the most common non-aquatic animal that anglers hook, and this can happen in many ways. Coastal birds like sea gulls and terns routinely grab lures and live baits fished near the surface, especially during the frenzy of a striped bass, bluefish, or Spanish mackerel blitz. Cormorants will dive down 5 feet or more to feed, and more than a few times I’ve had these pesky and often problematic birds wind up on my hook. Of course, if you want to pin down the most common critter bycatch, one that thousands of anglers deal with every year, it’s turtles. Whether you’re fishing worms for bluegills or shad chunks for catfish, turtles will find it. It’s almost unavoidable, but what you can avoid is making an annoying situation worse whether you hook a little painted turtle or a mad otter.

What to Do When Unexpected Animals Bite

Regardless of the scenario, the safety of the animal should take top priority when deciding how to handle an inadvertent hooking. Naturally, it’s a case-by-case thing. Small turtles, as an example, are relatively harmless. If the hook is visible and the turtle will cooperate, try to remove it. Turtles, however, often retract their heads into their shells when scared, in which case, prodding and prying to remove a hook can cause more damage than simply clipping it off as close as possible and letting the animal work the hook out or have it rust out.

Snapping turtles, which plague me in several spots where I like to target catfish and bowfins, are another matter. Given their ability to reach around with their long necks and bite you, I never attempt to free the hook from a snapping turtle. I have a pocketknife ready to cut the leader as close as possible. Beyond their ability to harm you, keep in mind that snappers—even smaller ones—are incredibly strong. Most of the time, once they get close enough to see you, they’ll go on the defensive by burying in the mud or backing away quickly. Trying to use your rod to force a turtle—or any larger animal, for that matter—onto land is a fast way to destroy your gear while putting unnecessary stress on the animal. During that trip to South America, I watched a guide hell bent on getting his lure back grab a baby caiman that had hit a topwater. The caiman shook and sent a hook into his hand. As the reptile rolled in the boat, it violently tore the hook out of the guide’s finger and snapped a rod in the process.

Birds can often be dealt with more easily, but again, the risk to your safety varies by bird. Whenever birds of prey like hawks or eagles are involved, it’s best to notify wildlife authorities for instruction whenever possible, as many of them are protected. I’ve released many hooked and tangled sea gulls, though, by grabbing them gently behind the head and placing a rag over their eyes, which calms them down. If you are ever unlucky enough to hook something furry and it’s experiencing no further trauma beyond a sore lip, however, your best bet is to cut the line as close as possible, but don’t try to fight a seal or otter or beaver right up to the boat. Most of the time when these creatures are hooked, they break the line for you. On the other hand, if you ever hook a fur-bearing trout, play it gently and reach out to me with the photos first before contacting the local news.

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What to know before you go on your first multi-day hike https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-prepare-for-a-multi-day-hike/ Sun, 29 Jan 2023 14:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=508345
person hiking with backpack and hiking sticks
Planning is the most important thing to do before you set out on your new adventure. lucas Favre / Unsplash

Sleeping under the starts requires some prepping.

The post What to know before you go on your first multi-day hike appeared first on Popular Science.

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person hiking with backpack and hiking sticks
Planning is the most important thing to do before you set out on your new adventure. lucas Favre / Unsplash

If you’re ready to start planning your first multi-day hiking trip—or your first long one in a new destination—the process can seem daunting. After all, there’s so much to consider. Where will you hike? What sort of terrain can you expect? What gear will you need? What will you eat? Just take it one step at a time and you’ll be blazing a new trail before you know it.

If you fail to plan, you plan to fail

“Plan ahead and prepare” is the first principle of Leave No Trace for a reason: if you neglect to do so, your trip is practically guaranteed to be a rough ride. Imagine arriving at a park trailhead just to discover you have to have a permit you can only apply for six months in advance. Or getting a day into a hike only to realize how demanding the terrain is and that you’re not physically fit enough. Or that the weather changed and you didn’t pack a rain jacket. All of these scenarios, and more, could ruin an otherwise enjoyable trip.

Fortunately, a little research, planning, and preparation are often all you need to avoid many uncomfortable backcountry situations, explains experienced backpacker and guide Kirstie Mullikin from Explorer Chick, an adventure travel company that offers women-specific hiking trips around the world.

[Related: Hike farther and faster with these training tips]

Start by checking park or regional websites or calling ranger stations to see if you need permits or passes, and when you need to obtain them, Mullikin says. While you’re at it, find out if any hiking areas are closed due to dangers like avalanches or rock slides, what wildlife you should be prepared to encounter, and what you’ll need to bring to go to the bathroom.

Next, use weather trends and forecasts to inform your packing, including what layers you might need, whether you’ll require safety gear like microspikes on snowy passes, and if you should prepare for rain.

Depending on the trail and the area you’d like to explore, you may need to start the planning process months in advance. Grand Teton National Park, for example, requires hikers to apply for backpacking permits six months before their trip. But state parks and national forests may require no permit at all, or you may be able to pick one up the day you start your hike.

Pick a trail

Between national and state parks, as well as public land like national forests, the options are practically endless when it comes to deciding where you’ll hike. But if you’re new to trip planning, stick with a route that’s close to home, Mullikin suggests.

A hike within a few hours’ drive of your bed and shower will not only make the trip seem less formidable, but much easier to cut short if you realize you went in underprepared. You’ll also likely be more comfortable in familiar territory, especially if you’re inexperienced.

To find great spots nearby, ask around at local gear shops, search online, or use apps like AllTrails to get ideas and details. But choose a route carefully and take into consideration your personal physical fitness. Look at the length of the trail, elevation gain, altitude, and the time you have to complete the trek to decide if you have the skills and ability to successfully tackle the terrain.

Get fit

Speaking of fitness, you’ll need to prepare your body for the rigors of the trail. Depending on your current level of athleticism and the difficulty of the route, you may want to start training a few weeks or months ahead of time.

Start by simply hiking any accessible trails near you, preferably where there’s some solid elevation gain, maybe 1,000 feet over 2 miles or so, Mullikin recommends. If that’s not an option, stairs are the next best thing, she says. So hit the bleachers or make the StairMaster at your local gym your new best friend.

As your fitness progresses, start adding weight to a backpack until you are carrying however much you expect to be burdened with on your hike. For most new backpackers, that’s usually around 30 pounds, Mullikin says. “That way, you don’t get to the first day of the hike, put your pack on, and say, ‘Oh my goodness, what have I done?’”

Pack smart

As your departure date approaches, start thinking about gear. Your research regarding weather conditions, terrain, and destination will inform much of your packing list, like whether you’ll need a four-season tent, what layers are required, and whether you’ll need bear spray. Mullikin says she always starts with the 10 essentials: shelter (which includes a tent or hammock, sleeping bag, and sleeping pad when backpacking), clothing, food, water, navigational tools, fire starter, a first aid kit, a repair kit with a knife, illumination in the form of a headlamp, and sun protection like a hat and sunscreen.

After you gather the necessities, make sure it’s all in good working order. If you rent or buy new gear, know how to use it. Pitch your tent in the backyard and practice using your stove. If you borrow gear or are using items you already own, test them before you leave home and repair or replace any gear that has holes or needs to be washed or waterproofed.

Finally, turn your attention to clothing, Mullikin says. Bring enough to keep you comfortable, but don’t overpack. Clothing, she explains, is an area where most people go overboard. She usually brings one set of clothing for day use and one to sleep in and doesn’t pack much more unless rain or snow is expected and she may need to change out of soggy clothing. Use the weather forecast to inform your clothing selection and always bring a rain jacket, just in case.

Eat right and hydrate

Lastly, plan your meals and make sure you replenish what you use during the day, Mullikin instructs. For most people, depending on their current calorie intake, that’s around 3,000 calories a day for a multi-day hiking trip—more if it’s cold outside or your route is especially aggressive in terms of elevation. So check calorie content as you make or purchase backpacking meals, but also consider other nutrients like protein, fat, and vitamins, she explains.

[Related: Tips for picking the best hiking trail]

Pack snacks, too, like dried fruit and vegetables, protein bars, and treats—Mullikin’s favorite is peanut M&M’s—to munch on between meals and when sitting around the campfire. Many hikers tend to overpack food and snacks, she says, but it’s better to have too much than too little. Until you gain enough experience to know what too much looks like, err on the side of abundance.

The same goes for water. Bring more than you think you need and research whether there will be places to fill up along the way—like spigots at developed campgrounds or natural sources you will need to purify—or if you’ll need to carry all of your water for the duration of the trip.

Once you’ve researched, prepared your body, packed, and are ready to hit the trail, do so with confidence and enjoy your time in the great outdoors.

The post What to know before you go on your first multi-day hike appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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The best safety advice for any beginner woodworker https://www.popsci.com/diy/woodworking-safety/ Fri, 27 Jan 2023 17:09:34 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=508192
A person standing over a board, using a circular saw to rip it to width, hopefully considering woodworking safety.
We're hoping this guy thought about all possible risks involved with this cut. Greyson Joralemon / Unsplash

What to keep in mind to avoid a power tool-related trip to the hospital.

The post The best safety advice for any beginner woodworker appeared first on Popular Science.

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A person standing over a board, using a circular saw to rip it to width, hopefully considering woodworking safety.
We're hoping this guy thought about all possible risks involved with this cut. Greyson Joralemon / Unsplash

Woodworking is a fun, fulfilling hobby for a lot of people, but it can also be a dangerous one. Anytime you’re working with blades spinning at thousands of revolutions per minute, there’s a risk of serious injury. I’ve had my own workshop-related emergency room visit: three stitches after getting hit by a piece of wood kicked out of my miter saw.

According to the most recent available data, more than 26,000 people went to US hospitals for table saw-related injuries in 2017, the Consumer Product Safety Commission says. And that’s not counting injuries treated at home or caused by other tools. The solution to safer woodworking combines protective equipment like push blocks, safety features built into the tools themselves, and the mindset you have when performing your cuts. 

Seriously: what you’re thinking about in the shop can be just as important as wearing safety glasses and ear protection. A common piece of advice from experienced woodworkers is to visualize your cut before making it. This can be hard to do, however, particularly for newer woodworkers. Without experience, it can be difficult to know what to visualize and plan for. After all, how can you visualize the unexpected?

While the specifics vary from tool to tool, there are a few general principles to keep in mind while working that will help you deal with emergency situations as they come up—without losing a finger.

Picture (and even practice) what a successful cut looks like

Before turning on a tool, plan out what a perfect, safe cut looks like. One important thing to keep in mind is that there are tool and technique choices for every cut you want to make, says Jon Goplerud, shop captain at the Massachusetts makerspace Lowell Makes. “Everything you do in woodworking, you can do in several different ways,” he says. “Decide what the safest choice is for this particular cut.”  So are you better off trying to make that bevel on a router table or on your table saw? Should you resaw that thick board into two thinner boards on your table saw or your band saw? This decision comes down to considering the tools you have available, what each one is best at, and, importantly, your skill and comfort level with a given tool.  

Once you’ve selected the right tool, make a plan for exactly how the ideal cut will go. If you’re routing or otherwise moving the tool along the wood, make a plan for how to secure the board to your workbench, and make sure that clamps aren’t in the way of the tool’s path. Decide how you’re going to clear the finished piece from the blade, and what will happen with any offcuts. If you’re cutting more than one piece, know before you get halfway through the cut which hand will remove the finished board and which hand will grab the new one.

[Related: The surprising woodworking tools you already have around the house]

The goal of all this visualization is to avoid thinking or making decisions when you’re halfway through a cut. You want to already know what the next step is, so there’s no hesitation or uncertainty. Deciding what to do next is a distraction from the critical task of not touching the spinning blade, and distractions are one of the fastest ways to get injured. 

Anytime I’m doing a new kind of cut, I also practice my visualization with the saw turned off. The first time I jointed a board with a level on the table saw, for example, I ran the level and board over the table saw several times just to get a sense for how it felt to move two pieces at the same time. I do the same anytime I use a new sled or jig. Practice reduces the risk of surprises. 

Know where the danger zones are

“Every machine has certain specific things that can go wrong,” says Goplerud. “Knowing those things and keeping conscious of that will vastly reduce the risk of what you’re doing.” This starts with understanding each machine you’re working with, he adds. If you’re brand-new to a machine, review the manual, read books, watch some videos, and, if possible, get someone more experienced to walk you through its safe operation.

The most obvious danger with any power tool is touching its moving parts. I rarely let my hands get closer than about 4 inches from a whirling saw blade, for example. If I have to get closer, I use a push stick, push block, or even a scrap of wood to perform that task instead. And keep your focus on the danger. “The key to safe operation of any power tool is to keep your eyes on the cutter,” says Bron Zeage, director of the Secret Underground Laboratory Recovery and Salvage, a furniture and light repair and restoration company in Louisiana. 

Another common cause of injury is kickback. Anytime a blade is spinning, it can catch the wood and hurl it at dangerous speeds. Table saws, planers, jointers, routers, circular saws, and miter saws can all kick back. All woodworkers need to understand how to minimize the risk of kickback, how to keep the wood from flying if there is kickback, and, as a last resort, where to stand to reduce your chances of getting hit by flying wood if it does happen.  

On a table saw, for instance, kickback occurs most often when the board gets pinched between the blade and the fence, twists slightly, and is thrown toward the user. This is why you never want to stand directly behind the board you’re cutting. If you’re off to the side, you’re less likely to get hit. More important, Golerud adds, is to make sure you’re using properly milled boards. Boards that are twisted or warped are much more likely to bind on the blade.  

Also always use a push block that keeps downward pressure on the wood. That way, if kickback does happen, the push block will catch it and keep it from becoming a projectile. Push blocks serve the same purpose on a router table as well. On a miter saw, where the board doesn’t move, the hold-down clamps perform this function.  

Have a plan to power off

Sometimes things go wrong and your cut gets messed up. Maybe you’ve managed to catch a kickback with your push block, but you’re still stuck with a partially cut board on an 88-tooth blade spinning at 3,000 rpm. Maybe the board hangs up, you can’t push it any farther, and if you let go, it’ll launch across the room. Sometimes, you just have to kill the power and abandon the cut.  

Always know how to turn off your machine in a hurry.  

One of my favorite features on my table saw, the Dewalt jobsite table saw, is the fact that I can turn it off with my thigh, leaving both hands free to keep the wood from getting out of control. As soon as I see or hear something wrong, I can slide forward an inch, bump the off switch, and get out of danger. Not all table saws or tools can be turned off with a leg, though. Always know which hand can safely let go of what you’re doing and turn off the tool. When using my palm router, for example, I always hold it so my left hand is the one that turns it off. I simply trust my right hand more to control the tool by itself. That way, I never have to think about how to cut the power when the router starts skipping off of the wood.

Pay attention to balance and footwork

One of my major fears is losing my balance and falling onto the blade. As a result, I think a great deal about how I’m standing and where my weight distribution is. I always try to stand so that if I do fall down unexpectedly, I won’t fall forward. With few exceptions, I stand in a staggered stance, with my left foot forward and my knees bent. When pushing wood through a tool, I never put my weight on my hands. If I am doing a cut that requires me to reach—which I try very hard to avoid in my practice runs—I typically move around the tool to the left or right, rather than leaning over it.  

[Related: Balance boards make for a scary, fun, and surprisingly perfect workout]

This brings me to my second point: footwork. Some tools, like a jointer, might require you to move. Visualize and practice the steps that you’ll take. And for Zeage, safety starts at the floor. “Whether it’s oil, grease, or sawdust, the floor has to be kept clean and clear,” he says. Always, always, always, make sure to pick up any trip hazards like cords, hoses, and offcuts you decided to let fall. Even if I’m not planning to step around a tool, I still want the path to be clear, just in case an emergency pops up and that’s my best escape route. 

Create a process that becomes muscle memory

For every tool, you want to develop a standard workflow. The more consistency you can build into how you use each tool, the more that process becomes automatic and instinctual. This allows you to make fewer mistakes, because your body knows how to go through the motions.  A consistent procedure also lets me notice the small mistakes that can lead to catastrophe.  

For instance, I always keep my push stick on the right side of my table saw, on the other side of the fence. I generally use a push block, but sometimes need to add a stick to keep myself from violating my 4-inch rule with my free hand. If I put it somewhere else, something feels wrong. So I stop my machine, fix my process, and then start up again. The same is true if I bring in the new wood with the wrong hand. It feels unnatural, so I stop and examine what’s wrong with my workflow. Sometimes a certain kind of cut requires a procedural change, which is OK. But that should be a deliberate choice you make each time you break your routine. 

The one time I needed stitches from woodworking came from not following my typical process. I was cutting a scrap piece that didn’t need to be measured, so I didn’t feel like I needed to carefully align and secure it. This allowed me to move faster than normal, and I lowered the blade on my miter saw before it had fully come up to speed. At the same time, I wasn’t holding the board as securely as I typically do, because it didn’t matter exactly where the cut was. Those two mistakes caused the blade to grab the wood and throw it back at me, slicing my finger.  

Know when it’s time to call it quits

In my woodworking groups, there’s a semi-regular debate about the balance between being afraid of your tools and respecting them. For Goplerud, fear is when your gut is telling you that you haven’t figured out the proper way to use the machine. “If you still have fear, then you’re not ready,” he says. Personally, I don’t want to be afraid when making a cut, but I always want to keep the danger present in my mind. Any time I find myself getting comfortable, complacent, or moving too fast, I stop what I’m doing and remind myself that the tool I’m using will take off a finger or four without even slowing down.  

And if something doesn’t feel right, trust your instincts and shut the operation down. “Sometimes you just have to say, ‘You know what, today’s not going to work out,’” Goplerud says. “You have to have a clear head.”

The post The best safety advice for any beginner woodworker appeared first on Popular Science.

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6 egg alternatives for these trying times https://www.popsci.com/diy/egg-replacement/ Wed, 25 Jan 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=507642
A half dozen eggs sitting on a marble kitchen counter
Eggs are scarcer and pricier, so finding a more frugal option might be a good idea. Estudio Gourmet / Pexels

Become an eggspert on defeating egg-flation. We'll see ourselves out.

The post 6 egg alternatives for these trying times appeared first on Popular Science.

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A half dozen eggs sitting on a marble kitchen counter
Eggs are scarcer and pricier, so finding a more frugal option might be a good idea. Estudio Gourmet / Pexels

Eggs are one of the most practical and efficient foods known to humans and an essential ingredient in cuisines around the world. But due to a series of unfortunate events (and, some say, corporate greed), eggs are now pricey and scarce. It’s enough to make you rethink your love for fluffy omelets at breakfast.

Luckily, many egg replacements are foods you might already have at home. But what you use as a stand-in will depend on what you’re making and the role eggs play in that particular concoction. 

To give you first-hand knowledge, we tried different egg replacement options with the same simple vanilla muffin recipe to see which ones work and which ones stink like a rotten egg. 

How to choose an egg replacement 

Eggs are ubiquitous in kitchens and cookbooks not only because of their high nutritional content, but because they can perform several functions at the same time. 

To choose the best replacement for any recipe, Lourdes Castro, a registered dietitian and director of the Food Lab at New York University, says you first need to figure out what the eggs are doing in the food you’re making. For that, a good understanding of how eggs function in food preparation comes in handy.

[Related: We made pancakes with substituted ingredients so you don’t have to]

Keep in mind that eggs are multitaskers and might be playing more than one role in the recipe. In that case, get yourself a replacement that tackles those needs, and don’t be afraid to experiment by adjusting the quantities of the other ingredients if you need to.

Emulsification 

Oils don’t mix with water-based liquids—that’s a fact anyone who’s ever tried to make a vinaigrette knows well. So if you’ve ever wondered how milk or vanilla extract mix so well with butter when you’re making cupcakes, the answer is simple: eggs. 

This is possible thanks to lecithin, which egg yolks have in abundance, Castro explains. Lecithin molecules have a hydrophilic (water-loving) and a hydrophobic (water-hating, fat-loving) side. This structure gives this nutrient the ability to simultaneously bind to oil and butter, as well as non-fatty substances like milk, making it an excellent emulsifier. If your recipe contains these two conflicting types of ingredients, your eggs are likely serving as an emulsifier.

Binding

Eggs are such great glue that they have been used in the construction of structures that stand tall to this day. And when it comes to edible stuff, eggs are also really, really good at keeping things from falling apart. 

Think of meatballs, for example. Cook a clump of ground beef and it’ll crumble. Add some eggs, and the roundness will last until the meat is fully cooked. This is because the high protein content in the eggs acts as glue, keeping everything together even in the presence of destructive heat. Anytime you’re making a quiche or adding seeds as a finishing touch to your buns, you’re using eggs as a binder.

Foaming

The world would be worse off if we didn’t have meringue (and macarons, for that matter). This sugary cloud is only possible thanks to eggs’ ability to grow eight times larger in volume when beaten. Like their binding characteristics, this is due to their high protein content.  

When you whisk egg whites, you mix air into them. The stirring motion also creates an elastic web of proteins that traps air bubbles in place, allowing the gooey whites to expand. 

“[Eggs are] able to function like a leavening agent, bringing volume and height to a baked good, or whatever it is that you’re making,” says Castro. Egg yolks also have this ability, but because of their high fat content, they can only foam up to a certain degree, she adds. So any time you’re making a fluffy sponge that requires a lot of mixing and beating, eggs are there to add volume.

Color, seal, and finish

Eggwash is the perfect finishing step for a lot of baked goods. If you want your buns shiny and golden, beat some eggs and paint the raw dough with them before you put it in the oven. 

The glossy bronze finish is partially due to the Maillard effect: the reaction responsible for the browning of proteins that are exposed to heat. But how dark your baked goods get will depend more on the amount of pigment in the egg yolk

Testing egg replacements 

We chose a simple muffin recipe from The Spruce to test (and taste) replacements. We baked a control batch following the recipe, then repeated the process by using the stand-ins. When they all cooled down, we compared them to assess volume, color, texture, rise, and, of course, flavor.

In this particular recipe, the eggs are mostly there to bring butter and milk together, and for that purpose, our tests showed these egg replacements worked pretty well but were not perfect dupes. Some batches had a slightly different flavor or texture, and others didn’t rise as much as the control group. If you find yourself preparing a similar recipe, you might have to compromise, but you’ll still get tasty treats at the end using any of these replacements.   

Aquafaba

  • Ratio per egg: 3 tablespoons 
  • Ideal for: volume and binding
  • Overall performance: 🥚🥚🥚🥚🥚
Two muffins cut in half to expose the inner texture of the bake
Aquafaba (on the right) got a better color and a more even rise than our baking soda and vinegar muffins. Sandra Gutierrez

Aquafaba, also known as the water that comes along with canned chickpeas, is a staple in vegan cuisine for a reason. This seemingly innocuous substance is full of protein, and its ability to foam makes it the perfect ingredient to make vegan meringue. This is also what makes it an ideal replacement when you want to add volume to your baked goods. In this experiment, it worked great. 

Depending on the chickpeas you get, the aquafaba could be a bit watery; you want it to be thick and resemble an egg-white consistency. You’ll never get a perfect goo like that, but you can get pretty close by reducing the aquafaba in a small saucepan on low heat for 10 to 15 minutes. Castro explains this is an easy way to increase the protein concentration in the liquid, as heat will eliminate the excess water. 

We reduced the aquafaba and waited for it to cool down before using it. We also made sure to mix it thoroughly with the rest of the liquid ingredients, beating it by hand for a minute or two. If you have an electric mixer, you might be able to get more volume than we did, but even two minutes of whisking by someone with very questionable upper body strength did the trick perfectly, so you don’t actually need one.   

The result was an almost perfect dupe of the control batch. The texture, volume, and flavor were spot on, with the only difference being that the aquafaba muffins were a lot paler than their eggy counterparts. Still, this was one of our favorite replacements, and we ended up with a can of chickpeas we later used to make a delicious salad with onion and feta cheese. Waste not, want not. 

Carbonated water

  • Ratio per egg: ¼ cup
  • Ideal for: volume
  • Overall performance: 🥚🥚🥚🥚🥚
plate with four muffins over kitchen wooden counter
These muffins were fluffy and soft and tasted delicious. John Kennedy

Listen, this one surprised us too. Water is certainly not the same as an egg, but when it comes to baking, the added bubbles in spicy water can provide a similar leavening effect, creating volume for your baked goods. Since water adds no flavor or fat to the batter, you may notice the taste of other ingredients more, so you may want to account for that when using this replacement. 

In our case, the batter was about as thick as the control, but not as spoonable—it was a little stickier. Castro says this is normal, and if your batter is too sticky, you can balance that out by adjusting the rest of the ingredients list. 

“If you have milk or something else, decrease that to make up for the extra water,” she says. 

The finished muffins were actually very close to the control batch, and looked a lot like them. There was no noticeable change in flavor, either.

Fruit puree

  • Ratio per egg: ¼ cup (65 grams) 
  • Ideal for: binding
  • Overall performance: 🥚🥚🥚🥚
plate of four muffins sitting on a wooden kitchen counter
Pureed fruit is an easy egg stand-in, but you have to be ok with the flavor of fruit in the end result. John Kennedy

When using fruit as an egg replacement, most sites recommend pureed apples or bananas, but you could technically use any ripened fruit as long as it’s not excessively watery (please don’t try watermelon). 

The key ingredient that fruit is adding to your batter is pectin, which a lot of recipes for jams and jellies use as a gelling agent. Simply put, it makes things thicker. In baking, pectin is a pretty good binding agent.

“Bananas are very good at delivering that,” Castro says. “The color is pretty benign, there’s not a lot of seeds, it’s pretty easy to use, and there’s not a lot of water, so it tends to be a good ingredient.”

As easy and accessible as it might be, using fruit as an egg replacement also means the stand-in’s flavor will come through in the finished product. This is not necessarily bad if you like the flavor, but it’s not the best option if you want something more neutral. 

We used mashed bananas, which we could faintly taste at the end of the experiment. But the rest of the variables were pretty stable: they looked the same as the control group, and the texture was only slightly denser.  

Baking powder and vinegar

  • Ratio per egg: 1 teaspoon baking powder + 1 tablespoon vinegar 
  • Ideal for: volume
  • Overall performance: 🥚🥚🥚🥚
muffin tray on kitchen counter with uncooked batter
You can see how the batter in the baking powder + vinegar combo (on the right) is a lot gooier than other alternatives. Sandra Gutierrez

In cooking, the baking powder and vinegar combo is used to add volume. The foaming reaction between these two ingredients produces carbon dioxide, which pushes the batter outward to create height. 

Castro explains that this reaction in the oven is sort of a head start to the rise. The CO2 bubbles expand the mix while the gluten coagulates, and if all goes well, they will hold the structure long enough to fix it in place, giving your baked goods size and an airy texture. 

You will notice the difference between a muffin with eggs and one using baking powder and vinegar mainly because the latter has no fat, so the texture won’t be as soft. Luckily, our recipe had a healthy amount of butter that counteracted the absence of the egg fat, so the difference was only noticeable against the control batch. 

Full-fat, unflavored yogurt

  • Ratio per egg: ¼ cup (65 grams) 
  • Ideal for: binding
  • Overall performance: 🥚🥚🥚
two muffins cut in half to show their inner texture
The texture in the muffins using yogurt instead of eggs (left) is a lot denser than the control (right). Sandra Gutierrez

Yogurt has a lot of protein, but it’s different from egg protein because it doesn’t coagulate as easily with heat, Castro explains. This doesn’t make it a good replacement when it comes to binding things together, but in this particular case, the presence of milk changes that. 

“Milk does respond to acid, so the yogurt coagulates the milk and then removes a lot of that water,” Castro says. The result is a more concentrated form of protein that was able to keep our muffins from falling apart. 

We ended up with soft, pale-ish muffins that didn’t rise as much as the control group, so the crumbs were a bit denser overall. Yogurt also gave the muffins a faint tangy flavor, which counterbalanced the sweetness of the sugar. This could be perfect if this is your kind of thing, but if you like your muffins with a more neutral flavor, you’re better off choosing another replacement. 

Chia seeds

  • Ratio per egg: 1 tablespoon seeds + 3 tablespoons water
  • Ideal for: binding, structure
  • Overall performance: 🥚🥚🥚
plate with four muffins sitting on a wooden kitchen counter
If you don’t grind the chia or flax seeds, you’ll get a grainier texture. John Kennedy

You can use chia or flax seeds to replace eggs, as both grains gel in the presence of moisture. To use it, soak the seeds in water for five minutes before adding them to the batter. You can grind them or use them as-is, the only difference being that using whole seeds will give your baked goods a specific texture you won’t get when using eggs.

Chia and flax seeds have fat and protein, so they’ll provide structure and bind ingredients together. This happens because the seeds take up more space and absorb a lot of the liquid in the batter as they gel. 

This was clear to us as the resulting muffins were indeed drier, denser, and visually lumpier than the control group. The chia seeds provided some minor added sweetness, but it was hard to get past the denseness of the muffins themselves. That said, you may be able to adjust or add other ingredients to add moisture if you’re willing to experiment. 

When not to use an egg replacement

All of these replacements worked pretty well in making these particular muffins. You may see more pronounced differences in recipes that call for a larger number of eggs or have no other sources of fat or protein. When in doubt, try making a smaller batch of whatever you’re cooking and adjust the ingredients as necessary. 

[Related: 5 recipe apps to help organize your meals]

Castro recommends you stay away from replacements if you’re making mayonnaise or hollandaise sauce, as no other ingredients will make up for everything eggs do in those particular foods. Browning and color are two other fronts where replacements won’t do as well, she says. The protein in foods like aquafaba will give you some color and gloss, but you’ll only be able to achieve the bronzed look of a brioche with the golden pigments of an egg yolk.  

The post 6 egg alternatives for these trying times appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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How to prevent, identify, and treat frostbite https://www.popsci.com/diy/frostbite-treatment-symptoms-prevention/ Sun, 22 Jan 2023 15:30:24 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=506900
Four people hiking through a snowy landscape, all very bundled up to prevent frostbite.
When venturing out into the cold, you'll want to layer up to prevent frostbite. Long Lin / Unsplash

Icy temperatures increase the risk of frostbite, so you'd better know what it looks like and how to handle it.

The post How to prevent, identify, and treat frostbite appeared first on Popular Science.

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Four people hiking through a snowy landscape, all very bundled up to prevent frostbite.
When venturing out into the cold, you'll want to layer up to prevent frostbite. Long Lin / Unsplash

Anyone who grew up skiing, sledding, or building snow people in the front yard is intimately familiar with the chill in your extremities that slowly builds to an aching pain as you launch more snowballs, take one more turn around the rink, or hop back on the lift for one more run.

But toughing out frigid discomfort can have enduring ramifications if cold digits or facial features deteriorate into frostbite. In fact, losing portions of fingers, toes, cheeks, or noses is a real risk in severe cold. Fortunately, there are ways to help prevent that from happening and treat this appendage-threatening cold injury if you or an adventure buddy fall victim to it.

What’s happening to frostbitten fingers

Frostbite, and its less-serious cousin, frostnip, are, in the simplest terms, when skin and tissue—which are mostly made of water—freeze. This typically happens when they are exposed to temperatures below 32 degrees Fahrenheit, though windchill plays a significant factor, too. In wind chill of -17 degrees, frostbite can occur on exposed skin in less than 30 minutes. The most at-risk areas, as mentioned above, are your fingers, toes, and facial features like your cheeks and nose.

Frostbite tends to affect these areas for one reason: circulation. Or rather, a lack thereof. See, when it’s cold outside, your body’s automatic response is to redirect blood away from extremities and to your core where insulation in the form of muscle, fat, and organs can keep it from freezing (and where blood is the most important to survival).

But more warming blood in your core and less in uninsulated digits means the tissue in those unheated areas becomes more susceptible to freezing.

And when that tissue starts to freeze, icy crystals begin to form and expand as the water in your skin, cells, and blood becomes solid, explains Darby DeHart, paramedic and ski patroller at Brighton Resort in Utah. These crystals will pierce through tissues and cells like jagged microscopic daggers.

How to identify frostbite symptoms

Frostbite doesn’t just happen. There will be warning signs and a progression of symptoms. Extremities that are simply cold will likely hurt and feel chill to the touch, but that discomfort will abate once you don a glove or slip a toe warmer in your boot. If left unattended, however, red and aggravated skin are the first signs that a problem is brewing. The affected area may turn yellowish or gray and become numb and tingly as cold areas suffer frostnip.

When that discomfort turns to pain and skin turns white, waxy, and doesn’t bounce back when pressed—or fingers or toes will no longer bend—the cold injury has advanced to frostbite and you’ll need to take protective action and seek medical attention as soon as possible.

[Related: How to stay warm when sleeping in the frigid outdoors]

Ideally, though, you should take preventative measures so you don’t have to think about diagnosing and treating cold injuries in the first place.

Take steps to prevent frostbite

Your first defense against frostbite is to cover up, especially areas like fingers, toes, and facial features where there’s no insulation in the form of fat or muscle. Wear warm gloves and socks, plus a hat, a neck gaiter or balaclava that you can pull over your nose and cheeks, and dress in layers. Seriously, bring more clothing than you think you need.

If fabric alone isn’t enough to keep the chill at bay, pack extra heat in the form of battery-powered heated socks and gloves or hand and foot warmers. These can be lifesavers in frigid temperatures and keep susceptible body parts toasty for hours.

Frostbite treatment tips

If a cold injury has progressed to frostnip or frostbite, DeHart says to rewarm the affected area as soon as possible, preferably indoors in water heated to between 100 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit—a little higher than your body’s normal temperature. Any hotter and you could do more damage, so low and slow is the rule. Submerge the affected area until it’s no longer white and waxy. 

But DeHart is adamant that you should only rewarm a frostbitten area if you’re absolutely certain you can keep the area warm. If you’re stuck outside with no heat, perhaps while winter camping or if you were injured while skiing and are awaiting help, it’s better to simply wrap the area to protect it from further exposure, but let it stay cold, DeHart instructs.

She explains that’s because when ice crystals perforate tissue, they aren’t clean and pointy like perfectly cylindrical icicles—they are irregular and misshapen. And if they melt and refreeze, they’ll do so in a different shape, puncturing tissue in new and terrible ways. This can result in more damage as frostbite starts disrupting dermal and subcutaneous layers deeper down.

When to seek medical attention

Any time you think you’ve suffered frostbite, head to the hospital as soon as possible. Still, it’s important to know that depending on the severity of the injury, healing may be a nail-biting process as you wait to see if you’ll end up losing part of the wounded appendage, DeHart warns. That’s because once damaged tissue is rewarmed, the affected areas may swell and turn purple or black over the next few days or weeks, a sure sign that amputation is imminent.

It happens because your body notices the microscopic punctures caused by tissue freezing and attempts to heal itself via clotting. But that cuts off circulation, often completely, and can result in losing a portion of the affected area, DeHart says.

Hospitals are trying to find ways to keep vasculature to damaged tissue open using clot busters and fibrinolytic therapy to keep circulation strong and prevent clots from forming, but this treatment is still experimental.

What not to do when you have frostbite

If you do end up frostbitten, there are a few things you shouldn’t do. If blisters form, don’t break or pop them because you may cause more tissue damage. And if your skin turns white and waxy, don’t rub or massage it to warm it back up. Your tissue is fragile at that point, and you could strip off the skin, DeHart says.

[Related: Cold temperatures could make our respiratory systems more vulnerable to infection]

Avoid recreational drugs and alcohol, too, as these will interfere with your central nervous system’s ability to process cold and can increase your chances of suffering from frostbite. That’s because these substances open your blood vessels so blood can rush into your limbs. Paradoxically, your extremities may briefly feel warmer, but you are decreasing your core temperature. You’ll actually feel chilly all over because your blood is getting colder as it travels out to your extremities and back in, which can ultimately lead to an increased risk of hypothermia. Alcohol can be useful in the wild, just not for keeping warm.

Stay safe and warm

Whatever you do, if a part of your body starts to hurt because of the cold, don’t tough it out or wait to give attention where attention is due. Especially because if you experience frostbite or frostnip once, you’re more likely to suffer from it again. Listen to your body, and if the cold is becoming an issue, deal with it immediately. “Preventative medicine is always the best medicine,” DeHart says. Not only could you save your fingers or toes, but you’ll enjoy your time outside more if you’re not in pain or discomfort because of the cold.

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The best—and worst—places to shelter after a nuclear blast https://www.popsci.com/science/how-to-survive-a-nuclear-bomb-shockwave/ Fri, 20 Jan 2023 16:53:24 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=506575
Nuclear shelter basement sign on brick building to represent survival tips for a nuclear blast
Basements work well as nuclear shelters as long as they don't have many external opening. Deposit Photos

Avoid windows, doors, and long hallways at all costs.

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Nuclear shelter basement sign on brick building to represent survival tips for a nuclear blast
Basements work well as nuclear shelters as long as they don't have many external opening. Deposit Photos

In the nightmare scenario of a nuclear bomb blast, you might picture a catastrophic fireball, a mushroom cloud rising into an alien sky overhead, and a pestilent rain of toxic fallout in the days to come. All of these are real, and all of them can kill.

But just as real, and every bit as deadly, is the air blast that comes just instants after. When a nuke goes off, it usually creates a shockwave. That front tears through the air at supersonic speed, shattering windows, demolishing buildings, and causing untold damage to human bodies—even miles from the point of impact.

[Related: How to protect yourself from nuclear radiation]

So, you’ve just seen the nuclear flash, and know that an air blast is soon to follow. You’ve only got seconds to hide. Where do you go?

To help you find the safest spot in your home, two engineers from Cyprus simulated which spaces made winds from a shockwave move more violently—and which spaces slowed them down. Their results were published on January 17 in the journal Physics of Fluids.

During the feverish nuclear paranoia of the Cold War, plenty of scientists studied what nuclear war would do to a city or the world. But most of their research focused on factors like the fireball or the radiation or simulating a nuclear winter, rather than an individual air blast. Moreover, 20th-century experts lacked the sophisticated computational capabilities that their modern counterparts can use. 

Very little is known about what is happening when you are inside a concrete building that has not collapsed,” says Dimitris Drikakis, an engineer at the University of Nicosia and co-author of the new paper. 

[Related: A brief but terrifying history of nuclear weapons]

The advice that he and his colleague Ioannis W. Kokkinakis came up with doesn’t apply to the immediate vicinity of a nuclear blast. If you’re within a shout of ground zero, there’s no avoiding it—you’re dead. Even some distance away, the nuke will bombard you with a bright flash of thermal radiation: a torrent of light, infrared, and ultraviolet that could blind you or cause second- or third-degree burns.

But as you move farther away from ground zero, far enough that the thermal radiation might leave you with minor injuries at most, the airburst will leave most structures standing. The winds will only be equivalent to a very strong hurricane. That’s still deadly, but with preparation, you might just make it.

Drikakis and Kokkinakis constructed a one-story virtual house and simulated striking winds from two different shockwave scenarios—one well above standard air pressure, and one even stronger. Based on their simulations, here are the best—and worst—places to go during a nuclear war.

Worst: by a window

If you catch a glimpse of a nuclear flash, your first instinct might be to run to the nearest window to see what’s just happened. That would be a mistake, as you’d be in the prime place to be hit by the ensuing air blast.

If you stand right in a window facing the blast, the authors found, you might face winds over 300 miles per hour—enough to pick the average human off the ground. Depending on the exact strength of the nuke, you might then strike the wall with enough force to kill you.

Surprisingly, there are more dangerous places in the house when it comes to top wind speed (more on that later). But what really helps make a window deadly is the glass. As it shatters, you’ll be sprayed in the face by high-velocity shards.

Bad: a hallway

You might imagine that you can escape the airblast by retreating deeper into your building. But that’s not necessarily true. A window can act as a funnel for rushing air, turning a long hallway into something like a wind tunnel. Doors can do the same. 

The authors found that winds would throw an average-sized human standing in the corridor nearly as far as it would throw an average-sized human standing by the front window. Intense winds can also pick up glass shards and loose objects from the floor or furniture and send them hurtling as fast as a shot from a musket, the simulations showed.

Better: a corner

Not everywhere in the house is equally deadly. The authors found that, as the nuclear shockwave passed through a room, the highest winds tended to miss the room’s edges and corners. 

Therefore, even if you’re in an otherwise dangerous room, you can protect yourself from the worst of the impact by finding a corner and bracing yourself in. The key, again, is to avoid doors and windows.

“Wherever there are no openings, you have better chances to survive,” says Drikakis. “Essentially, run away from the openings.”

Best: a corner of an interior room

The best place to hide out is in the corner of a small room as far inside the building as possible.  For example, a closet that lacks any openings is ideal.

The “good” news is that the peak of the blast lasts just a moment. The most furious winds will pass in less than a second. If you can survive that, you’ll probably stay alive—as long as you’re not in the path of the radioactive fallout.

These tips for sheltering can be useful in high-wind disasters across the board. (The US Centers for Disease Control currently advises those who cannot evacuate before a hurricane to avoid windows and find a closet.) But the authors stress that the risk of nuclear war, while low, has certainly not disappeared. “I think we have to raise awareness to the international community … to understand that this is not just a joke,” says Drikakis. “It’s not a Hollywood movie.”

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5 surprising beauty benefits of running https://www.popsci.com/health/running-beauty-benefits-skin-hair/ Tue, 17 Jan 2023 19:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=505903
a young black woman jogging outside on a track smiling
Going for a jog every now and then can make you feel young and look awesome. Deposit Photos

Experts break down what happens to your skin when you go on a run.

The post 5 surprising beauty benefits of running appeared first on Popular Science.

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a young black woman jogging outside on a track smiling
Going for a jog every now and then can make you feel young and look awesome. Deposit Photos

Running does wonders for your body—it lowers your risk of heart disease, boosts brainpower, helps with weight loss, to name a few. But one lesser known benefit is what running does for your looks. Not only does running have you looking your physical best, but it gives you soft and beautiful skin that may fool people into thinking you’ve shaved off a few years.

[Related: Science helped me run my first marathon in 3 hours and 21 minutes]

You don’t need to zoom like a marathon runner or buy the latest athletic wear to start running. Erin Beck, a personal trainer and the director of training and experience at STRIDE Fitness based in California, says a 30-minute run at least three times a week is enough to notice results on your appearance. If that sounds too much for you, Beck recommends starting with a slower workout like a walk or brisk jog that still gets your heart pumping. “You can absolutely still get the benefits even if you’re at a lower intensity.” The key is to remain consistent and eventually challenge yourself to run longer or at a faster pace to see results sooner. Your hard work could pay off with a major glow-up. 

1. Rejuvenate dull skin

As you run, your heart rate increases compared to when you’re sitting. Exercising places stress on your muscles, and that requires having enough oxygen to keep them moving. Your cardiovascular and respiratory system responds to the increased demand in oxygen by pumping more blood through the body and at a quicker pace. Blood vessels in the muscles then enlarge to receive more of the oxygen-rich blood. Beck says that as your body pumps more blood, it’s simultaneously flushing out toxins from your bloodstream when you sweat. “It’s great for your veins, your arteries, and especially your capillaries,” says Beck.

Capillaries are small blood vessels that carry blood all over the body. Some run right underneath the skin and help with regulating body temperature by expanding or contracting when exposed to heat or cold. Dilated vessels cool the body down by increasing blood flow to the skin surface, which allows heat to escape into the environment. Beck says the increased blood circulation during a run gives the skin more opportunity to get nutrients from oxygen-rich blood. Better oxygenation of the skin helps with the regeneration of new skin cells, leaving behind supple and glowing skin.

2. Channel luscious locks

That increased blood circulation in your skin during a run also helps with the appearance and growth of your hair roots. Lindsey Bordone, a dermatologist and assistant professor at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, says running works similar to a regularly prescribed hair growth medicine called minoxidil. They both dilate blood vessels so that when blood is delivered to the tiny vessels in your scalp, there is more oxygen-rich blood making its way to feed hair follicles.

[Related: Rosemary is the secret to long and healthy hair. Here’s how to use it to grow luscious locks.]

3. Tone down acne and breakouts

Bordone says running can help lower hormones that cause acne. The secretion of “stress hormone” cortisol and testosterone increases oil production in skin glands, making you prone to clogged pores and acne breakouts. Running long distances can help with reducing cortisol levels and as you lose weight, you’ll reduce the risk for conditions that cause imbalances in testosterone levels, such as polycystic ovary syndrome.

Another obvious benefit to running: sweating. Sweating opens up clogged pores and flushes out acne-causing bacteria and dirt. Though Beck warns that if you’re not washing your face before and after workouts, the dirt and sweat lingering on your skin can dry it out and create more opportunities for acne breakouts. 

In general, your post-workout routine is also important. An indirect benefit of running is that your brain makes healthier decisions after your workout: Running increases brain flow to brain areas involved in emotions and higher thinking—and that includes choosing what you eat. “Typically, when you’re treating your body in a healthy manner, your body reacts by craving healthy things,” says Beck. “Those urges to get more sleep, drink more water, and eat less unhealthy meals will help with clearing up acne.”

4. Reduce the appearance of cellulite

Cellulite occurs when fat attaches beneath the skin. The more fat cells you have in your body, the more likely cellulite will appear. This is because as fat cells accumulate, it pushes up on the skin before being pulled back down by tough connecting cords between your outer layer of skin and the fat underneath. 

“Think about it like bubble wrap,” says Beck. “Those connectors surround air pockets in between your skin and the fat cells. When those connectors pull too tight they create that bubbly-looking effect on your skin the same way bubble wrap has a bubbly texture on top.” 

[Related: Pilates can improve your posture and balance. The killer body is just a bonus.]

Once you create a fat cell, it cannot be destroyed. But with exercise, fat cells shrink and your skin tightens. Cellulite, in turn, becomes less visible.

5. Give your face a lift

The increased blood flow and oxygen to your face help with cell turnover, nourishing healthy skin cells and regenerating new ones. The blood circulation flushes out free radicals as well—unstable molecules accidentally made during cell metabolism that damage cells and contribute to skin aging. 

A run can also decrease cortisol levels and increase the production of endorphins, which help relax the face. “Having tension in our jawlines, for example, can lead to wrinkles,” explains Beck. “But with running, you’ll have less tension in your face and that can prevent you from deepening out those wrinkles.”

However, outdoor runners should be aware of repeated exposure to UV sun radiation. Without taking precautions like using sunscreen or wearing hats, UV rays damage the DNA in skin cells and make them unable to carry out their jobs. Damage to the skin can lead to premature aging, such as wrinkling and leathery skin.

But no matter whether you enjoy running in the park or on a treadmill, both experts agree the best thing is to get your heart pumping. Even if it’s a short run around the block, over time your small efforts will make a big difference in your health. 

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It’s time for your 2023 fitness journey—here’s how to get started https://www.popsci.com/diy/fitness-journey-guide/ Sun, 15 Jan 2023 14:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=505535
close up to person squatting down to lift weights at the gym
You've got the motivation. We've got science-backed advice to start your journey. Victor Freitas / Pexels

Here's how to help the new you achieve those fitness goals. 

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You've got the motivation. We've got science-backed advice to start your journey. Victor Freitas / Pexels

A new year is always a fresh opportunity to start your fitness journey. This can mean anything, whether you’d just like to get off the couch more often, want to run a 5K, or are hoping to win a bodybuilding competition by 2024. 

You may not be sure about how to achieve your goals, but that’s ok. Having the motivation to get out there is half the battle, and we want to help you along your way. 

PopSci has a number of science-backed fitness stories to guide you in this new era. You’ll learn how to make the best of your workouts, how to get gains safely and consistently, and how to keep your body healthy along the way. 

Understand how to build muscle

Fitness novices might think getting buff is just about lifting heavy objects over and over again. In a nutshell, it sort of is, but there’s a lot more to it. Learning about muscles and how your body builds them will help you understand concepts like hypertrophy and failure, and allow you to get the most out of each workout. 

Our guide on how to get muscle gains will walk you through that process and explain how resting is as important as going to the gym, and how protein is a crucial element your body needs to build more mass.

[Related: You should definitely rotate your workouts]

Food restrictions like veganism can seem like an added layer of difficulty when it comes to including enough protein in your diet, but getting those gains doesn’t require you to become a carnivore. If you need guidance, head on over to our vegan guide on how to get muscle gains and learn about the foods that will give you the nutrients you need to achieve your fitness goals.  

Don’t forget to warm up

Whatever sport or discipline you choose, one of the most common mistakes fitness noobs make when they start working out is to skip warmups. They can seem boring and pointless because you may feel like you don’t actually need them, but trust us: your body does. Warming up properly before you go for a jog or start lifting will help you perform better and prevent injuries in the long run, which will allow you to take your fitness journey even further. 

But before you repeat the same stationary stretches you might remember from PE class, give dynamic warmups a try. These exercises will not only tell your brain it’s time to move—which is especially important after sitting at a desk for a while—but will also prepare your body for physical activity by getting your blood flowing and your heart rate up.

Help your body recover

You may think that when it comes to exercise, more is better. And since you’re already motivated and proud of your effort, why not keep going? Well, giving your body time to recover is also essential to your fitness journey. 

But other than resting, there are other techniques you can use to help your muscles feel better after a heavy workout. That annoying and painful soreness you feel around 24 hours after your last gym session is a result of muscle damage, and recovery techniques can help you handle the pain and help tissue heal faster. 

From classic stretching to foam rollers, ice baths, and massages, our guide on what works when it comes to recovery can be exactly what you need when your muscles are so sore that getting off your chair comes with excruciating pain. 

Eat to win

Once you’re at least a couple of months into your journey and have made a little progress, you might find yourself hitting a wall that makes results harder to come by. This is normal and happens to a lot of people as their bodies change. To get back on that progress train, you might need more data about what you’re putting into your body, and tracking your nutrition can be incredibly useful for that.

Knowing your maintenance rate—the number of calories you burn simply by existing—can give you a baseline to adjust the number of calories you eat every day to keep the muscles growing and fat-burning going. 

It’s important to know that monitoring your food can be a slippery slope to unhealthy habits, so make sure to do it only for short periods of time, and to follow experts’ recommendations regarding calorie surplus and deficit. And if you don’t know what those are, don’t worry—it’s all in our guide. 

Measure progress

Data not only shows you how much to eat but also how far you’ve come. Gathering information about your workouts will make it easier to measure your progress, and you’ll be able to celebrate even the smallest victories so you can push yourself a bit further. 

Getting a fitness tracker can help compile all the statistics you need to keep going and improving—all you need is to put it on and go do your best. And if you don’t know which wearable to get, we have some recommendations that might lead you in the right direction. 

The type of device you get will highly depend on your budget and your preferred activity, but there are a lot of options to choose from, and they can all give you that extra motivation you need to face another day of your fitness journey.  

Try getting a little help from supplements

Nutritional supplements can help get your body what it needs to perform better, stay healthy, and build muscle. But a quick trip to your local drugstore is enough to get anyone incredibly confused. The market is saturated with options, so which supplements actually work?

[Related: The three strength exercises everyone should do]

When it comes to building muscle and improving performance, science has only found two supplements that will help. Learning how to take them and how they work for your body will help you have a better understanding of your process. Keep in mind that you may need to consult a doctor before you start supplementing your nutrition, and also remember supplements don’t do miracles. Moving, resting, and, above all, patience, will keep you on a good path to your fitness goals. 

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Best personal trainer certifications of 2023 https://www.popsci.com/gear/best-personal-trainer-certifications/ Wed, 22 Jun 2022 19:40:20 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=451351
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Shape your love of fitness into a career with the best personal trainer certification programs.

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Best overall National Academy of Sports Medicine is the best overall personal trainer certification. National Academy of Sports Medicine
SEE IT

Our top choice because of their well-respected, rigorous curriculum, accreditation, and internship program that gives trainers hands-on training as well as job placement opportunities.

Best online Fitness Mentors is the best online personal trainer certification. Fitness Mentors
SEE IT

This accredited, all-online certification program was designed specifically for trainers who want to learn and work online and includes useful online marketing training.

Best in-person National Federation of Professional Trainers is the best physical (in person) persona trainer certification. National Federation of Professional Trainers
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This NCCA accredited program allows participants to attain certification by attending a two-day, in-person workshop.

Becoming a professional personal trainer requires the proper certification, and finding the best personal trainer certification programs means looking for in-depth education and training on technical topics such as anatomy and physiology. Not only an occupation for fitness buffs, personal trainers need to be able to motivate, sell themselves and their services, and offer clients individualized physical and technical guidance and training. 

With our increasingly sedentary lifestyles, employment and demand for personal trainers is projected to grow in the next decade. While working out at home has been a popular trend for years, people turned toward home fitness in skyrocketing numbers as home offices became the new normal due to closings and safety concerns. Home fitness equipment, fitness trackers, and at-home gym sales have soared as more people take charge of their workouts and fitness goals. Despite this shift (and maybe because of it), people need consultation from personal trainers to teach them proper techniques, avoid injury, design workout routines, and track fitness goals. The best personal trainer certifications will provide you with all the technical training you need to help meet your clients’ needs no matter where they choose to work out.

How we chose the best personal trainer certifications

We arrived at our selections by reviewing seven top-rated personal training certification programs. Specifically, we reviewed personal training certifications from the National Academy of Sports Medicine NASM; Fitness Mentors FM; The American Council of Exercise ACE; National Strength and Conditioning Association NSCA; Action Personal Trainer Certification APTC; National Federation of Personal Trainers NFPT; and Athletics and Fitness Association of America AFAA. We compared and considered the following for each certification:

  • Cost: How expensive is the personal trainer certification? Are there hidden fees or is the program all-inclusive?
  • Features: What education and training tools does the program offer? How does the platform prepare you for your exam and career?
  • Flexibility: How long do you have to study before your exam? Can you learn online and in person?
  • Networking opportunities: Does the certification company offer opportunities to connect with peers and potential clients?
  • Continuing Education: Does the company offer CE classes to maintain your certification?
  • User impressions: How do actual customers rate the personal training certification?

Things to consider before pursuing a personal trainer certification

With no shortage of personal trainer programs on the market, it’s important to find a personal training certification program that not only is reputable but that works with your goals and lifestyle. Not all personal training programs are the same so you’ll want to consider the following before you decide to enroll:

  • Accreditation: It’s important to choose a personal trainer certification program that is accredited. This means, the program has been reviewed by the NCCA, NBFE, or, if the program is remote, by DEAC. Knowing that your program’s curriculum is offering the most up-to-date instruction is also important if you will be working for gyms or health clubs, as most require certifications that are accredited.
  • Price: How expensive is the program? Larger remote-only programs might be very affordable as compared to programs offered on-site at private studios. What is included in the program fee?
  • Program reputation: How popular is the personal trainer certification program? Is the company well known and respected?
  • Testing: Certifications require passing their test. How many hours will you be required to study? How many questions are on their test? Is there a retake fee if you fail and need to take the exam again? Check out the passing rate for the program you are interested in.
  • CEU requirements: In order to maintain your certification, you’ll be required to take CEU classes, so how many Continuing Education Units must be taken each year?
  • Income and jobs: Does the program offer assistance in finding jobs or clients? How are the average incomes of certification holders in the program compared to other programs?
  • Focus: Does the personal trainer certification program focus more on one aspect of the education than another? Does that focus match your interests?

The best personal trainer certifications: Reviews & Recommendations

Best overall: National Academy of Sports Medicine

NASM

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Why it made the cut: NASM is our choice for best overall personal trainer certification because of their well-respected, rigorous curriculum, accreditation, and internship program that gives trainers hands-on training, as well as job placement opportunities.

Specs

  • Accreditation: NCCA National Commission for Certifying Agencies
  • Course package options: Choose Basic Self-Study, Premium Self-Study, Guided Study, All-Inclusive or Combine with other Certifications (such as Nutrition Coach) in Bundle Packages 
  • Learning platform: Online Digital Learning

Pros 

  • Innovative Curriculum uses the latest scientific research
  • Higher-tier packages offer a money-back job guarantee
  • You’ve got 180 days to complete and pass exam
  • Exam offered online or in-person

Cons 

  • Certification course offered online only
  • Basic program has limited features
  • Expensive for top-tier access

The National Academy of Sports Medicine, or NASM, offers multiple options for online personal trainer certification, which are tiered according to price and features. The fees for certification can be paid in a lump sum or split up into an interest-free payment plan over 18 months, which makes this easier to afford. 

Depending on your needs, you can opt for a very affordable basic certification that gives you access to all learning, as well as one exam. If you are looking for added support and guarantees, you can opt for the all-inclusive package that includes retesting, job guarantee, CPR/AED Certification, a “Gymternship” program, as well as the ability to recertify for life. You’ll have to complete 2.0 CE credits—equivalent to 20 hours of training every 2 years—to keep an active certification, which ensures you will stay up to date on innovations in the field.

All tiers of this certification require online learning; there are no options to take a class in person with teachers. The exam, however, is flexible—you can opt to take it online or in person at one of their testing sites.

Best online: Fitness Mentors

Fitness Mentors

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Why it made the cut: Fitness Mentors is our top choice for online because this accredited, all-online certification program was designed specifically for trainers who want to learn and work online and includes useful online marketing training.

Specs 

  • Curriculum: Exercise science, business, marketing, and sales education
  • Remote learning: All courses and testing are online
  • High success rate: The exam passing rate is 85% for first-time takers, one of the highest pass rates in the industry

Pros 

  • Lower cost compared to other accredited certifications
  • Accredited by NCCA
  • Lower exam retake fee

Cons 

  • No in-person learning opportunities

Fitness Mentors, or FM, is an affordable online-only program for personal trainer certification. They also offer bundle packages if you want to add on other online certifications, such as virtual nutrition coach, virtual group fitness, or virtual health coach. Compared to other leaders in the field, FM has a shorter test and a higher rate of passing than other accredited certification programs. 

While it’s common to obtain certifications online, this program offers no options for in-person or internships. This makes a good choice for fitness trainers that want to work remotely or are comfortable without any in-person resources. Included in the training are online business training and marketing to help you get started obtaining clients virtually.

Best physical (in-person): National Federation of Professional Trainers

NFPT

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Why it made the cut: NFPT is our top choice for a program with physical participation because you can opt to do your certification (or CE credits) by attending a two-day workshop in person.

Specs

  • Accreditation: NCCA
  • Continuing Education credits: CE credits required for maintenance of certification are free
  • Flexible: Get your certification online or by attending in-person workshops

Pros 

  • Inexpensive for online-only option
  • Live Remote Proctoring with virtual proctor from home for exam
  • Discount for Civil Servants and health club staff

Cons

  • In-person workshops are limited and not offered in every state 
  • Workshops with certifications will cost more 

National Federation of Professional Trainers offers students a comprehensive certification package that includes free continuing education credits, free exam testing, interest-free financing options, as well as the opportunity to learn in person by joining two-day workshops. 

This certification program is flexible and can be done online or in person. Some people learn best with hands-on training, so this is a nice option. Half of your in-person workshop will be in a classroom setting and the other half will be hands-on, which is critical for developing personal training skills. 

In terms of cost, this program is very reasonable compared to other leading certification programs. The basic online program is one of the least expensive we reviewed; however, the in-person training plus certification will cost you significantly more. The workshops are limited in location, so travel may be required, which would add to the overall cost.

Best athletic focus: National Strength and Conditioning Association

NSCA

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Why it made the cut: National Strength and Conditioning Association NSCA is our top choice for best personal training certification with an athletic focus because this organization offers comprehensive resources that focus on athletic development.

Specs

  • Certification options: Not only can you get your Personal Trainer Certification, they also offer many industry-specific certifications, several of which require a bachelor’s degree.
  • Professional development: Networking events, special interest groups, local events, volunteer opportunities
  • Membership perks: NSCA Journals, Member-only content, free access to NSCA TV

Pros 

  • In-person events and training
  • Access to job board
  • Robust professional network

Cons 

  • Expensive exam registration fee

National Strength and Conditioning Association, or NSCA, is a membership-based network of professionals that offer training and education content. While they don’t require an annual membership, if you are going to get a certification it makes sense to join as your rates will be lower, therefore paying back your membership fee. There are three levels of membership tiers offering various levels of access: Student, Professional, or CPI (which also includes liability insurance). Membership will give you access to professional development and education content, as well as NSCA TV where you can stream education videos, watch clinics, conferences, career videos, and member-generated content. 

NSCA offers a unique selection of certifications with a narrow focus on career-related jobs and knowledge. For example, if you want to work with the military or law enforcement, you can get a tactical strength and conditioning facilitator certification. 

Other certifications they offer require a bachelor’s degree in order to qualify. 

The NSCA content focus is primarily on training for athletes, as well as career coaches. Certification fees are broken up between exam registration and preparation materials, where you have different tiers of options for studying. They provide helpful tools to help decide which certification makes sense for you based on real-world career goals.

Best budget: Action Personal Trainer Certification

ACTION

SEE IT

Why it made the cut: Action Personal Trainer Certification made our top choice for budget because the program cost is the lowest that we reviewed. APTC allows you to register for a basic inexpensive course for $99 and/or register for the exam for a separate low $99 fee.

Specs

  • Prepare for two options: Prepare for NCCA accredited ACTION-PT certification or just earn an online Certificate in Personal Training
  • Tiered learning: Choose from basic training to a more comprehensive Platinum level which includes simulations and practical training courses
  • Free trial: Register to try Action Personal Training for free for 10 weeks

Pros 

  • Mobile app allows you to learn on the go
  • Basic plan doesn’t include a lot of training or test prep
  • No phone support offered

 Cons 

  • Separate registration is required for exam, with a $99 fee
  • No job placement

Action Personal Trainer Certification is a budget affordable option that is best for self-motivated students that don’t need any hands-on training. The company allows you to only register for the NCCA accredited Action Personal Trainer Certification Exam for $99 without purchasing any study guides. There is no guarantee, so this would only make sense for those who have obtained education and training for the exam in other methods. 

The tiered education courses are all self-directed with no in-person or phone support. They are very affordable, ranging from $99 to $250. The company also provides affordable insurance for personal trainers that will cover working with clients in multiple locations, including at home, gyms, online, or outdoors.

FAQs

Q: How much does personal training certification cost?

Personal training certification costs can vary widely between organizations, depending largely on the amount and type of exam preparation you need and the additional resources and guarantees they offer. The least expensive we reviewed was Action Personal Trainer Certification, where one exam with bare minimum preparation will cost you about $200 and there are no guarantees associated with this certification. Most other certifications will cost between $400 and upward of $1,000. Be sure to understand what is included; not every program includes the exam registration fee and some have additional retake fees if you fail the certification exam the first time. Many certifications offer tiers where you can decide which features and benefits are important to you, as well as take advantage of interest-free payment plans. Continuing education CE is required every two years to maintain active certification; some outlets offer tiers of membership where these additional classes are included in the overall fee structure.

Q: How much does NASM personal training certification cost?

NASM personal training certification will cost between $674 to $1,889, or $32 to $99 a month with their finance plan. They offer four options that vary in price and perks: Basic, Premium Self-Study, Guided Study, and All-Inclusive. At the time of publication, these were the current rates available on the nasm.org website. Keep an eye out for promotions and deals, as they will help lower overall costs. If you are interested in multiple certifications, NASM offers a lot of bundle deals that make these more affordable.

Q: What other certifications should a personal trainer have? 

Personal trainers should consider other certifications on top of their accredited personal trainer certification, depending on their career goals and interest. Having multiple certifications may make you more desirable, as it will give you more expertise to offer clients. For example, personal trainers can also become certified nutrition coaches, sports nutrition coaches, wellness coaches, group fitness instructors, stretching and flexibility coaches, or explore corrective exercise specialization, behavior change specialization, performance enhancement specialization, and weight loss specialization to name just a few.

Final thoughts on the best personal trainer certifications

The most important decision in becoming a personal trainer is finding a well-suited, accredited certification program that works with your individual career goals. NASM is our top pick for best personal trainer certification because of their reputation in the industry as well as their combination of remote and in-person opportunities. NASM not only prepares you for a personal trainer career but will guarantee job placement.

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The only real way to detox your body https://www.popsci.com/story/health/how-to-detox/ Thu, 07 Jul 2022 15:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/how-to-detox/
Jar of cucumber water on white marble to illustrate how to detox your body the wrong way
The best way to detox your body does not involve cucumbers, even though they're delicious and soothing. Sarah Gualtieri / Unsplash

Get rid of those 'toxins' with some simple scientific tips.

The post The only real way to detox your body appeared first on Popular Science.

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Jar of cucumber water on white marble to illustrate how to detox your body the wrong way
The best way to detox your body does not involve cucumbers, even though they're delicious and soothing. Sarah Gualtieri / Unsplash

The new year may already be here, but it can be hard to imagine reinventing yourself when you’re still coming out of a ham- and egg-nog-induced lethargy. After weeks of inundating our bodies with treats and drinks, nothing is more enticing that the hope of a quick fix, the promise that you’ll be back to your best with a little activated charcoal, green juice, herbal tea, or apple cider vinegar. All you need, the internet says, is to quickly detox your body.

The detox industry is on the rise—and the profits are rolling in. But cleansing our bodies of impurities is anything but a new idea. Ayurvedic medicine, one of the oldest forms of traditional medicine, has employed a five-part detoxification method—including medicated enemas and drug-induced vomiting—since the 2nd century BCE. But here in modern times, we have a much better understanding of our supposed detox needs.

How to detox your body, according to science

The very phrase “detox” implies that there are toxins that need to be removed. Cleanses are rarely clear on what exactly these substances are, but it is true that your body contains harmful molecules that can cause cancer, organ damage, reproductive issues, and even death. But the truth is, your systems already do an excellent job of eliminating those problematic chemicals because they’re optimized for the detoxification of your body.

“If your body already has a working liver, working kidneys and working lungs, your body already has the balance it needs,” says Katherine Zeratsky, a registered dietician at the Mayo Clinic. Alluring detox tools really aren’t necessary. More to the point, there’s really no evidence that detoxes flush toxins from your body in the first place.

[Related: The truth about oil pulling, apple cider vinegar, and other trendy cleanses]

While arguably ineffective, most detox methods are not directly harmful. But they do come with their risks. Consuming nothing but green juice for a few days is an unbalanced approach, but it probably won’t hurt your body, Zeratsky says. However, every case is different. Last year, due to a history of gastric bypass and recent antibiotic exposure, a woman developed a severe kidney condition after starting a green juice diet. So, if you do decide you still want to jump on the detox bandwagon, definitely check with your doctor first. And don’t expect to feel better soon. Days spent fasting or running to the bathroom will likely make you feel fatigued and uncomfortable.

There’s also evidence that detoxing might not serve your mental health. In one Hungarian study, researchers interviewed people staying in juice cleanse camps, a sort of health retreat. They found that detoxing was the number one reason cited for the juice cleanse, which was commonly paired with laxatives. Participants’ reasons for detoxing commonly overlapped with indicators of purging disorder and orthorexia nervosa, an unhealthy obsession with healthy eating. The risks to long-term mental health may therefore be worse than any immediate physiological risks.

Most of the time, when people say they are looking to detox, what Zeratsky actually hears is “that they want to hit the reset button,” she says. “You can do that with good nutrition.” Cleanses and charcoal aren’t really worth the investment.

So if you do want to ditch the drowsiness and rejuvenate, you don’t need to buy teas and tinctures. Use these simple tips instead to keep your body’s natural detox system in optimal shape.

1. Get enough sleep

First, don’t skip out on your nightly seven hours. Research has shown that your brain undergoes a natural detoxifying process in the wee hours of the night, removing harmful byproducts—like the amyloid plaques that cause Alzheimer’s—produced during a normal day of neurotransmission. But that process is only completed when you get the full seven hours of rest.

Without adequate sleep your brain is slower to process information. Even one less hour of recommended sleep per night can throw off your metabolism and increase your risk of pre-diabetes. Insufficient rest overall has been linked to diseases like obesity and hypertension, and seems to damage your immune system and lower your life expectancy. Nothing seems to go untouched when you skip out on the shut-eye.

2. Drink plenty of water

Water is critical for more than feeling hydrated. It keeps your bodily fluids flowing so that the lungs, kidneys, and liver can do their jobs. All bodily processes release some kind of waste, and having enough water is critical to keep blood vessels open and those byproducts flowing to the liver and kidneys where they can be filtered out. (In the kidneys, you need enough water so that extra ions, sugars, and waste products can diffuse from the blood into the kidney and eventually leave your body as urine.) But when you’re not sufficiently hydrated, your kidneys try to conserve water by concentrating your urine. In the short run, the higher concentration of waste products in your urine means you lose less water; but in the long term, it increases your risk of kidney stones and urinary tract infection.

[Related: Hydration seems to be the key to aging better and living longer]

Ironically, some detox methods—like colon cleansing, which can cause cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea—can actually work against your efforts to stay hydrated. Getting rid of fluids via excessive urination or defecation just makes it harder for your liver and kidneys to function.

So grab your pillow and a water bottle, and make your first purchase of the year something more fun—and effective—than a detox.

3. Find an exercise routine

There’s not much evidence that sweating actually helps detox body toxins. But what it does do, when combined with exercise, is keep your liver in good shape so that the organ can cover your body’s janitorial duties. A mix of cardio, weight lifting, and general regular movement could reduce fat stores and a risk of liver disease. Even if it means taking a short yoga break during work, versus carving out time for a whole hot yoga class, your body will be stronger for it.

Is your head constantly spinning with outlandish, mind-burning questions? If you’ve ever wondered what the universe is made of, what would happen if you fell into a black hole, or even why not everyone can touch their toes, then you should be sure to listen and subscribe to Ask Us Anything, a podcast from the editors of Popular Science. Ask Us Anything hits AppleAnchorSpotify, and everywhere else you listen to podcasts every Tuesday and Thursday. Each episode takes a deep dive into a single query we know you’ll want to stick around for.

This post has been updated. It was originally published on January 1, 2020.

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Nutrition tracking can put you on the path to meet your fitness goals https://www.popsci.com/diy/food-tracking-fitness/ Tue, 10 Jan 2023 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=504241
person-in-work-out-gear-standing-in-kitchen-chopping-fruit-
Your body cannot build muscle if you don't give your body the nutrients it needs to do so. Nathan Cowley / Pexels

Whether it's muscle building or fat burning, eating well is essential to your fitness journey.

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person-in-work-out-gear-standing-in-kitchen-chopping-fruit-
Your body cannot build muscle if you don't give your body the nutrients it needs to do so. Nathan Cowley / Pexels

When you first start working out consistently, it’s not unusual to go through a period of noticeable changes followed by a sudden plateau where progress seems to slam to a halt. It’s very common, but if you want to get over that frustrating phase, taking note of your calorie and nutritional intake can help.

When I hit my plateau, I spent a week monitoring what I ate and discovered that, regardless of how healthy my diet was, I was eating enough to sustain two men. Tracking provided the data I needed to make better decisions, which allowed me to enjoy steady progress.

Whether your fitness goal is fat loss or muscle gain, nutrition tracking is easy, and you can count on several tools to make the best of your journey. 

How the body burns fat and gains muscle

You require a specific number of calories to function and if you hit it every day, your body will remain exactly the same in terms of muscle and fat. This number is known as your maintenance caloric intake, and it depends on parameters like your height, weight, genetics, and daily activity levels. Adult men will typically fall somewhere between 2,000 and 3,000 calories, says the US Department of Agriculture, while women commonly require between 1,600 and 2,400.

[Related: There are only two supplements proven to help you build muscle]

If you’re exercising consistently and vigorously, your body will only be able to build muscle if you give it enough extra energy to do so. This means eating more calories than your maintenance level, which will result in a caloric surplus. (If you want to dig deeper into how to get buff, we have a complete beginner’s guide on how to get those muscle gains.) To reduce fat, you need to go in the opposite direction and aim for a caloric deficit, which entails eating fewer calories than your maintenance rate. To enjoy steady and safe progress, experts recommend that your surplus or deficit be around 500 calories.

Knowing your goals and understanding how to get there will make it easier to use nutritional tracking to your advantage. 

How to track calories (more or less) accurately

People used to count calories with pen and paper, but luckily these days we have nifty apps that make the process considerably more convenient. Online platforms like Calculator.net’s Calorie calculator use factors like your age, height, weight, and daily activity levels to provide your maintenance rate as well as some general parameters for muscle gain and weight loss. Once you have those numbers, you simply tally up the caloric content of the food you eat on a daily basis and adjust your diet according to your fitness goals. If you want to have something on your phone, apps like MyPlate (available for Android and iOS) and MyFitnessPal (available for Android and iOS) can be helpful. These tools will determine your approximate maintenance rate and set a caloric budget for you. 

Keep in mind that no matter the app or method you use, the numbers you see in these tools are only approximations. The formulas these platforms use to calculate numbers like your maintenance rate, for example, are based on general statistics that leave little room for individuality, and may not consider factors that make your body different from the norm. This also applies to the apps’ massive database of food data, as the caloric value you see on labels and packaging can be up to 20 percent inaccurate, says the US Food and Drug Administration, so be careful not to get too attached to the exact number. 

And then there’s the body’s ability to absorb only a fraction of the available calories, which may be anything between 20 and 90 percent, says Michael S. Parker, a certified fitness nutrition specialist and founder of Forge Fitness. This is because our bodies just don’t digest the calories of some foods as well as others.

Instead of trying to make these numbers fit perfectly, Parker recommends using calorie tracking as a rough set of guidelines to help you learn about the energy value in various foods and how much you’re actually eating. From there you can stop tracking and make wise eating decisions when you’re hungry. 

Going beyond calories

The average fitness noob doesn’t need to know much beyond the concepts of surplus, maintenance, and deficit. But as you get more serious about exercising, you might benefit from tracking macronutrients, also known simply as macros. These account for the three largest nutrient categories and Parker explains that each of them has a role: Protein is essential for building muscle, while carbohydrates aid in performance, and dietary fat helps with hormone regulation and other essential bodily functions. 

How much of each macro you should eat depends on factors like your basal metabolic rate, sex, age, and weight. But for muscle building, the International Society of Sports Nutrition recommends consuming 1.4 to 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day. They also recommend 4 to 7 grams per kilo per day of carbs for weight training athletes to optimize strength performance and muscle building. You should devote the rest of your daily calorie budget to dietary fat. Nutrition tracking apps can monitor your macros and do all the math for you, so you can tackle multiple goals at the same time. For example, you’ll be able to prioritize protein to maintain muscle mass while leaving enough of a deficit in your calorie budget to enable fat burning. 

Health and safety are more important than any fitness goal

You should never use overuse caloric deficit in an attempt to lose weight faster. Losing fat—and keeping it off—is safest and most effective when you do it gradually. A deficit of around 500 calories a day will burn fat at a rate of up to one pound per week, which research shows is a safe and sustainable pace.

But counting calories is a slippery slope and people who hyper-fixate on recording everything they eat run the risk of developing eating disorders.

“Tracking nutrition can easily turn into something that is unhealthy,” says Katherine Metzelaar, a registered dietitian and founder of Bravespace Nutrition, an organization that helps patients recover from eating disorders and challenges relating to body image. “I would not recommend someone track [their food] if they have a history of dieting, disordered eating, or an eating disorder.” 

She explains that having food tracking take up a lot of headspace is a clear warning sign, especially if that prevents you from going to restaurants or eating at your friends or family’s house. Other red flags include feelings of anxiety when you can’t track your food, guilt around what you’ve eaten, restricting food because you’ve met your calorie budget, and not being able to be spontaneous with meals.

[Related: Anorexia may be more complicated than we thought]

But when done safely, food tracking can provide valuable insight into your body’s nutrition which will be helpful to continue making fitness progress. So Metzelaar is adamant about recommending approaching this method cautiously and tracking your food for no more than three days at a time. 

“That is plenty of information to use in order to see what foods might be missing and where there are areas to improve upon,” she says.

Once you’ve got the information you need, reflect on how your eating habits mesh with your fitness goals. If you’re experiencing unhealthy behaviors, prioritize taking care of yourself and seek help if you need it.

Keep in mind that in your fitness journey, you’re not going to see changes overnight. Building muscle and losing fat is the result of introducing healthy eating and exercise habits into your lifestyle on a sustainable basis. Tracking your nutrition is definitely not a silver bullet solution, but it can help set you on the path to that sustainability.

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How to avoid dying in national parks https://www.popsci.com/diy/national-park-deaths-avoid/ Mon, 09 Jan 2023 13:29:22 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=503906
Half Dome in Yosemite National Park at sunset, where people have fallen to their deaths.
A number of people have fallen to their deaths from Half Dome in Yosemite. Damon Joyce / NPS

Tips for avoiding the four most common causes of accidental death in US parks.

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Half Dome in Yosemite National Park at sunset, where people have fallen to their deaths.
A number of people have fallen to their deaths from Half Dome in Yosemite. Damon Joyce / NPS

Every year, national park deaths make headlines: someone is gored by a bison in Yellowstone, falls off a cliff in Yosemite, drowns in Lake Mead. But the real tragedy of injuries and fatalities in national parks is that many of them can be avoided.

The key to survival is preparation. Knowing the inherent dangers that come with spending time outdoors, the ways you’re most likely to bite the big one, and how to protect yourself and your loved ones will go a long way toward ensuring you make it home with riveting stories to tell.

Risks by the numbers

The top four causes of death in national parks from 2014 to 2016, according to the most recent confirmed data from the National Park Service, are drowning, vehicle crashes, and falls, followed by environmental factors—think hypothermia and heat illness.

Men suffer the most unintended deaths in parks—79 percent of the 990 deaths in the above date range, in fact—and the most likely way to go depends heavily on the park in question. You’re more likely to drown at Channel Islands National Park than bone-dry Death Valley, for example. The parks with the most deaths per capita, depending on which study you reference, are high alpine Denali, the mountainous North Cascades, and the ocean-encircled Virgin Islands National Park.

But passing a park entrance booth doesn’t automatically increase your chances of kicking the bucket. “While there may exist certain dangers within a park, that doesn’t make the parks themselves ‘dangerous,’” says NPS spokesperson Cynthia Hernandez. In fact, the mortality rate in parks is 0.1 per 100,000 recreational visits, which is extremely low compared to the 211.5 deaths due to heart disease and 16.3 due to the combination of influenza and pneumonia per 100,000 people in 2020.

1. Drowning

Drowning accounts for 33 percent of all unintentional deaths within park boundaries, an average of just over one per week according to NPS data. And as you might suspect, you’re most at risk at parks with bodies of water like Big Thicket National Preserve or the Channel Islands. So if you’re boating on, swimming in, or hanging out near water, take steps to keep you and your friends and family safe.

Start by making sure you’re actually allowed to go in the water before you decide to take a dip or a paddle, Hernandez says. If you’re not, don’t even think about it. If you’re free to splash and play, nominate someone to keep a watchful eye on swimmers, especially if there are children present. It’s also surprisingly hard to tell when someone is drowning, so make sure you and whoever’s on guard know the signs.

[Related: 5 things you can do to reduce your child’s drowning risk]

Always wear a personal floatation device like a life jacket, even if you’re a strong swimmer. According to 2018 US Coast Guard Recreational Boating Statistics, 84 percent of drowning victims were not wearing a life jacket. In many cases, one may have saved a life.

Finally, save the alcohol for after your day at the beach, as it can impair judgment and increase the chances you’ll engage in risky behavior. Plus, if you’re driving a boat, drinking while doing so is illegal in all 50 states.

2. Vehicle crashes

The No. 2 cause of death in national parks is vehicle collisions, which occur about 54 times per year and make up 31 percent of unintentional deaths. While that’s a much lower total than non-park related fatal auto crashes, it’s concerning enough to warrant attention.

So take extra care when driving in national parks. Follow all road rules, including seat belt laws, and take it slow. “Slowing down is the best way to avoid losing control on slick roads,” says Valerie Gohlke, public affairs officer at Grand Teton National Park, where wildlife and snow often create hazards on roadways.

Also, keep your eyes on the road, Hernandez says. That can be hard when you’re surrounded by beautiful scenery, but take advantage of pull-offs that offer the opportunity to take a break and enjoy the view. Stay especially alert in areas with abundant wildlife crossings and at dusk and dawn when animals are active.

And while it should go without saying: don’t drink and drive. Sobriety laws are enforced in national parks, too.

3. Falls

Falls account for 29 deaths per year in parks, or 17 percent of all accidental deaths, and could be the result of losing your way in bad weather and sliding down a cliff, getting too close to the edge to take a selfie, slipping on an exposed ridge, and rock-climbing accidents (Yosemite, a popular climbing destination, is high on the list of parks with fall-related fatalities).

So whether you’re hiking, climbing, or just snapping photos, know your limits, Hernandez says. Don’t try to push yourself farther or faster than you’re prepared to go, and don’t encourage others in your group to go beyond their limits. If you’re feeling reticent or tired, speak up; don’t put yourself in danger for someone else’s benefit.

[Related: How to avoid camping with snakes, and other valuable outdoor lessons]

Finally, stay on the trail. It’s when you start wandering off designated trails that you start getting into trouble when it comes to safety. Don’t walk and gawk, either. Meaning, if you’re going to enjoy the view, stop and do so—it’s easy to drift toward whatever you’re looking at.

4. Environmental factors

The final major cause of fatalities in national parks involves environmental factors like heat, cold, altitude, rock falls, and lightning. Hypothermia may be a risk when mountaineering in the North Cascades, you might succumb to heat exhaustion in Big Bend, or suffer from extreme altitude sickness in Denali. But you can mitigate most of these risks with a bit of planning.

Start by paying attention to the weather and opt out of exploring treacherous trails when dangerous conditions are on the horizon. Not sure how to read the weather in the mountains or know when heat illness is most dangerous? Ask a ranger, call the park office before your visit, and stop at the visitor center to ask for tips and important safety info like heat warnings or wind advisories.

Then, know where you’re going, how to get there, and pack all of the 10 essentials, including more water than you think you need, especially in warmer months. Wear appropriate clothing for the climate and always carry a map. Be prepared by knowing the difference between heat stroke and heat exhaustion and how to treat them, how to deal with altitude sickness, as well as by carrying safety equipment.

General safety tips

Although these may be the most common national park risks, you can prepare for many others by planning ahead, packing all the necessities, being aware of road conditions and weather patterns, and downloading any offline maps in advance so you’re not surprised by the lack of cell service in some parks.

Then create a backup plan in case your original itinerary doesn’t pan out due to weather, closed roads, crowded trails, or high water. And always share your trip details with someone back home so they can call for help if you don’t let them know you got back safe. Just don’t let fear keep you from heading outdoors to explore. After all, the vast majority of visitors to national parks have safe experiences, Hernandez affirms.

“Most folks that visit us thoroughly enjoy their time here and go home to their family and friends to tell them all about their experience,” says Gohlke. And even if you end up boring everyone with an hour-long slideshow, these tips will ensure you’re able to do so again and again.

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Pilates can improve your posture and balance. The killer body is just a bonus. https://www.popsci.com/health/benefits-of-pilates-better-posture-balance/ Tue, 03 Jan 2023 11:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=501824
Person in blue shirt doing crunches on an exercise ball during a Pilates workout
Pilates focuses on steady conditioning of specific muscles, which ultimately benefits strength, stamina, flexibility, balance, and posture. Deposit Photos

These slow-burning exercises will help you build a stronger core.

The post Pilates can improve your posture and balance. The killer body is just a bonus. appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person in blue shirt doing crunches on an exercise ball during a Pilates workout
Pilates focuses on steady conditioning of specific muscles, which ultimately benefits strength, stamina, flexibility, balance, and posture. Deposit Photos

Now that the new year is upon us, it’s a good time to do a self-audit of the things that went wrong, right, or what you want to change in life. One common New Year’s resolution is to get healthier. For some that might mean showing up to the gym or cutting back on the carbs. But if you’re constantly looking down at your phone or slouching, a healthy goal could be to improve your posture and balance. 

Enter Pilates, a low-intensity and beginner-friendly workout intended to build strength and flexibility to support every body muscle. You can go to a class, take one-on-one lessons with a certified instructor, or follow instructional videos at home. Lauren Vestal, a certified Pilates, yoga, and breathwork instructor based in Tennessee, says that if you’re hunched over a computer all day, Pilates can help spread the collarbones wider, pull the shoulder down and back, and focus on smaller movements to keep you stable. “You’ll see yourself standing up taller and straighter over time,” she notes. With enough repitition and effort, Pilates can have a lasting impact on your health, while improving your relationship to your body.

How does Pilates help with posture and balance?

While Pilates is a full-body workout, there are targeted exercises for improving balance and posture. Much of the practice focuses on strengthening your core—the pelvis, lower back, hips, and abs—and teaching it how to work in harmony as one unit. “If your hips are uneven, you may feel a bit wobbly in the knees or ankles,” explains Vestal. “Pilates is awesome because you can target specific muscles, small or big, which will allow for greater stability throughout the body.” A stabilized trunk gives your body better support to maintain an upright and erect position, whether you’re playing sports or lugging groceries around.

Building a strong core improves balance as well. Think of standing on one leg, which most humans aren’t accustomed to doing. Chances are you might feel wobbly and possibly tumble after a few seconds in that stance. But, Vestal says that the more consistent you are, the more you’ll build up the smaller stabilizing muscles and joints to keep the core tight and engaged. “That will keep you centered and balanced.”

[Related: Working from home can ravage your spine, but good posture can help fix it]

Pilates benefits all ages. A 2018 study in 17- to 22-year-old dancers showed improved body posture after taking classes twice a week for 14 weeks. This included fixing forward head postures, hyper-extended knees, and foot movements that can cause injury. Another study in older adults who do Pilates regularly showed a significant improvement in their balance and decreased risk of falling.

One of the best starting points for posture and balance is an exercise called bird dog, says Vanessa Johnson, the director of instructor training for Club Pilates in Hawaii. Other good moves to start with are planks and swans

Person in blue sports bra and leggings on stretching their back on a Pilates reformer machine
A reformer machine will help you unlock more intense Pilates workouts. Deposit Photos

What’s the best way to do Pilates?

Compared to standard gym routines, Pilates requires little gear and offers plenty of online resources. You can start at home with a yoga mat following along with an instructor online. For those looking to make more of an investment, a Pilates reformer machine could be a supportive tool for your training. This bed-like platform uses the spring and levers to create resistance for a more intense workout.

Johnson recommends trying an introductory class at a studio to see whether Pilates is a good fit. One benefit of training with a professional is they can guide you as you learn the practice. Not only can they provide easier or more challenging adjustments to a workout, but they can fix your form if it’s incorrect. “Oftentimes people don’t realize their posture is wrong or that they need to activate a particular area of your body at home unless somebody’s checking in on them,” Johnson says. 

Another perk of attending in-person classes is that you’re leveling up your commitment—about 43 percent of individuals give up their New Year’s resolutions after a month. When people buy a package or membership, Johnson says she sees them “sticking with it and meeting their goals more often.”

How long does it take to see results from Pilates?

There’s no magic number when it comes to Pilates, but there are some baselines for how much time and effort you should put in.

All experts recommend a minimum of two workouts a week to see progress. “If I see people in the studio twice a week, I would say you’ll see results in about two months,” Johnson says. She explains you’ll start feeling differences in your posture and balance at first. After 16 to 20 sessions, you can expect other people to notice changes in your body. And after 60 sessions, she says “your body is just a different body.”

[Related: A beginner’s guide to becoming buff]

Jaclyn Forrester, a Pilates instructor and the owner of Niche Pilates in Virginia, says it’s ideal to attend an hour-long class twice a week—but admits that’s not always possible. She recommends people “mix it up” by coming to a full class and doing a 10 to 30-minute class online. You can also supplement your workout by doing other activities such as cardio. 

Forrester also stresses that the exercises are not a cure-all for bad posture and other physical issues. “What are you doing all the other hours you’re not doing Pilates?” she asks. Continuing bad habits like slouching or eating fast food, for example, can mean it will take longer to see results. “You have to really be mindful of everything else that you’re doing in your life,” Forrester says. 

Don’t feel discouraged if you don’t see results right away. “It doesn’t have to be your best workout, and your practice will not look like the person next to you in class,” advises Vestal. “But getting yourself out there and putting in the work will eventually lead to more mobility, flexibility, and strength so you can live fully.”

The post Pilates can improve your posture and balance. The killer body is just a bonus. appeared first on Popular Science.

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Don’t ruin your next camping trip by storing your portable water filters wrong https://www.popsci.com/diy/camping-water-filter-storage/ Mon, 02 Jan 2023 16:00:24 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=502539
A LifeStraw water filter and bottle on some gray rocks.
Store your camping water filters better—you'll thank yourself later. Manny Moreno / Unsplash

If you think you need a new camping water filter, think again.

The post Don’t ruin your next camping trip by storing your portable water filters wrong appeared first on Popular Science.

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A LifeStraw water filter and bottle on some gray rocks.
Store your camping water filters better—you'll thank yourself later. Manny Moreno / Unsplash

Picture this: you dig your camp water filter out of storage at the first sign of spring, head to the kitchen to make sure everything is in working order, and your heart sinks as water barely trickles through.

The good news is that the filter may not need to be replaced, it may just require a good cleaning and that you update your off-season storage practices. So to keep your camp filter flowing freely for as many hiking seasons as possible, take a few preventative and protective measures before you stash it away for a few months.

Clean your filters before you put them away

The key to top-tier water filter performance at the beginning of every season is to stow your filters clean. And possibly wet, though that largely depends on the filter brand in question. We’ll get to that.

Many filters intended for camping, hiking, and backpacking get the job done via a hollow fiber membrane. These products remove unwanted material from natural water sources via a cluster of microscopic straw-like structures with holes so small that organisms like bacteria, parasites, dirt and microplastics can’t pass through. They’re a lot like a fine strainer that lets water pass through but traps your penne noodles.

And like a strainer, the more you pour through a filter without emptying or rinsing it out, the lower the flow-through rate will be. So if your filter won’t filter on the first trip of the season, it’s likely because any contaminants that didn’t get flushed out before you put it away may have grown, multiplied, or crusted over, making the flow sluggish at best and ineffectual at worst.

Flush out your filters

Start by backflushing your soon-to-be-stored filters. Most high-quality products come with a backflush tool that resembles the plunger on a syringe. Attach it to the end of the filter from which the clean water exits and use the plunger to force water backward into the device. This will help dislodge any stuck particles clogging filter pores. If your filter is dry, run water through in the normal direction first to lubricate it. If your filter is especially clogged or slow, you may have to flush it several times. This process can often restore up to 95 percent of a filter’s flow rate, according to Travis Avery, marketing director at filter manufacturer Sawyer.

Remove any carbon inserts

If you have a filter with a carbon insert, remove it before you sanitize or flush your filter with anything other than tap water. Store it separately in a sealed zip-top bag or airtight container. Carbon absorbs contaminants from anywhere, even air, and pushing any sanitizing agents through (see the next step) will significantly shorten its lifespan.

Sanitize your filters

Once a filter is clear of microscopic debris, both Avery and Tara Lundy, a spokesperson for filter brand LifeStraw, recommend sanitizing the inside with a bleach or chlorine rinse. Add one capful of bleach to a liter of water and force it through the filter in the usual direction of flow. This will kill any pathogens still lurking in the membrane and will also banish any residual foul taste.

Decide if your filters need to be wet or dry

The route you take here will depend on what filter you have, so check your manufacturer’s directions before proceeding. Filters vary, after all, from pore size to hydrophilicity.

If your filter membrane is hydrophilic, meaning it has a molecular attraction to water and is most efficient when wet, dry storage can cause problems. When one of these filters completely dries out, it can be difficult to get water to flow through again because air or other gasses may have become trapped in the membrane. These can be tricky to displace, Lundy explains.

[Related: Survive the great outdoors by making your own drinkable water]

Worse, if the filter wasn’t completely clean and sanitized when it dried out, particles and contaminants—even those that are invisible to the naked eye—can become caked onto the membrane, clogging the straws and making you think you need a new filter.

Think of filters like dishes, Avery says. If you rinse and wash your dirty dishes right after you use them, they’re much easier to clean than if you let them sit on the counter overnight to get crusty. Once that happens, scrubbing becomes an infinitely more tedious and time-intensive endeavor.

Dry storage

Avery advises dry storage, particularly for Sawyer filters that use proprietary self-priming membrane technology. These products aren’t as susceptible to trapped gasses interrupting flow. To dry out your filter completely, leave any caps or closures open and let it air out before packing it up. This might take a few days, depending on temperature, humidity, and other environmental factors.

Wet storage

Lundy, meanwhile, recommends storing your filter wet—the preferred option for LifeStraw products. But stashing your device full of tap water can lead to bacteria and algae growth, so you’ll need to use salt water to prevent that. Fill a bowl with 2 cups of water, add 1 teaspoon of salt, and stir until it dissolves. Force the saline solution through the filter in the normal direction of flow.

Put caps or lids in place to keep the salt water inside the filter and secure it in a zip-top bag or similar vessel before packing it away. This will help keep the hydrophilic membrane lubricated so it’s good to go when the next camping season rolls around. To flush out the salt water before your next use, blow any remaining solution out of the filter by pressing it to your lips and huffing and puffing into it in the direction of flow and flush clean water through it to clear out any remaining saltiness. If the filter functions like a straw, suck clean water through and spit it out until there’s no more salty flavor.

This works because continuous wetness helps these types of filters maintain the highest level of performance, Lundy says. That’s because hydrophilic membranes draw water in, spontaneously entering and filling pores. When wet, the membrane will not allow air or other gasses to pass through, which helps maintain a strong flow rate.

Camping water filter storage tips

Caring for your filter and protecting its flow rate isn’t the only thing you can do to prolong your product’s life. Cold temperatures are just as—if not more—detrimental to longevity as clogged fibers.

“Ice expanding can destroy the integrity of the pores,” Lundy says. That’s because when water freezes—including small droplets inside the fibers—it expands and can puncture or break fibers, making your filter effectively useless. So always stow used filters in a climate-controlled environment where there’s no risk of freezing. Filters that haven’t been used are not at risk.

And if your filter is particularly sluggish after pulling it out of storage, Lundy suggests soaking it in a solution containing a hydrophilic agent such as coconut milk: 4 tablespoons mixed with 2 cups of water. After one hour, rinse the filter clean water and voilà—hydrophilicity restored.

Whatever filter you own or storage method you choose, care for it well and it can last for years. Just be sure that no matter how you stored your filter, give it a good forward flush with clean water. Lundy even suggests performing another bleach rinse to ensure there has been no algae build up during storage. After all, you don’t want to take all the proper precautions just to take a nasty sip of who-knows-what on your next trip outdoors.

The post Don’t ruin your next camping trip by storing your portable water filters wrong appeared first on Popular Science.

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Learning a new language? Here’s how to perfect your pronunciation. https://www.popsci.com/diy/language-learning-tips-pronunciation/ Sun, 01 Jan 2023 15:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=502281
Person lying on couch covering their face with a book about Spanish grammar
Yes, you can ask people where the library is while sounding a bit more like a local. Leeloo Thefirst / Pexels

Tips to sound better in the top 5 languages Americans are learning right now.

The post Learning a new language? Here’s how to perfect your pronunciation. appeared first on Popular Science.

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Person lying on couch covering their face with a book about Spanish grammar
Yes, you can ask people where the library is while sounding a bit more like a local. Leeloo Thefirst / Pexels

In your language-learner dreams, you may be asking a local what time the train is coming in a perfect Parisian accent, or ordering scialatelli as if you’ve spent your entire life vacationing on the Amalfi Coast. But knowing the words is one thing. Sounding like a native is entirely different.

If you’re learning a language that doesn’t share roots with your mother tongue, pronunciation can be hard. So hard in fact, that it may hinder the learning process altogether.   

“We learners hold ourselves to these really difficult goals that aren’t always very realistic,” says Cindy Blanco, managing editor of learning content at Duolingo. “People feel so self-conscious about how they sound when they’re speaking a different language that they don’t get the practice, learn new vocabulary, or try out new grammar.” 

Some general recommendations

Different languages pose different challenges to learners. Mother tongues can also make picking up new lingo simpler or more difficult; it’s easier for an English speaker to learn the similarly-rooted German, and harder for them to learn Italian. But regardless of the language you’re trying to shove into your brain, there are a couple of things you should keep in mind to make learning easier for you.

Keep your eyes on the goal 

Every language has its own music, and many learners consider being able to speak with the same cadence and intonation as a local as the ultimate goal. It’s not, though. 

“From a learning perspective, you don’t need to sound like you have lived in Paris your whole life in order to speak French and be understood, and have a great time communicating,” says Blanco.

[Related: The language you speak changes your perception of time]

It’s totally valid to want to eventually pronounce everything perfectly and have people ask you if you’ve spent a lot of time abroad. But the true goal of learning a second or third language should be communication, which is often unrelated to pronunciation. 

Choose your battles

When it comes to communicating, pronunciation is only important when changing a sound changes the meaning of a word.

Consider the words “this” and “these.” For Spanish speakers, these words are tricky because the “I” sound in “this” doesn’t exist in their native language. They tend to pronounce it as “these.” Here, the shape of your mouth is crucial to get meaning across, but that’s not always the case. If you order tacos in Mexico using the American “oʊ” vowel, you’ll definitely sound foreign, but no one’s going to bring you a plate of spaghetti or a bagel. The same happens with the French “R”—it sounds lovely, but if you have a hard time pronouncing it, you’ll still probably be able to communicate with locals during your trip to the Pyrenees mountains.  

So the next time you’re having trouble with a particular sound, ask yourself if it changes the meaning of words at all. If the answer is no, your attention and focus will be better served elsewhere. 

Go slow

This tip doesn’t have any unfamiliar sounds, but it still has two meanings: speak slower and give yourself time to get better. 

Most people think that to be successful at language learning you need to speak fast and be as competent in your new lingo as you are in your mother tongue. That’s what some people mean by “speaking natively.” But learning a new language is hard on your brain. 

Blanco explains that communication generally happens in two layers: first, you think of a concept or desire, then your brain translates that into words you can express to others through sounds. 

“When you’re learning a new language, we don’t automatically map the new words to the concepts, we map them to our own language. So we create an extra layer,” Blanco explains.  

So, you think of a concept, then think of the words to express that concept in your mother tongue, and then you consciously look for the equivalent of those words in the language you’re learning. And that’s just at a conceptual level. Once you have the words, your brain has to tell your face muscles to overcome decades of use and move in strange and unfamiliar ways to emit the sounds of these new words. It’s a lot. 

Slowing down on the spot will give you more time to manage the internal process of thinking and speaking in a new language, while slowing down across the board will give your brain time to better adjust to something new.  

“The goal of learning is to have so much practice with the new language that you start mapping it directly to the concept. That’s what people mean when they talk about thinking in the language—you want to skip the translation in your head,” says Blanco. 

Thinking about your brain as a muscle and a new language as physical activity might help—picking up swimming when you’ve been running your entire life is hard. Muscles you didn’t even know you had will be sore, and maybe you won’t even know how to breathe correctly. Don’t worry—your skills will grow with time and practice.  

Listen as much as you can 

Blanco explains that listening to a language also helps with pronunciation because the movements your mouth makes to produce the sounds are connected to what your brain knows about the sounds. 

“In linguistics, we call it perception and production—so it’s the hearing, but also the speaking, and these are two parts of the same skill,” she says.

Luckily, listening is easy. Streaming platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime Video have a lot of non-English content you can browse. There are also countless videos you can watch on YouTube, as well as music and podcasts you can listen to on your favorite platform. If you’re worried about finding something that matches your learning level, don’t fret too much about it. 

“In the beginning, it’s totally normal to not understand much or anything. That will come with practice,” Blanco says. 

Eventually, you’ll be able to pick out words, phrases, and then sentences. And if you think it’ll help you, you can listen while reading the words. The lyrics feature on Spotify, for example, can come in handy—find it by tapping the microphone icon in the bottom right corner of your screen on the desktop app, or swiping up on the player screen on the mobile app. If you’re listening to a podcast, you’ll find that publishers will often post the transcripts for it. You can usually find these links in the episode description, but a quick web search will also do the trick.

How to better pronounce a foreign language

Since learning challenges are language-specific, we decided to focus on the most popular languages people are learning in the US according to Duolingo’s 2022 report: Spanish, English (for Spanish-speaking learners), French, Japanese, and German. 

Tips for pronouncing Spanish

You may have never thought about it, but the sounds—or phonemes—in Spanish are widely different from those in English. It’s true: English has around 42 (20 vowel sounds and 22 consonants), while Spanish only has around 24 (five vowels and 19 consonants). This is the equivalent of using all the crayons in a box to draw a picture and then being told to do the same but with only half of them. Oh, and also using some entirely new colors, because some Spanish phonemes just don’t exist in English

When it comes to vowels, Blanco recommends that English speakers think of these sounds as shorter and sharper. For example, the Spanish “O” sounds like only half of the aforementioned English “oʊ” phoneme, which in turn sounds like the pairing of two Spanish phonemes: “O” and “U.”  

For English speakers, there’s no doubt that the Mount Everest of Spanish pronunciation is the rolling or trilled “R”. If you’ve felt the frustration of not being able to replicate this sound, Blanco says you can just skip it. More often than not, an inability to trill your Rs will not affect communication. Yes, you’ll sound like an American speaking Spanish, but locals will still be able to get what you’re saying. 

If you’re going to stress over Rs, your energy is better spent mastering the single “R” sound in Spanish—the one you’ll encounter in words like “para” and “arena.” This one’s especially tricky because it actually exists in English, but under a different letter, Blanco explains. 

“We just don’t think of it being an ‘R’—we think it’s a double ‘T’ or a double ‘D,’ like in ‘ladder’ or ‘matter,’” says Blanco. 

In cases like this one, turning off the subtitles and skipping the transcripts when you’re listening to Spanish content can be a good idea, as it will let you concentrate on the sounds and not get tricked by the words.  

Tips for pronouncing English (for Spanish speakers)

The sheer number of new sounds Spanish speakers need to learn to properly pronounce English is absurd. To continue with the crayon analogy, a Spanish speaker learning English is like a master of black-and-white art suddenly needing to paint in technicolor. There are sure to be some bumps in the road. 

Moving your face and mouth muscles in a way that may feel exaggerated is necessary for good English pronunciation. And even if it feels like you’re doing a Jim Carrey impersonation, you’re not—you’re just moving your face in an unfamiliar way. The other problem is that mastering English vowels is necessary because unlike the rolling Rs in Spanish, these sounds can change the meaning of a word, like in “bit” and “beat.”

“You can kind of cheat by using what you’ve got but making it long or short,” says Blanco. So, “bit” has a shorter vowel sound than “beat.”

When it comes to consonants, a tricky one for Spanish speakers is the “Th” sound (as in “thespian” and “thistle”), mainly because it’s a sound that doesn’t exist in Spanish. This is when looking at the mouths of English speakers can come in handy: paying attention to how people put their tongues between their teeth can help your brain visualize the movements of your own mouth much more easily. 

Tips for pronouncing French

You’d think that French has more phonemes than English, but you’d be wrong (36 vs. 42, approximately). What’s tricky about French is not the number of sounds but the number of new sounds, which forces English speakers to learn 10 new phonemes. 

Blanco explains that the main challenges are rounded vowels. These are the sounds that require you to round your lips, which can feel extremely unnatural for English and Spanish speakers since these sounds are nowhere to be found in those languages. 

To get better at this, your best bet is to observe the mouths of francophones and try imitating them. Blanco recommends streaming a French show and paying close attention to how people move their lips when they speak. You can also have a mirror at hand and try to imitate the sounds and movements on the spot. Don’t do this without a reference—you want to be able to compare the correct form to what you’re doing and tweak it as necessary.  

Just like Spanish speakers learning English, English speakers learning French will feel like they’re contorting their muscles a lot more, which can lead to feeling self-conscious. But there’s no need to—you’re probably not moving excessively, just moving in a way you’re not used to. Keep at it until it becomes natural. 

Tips for pronouncing Japanese 

Believe it or not, Japanese is very similar to Spanish. Well, at least as far as sounds are concerned. Both Japanese and Spanish have five vowels, and a similar number of consonants (14 vs. 19, approximately), so English speakers will have some of the same challenges learning Japanese as they do learning Spanish. 

But there’s a catch—or more. While Spanish is a category 1 language on the difficulty scale, Japanese is a category 8 (the highest). Among the reasons for this discrepancy are stress patterns, long vowels, double or geminated consonants, and rhythm.  

[Related: 5 great apps for learning a new language]

Japanese has a different stress pattern than English, explains Blanco, and while Americans usually stress one syllable, native Japanese speakers tend to stress syllables more consistently throughout, making words sound somewhat flatter. Geminated consonants, also present in Italian, add to longer vowel sounds that prolong the basic phonemes to create new ones. And if that’s not enough, the rhythm of Japanese is completely different from English, which forces learners to unlearn even how they breathe when speaking. 

Doing a lot of listening and thinking about intonation and rhythm can help, Blanco says, as it can make it easier for a Japanese listener to break apart what you’re saying.

Tips for pronouncing German

Luckily for German learners, this lingo shares its Germanic roots with English. While there are some new sounds you’ll have to learn (some borrowed from French), you may have an easier time trying to pronounce Goethe’s mother tongue. 

Blanco recommends focusing your attention on watching native speakers’ mouths, and listening exercises. This time, forgo any transcripts, as German has sounds that are present in English but are represented by different letters. This can result in written words being more confusing than helpful. 

Just like in French, the German “R” can be tricky for English speakers, but will seldom change the meaning of words. If you’re having trouble with it, you’re better off saving it for another day, says Blanco. 

Regardless of the language, you’re learning, it’s important to remember that there’s no single, unified way native speakers sound, and there’s nothing wrong with having an accent. Your brain and body have spent years, even decades perfecting communication in one language. Repeating the process (with the added difficulty of having a mother tongue) can be slow and challenging, so be gentle with yourself and, above all, be patient.

The post Learning a new language? Here’s how to perfect your pronunciation. appeared first on Popular Science.

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7 tips on how to build a house that stays cool https://www.popsci.com/science/keep-home-cool-without-ac/ Wed, 12 May 2021 18:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=364238
Roof of a house without AC surrounded by trees, with a red and orange color overlay.
There are tons of strategies for reducing the AC use in your future home. Meritt Thomas / Unsplash

A guide to help you escape the heat at home—without air conditioning.

The post 7 tips on how to build a house that stays cool appeared first on Popular Science.

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Roof of a house without AC surrounded by trees, with a red and orange color overlay.
There are tons of strategies for reducing the AC use in your future home. Meritt Thomas / Unsplash

This story ran as part of PopSci’s Hot Month. From unrelenting sunshine to sizzling grills, feeling hot (and cooling down) are part of the daily grind now. Warm up your brain with the latest science, gear, and smart DIY ideas. 

For the past millennium and longer, windcatchers have existed in and around the Persian Gulf. These architectural towers are perfect examples of natural ventilation and passive cooling—ideas that have become increasingly relevant in sustainable design. As architects and environmentalists alike seek to move away from conventional energy-intensive heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, windcatchers are a prime example of the marriage between architectural design and the environment as a solution to our new climate realities. 

If recent memories of sweltering summers aren’t enough motivation, data from the Environmental Protection Agency has shown that most states in the contiguous US can only expect the digits to climb on their thermostats. Eight of the top 10 warmest years on record in the US have occured since 1998, with 2012 and 2015 taking the spots for first and second. This year rang in as the fourth warmest. And there are ways to combat the problem that don’t involve an HVAC system.

[Related on PopSci+: This California company wants to make modern AC obsolete]

Keeping cool over the summer is all about controlling how the elements in the structure interact with solar energy. This, in turn, will determine the home’s design.

“Passive solar design… is all the things that you can do when you’re designing a building to basically naturally condition it and make it a better place to live,” says David Wright, an architect who has been in the sustainable design movement for nearly five decades. The principles of passive solar design are core to building houses that can both keep us comfy and prevent power bills from skyrocketing

1. Keep location in mind

Not all climates are created equal. Building in Boston versus in Austin will have its own unique set of restraints and challenges. As we face environmental threats of all kinds from wildfires in the West to hurricanes in the East, our homes must be built with the impending climate crisis in mind.

In an ideal scenario, your home will be oriented in such a way that it can conveniently take advantage of the naturally occurring wind patterns. By figuring out which way the summer breeze blows, you can better plan where entrances and windows will be placed to naturally cool your house. 

2. Take advantage of shade

Before we even get inside the house, it’s beneficial to try and protect the exterior from direct sunlight. If you live in a place surrounded by trees, they provide excellent natural coverage. Deciduous trees in particular, trees that shed their leaves seasonally, are effective at blocking the sun out during those ice-cream-and-lemonade months, then letting in the winter sun when you want those warming rays. 

[Related: 5 ways to stay cool without blasting the AC]

If the topography allows it, you can even build your house so that, in the most tender of terms, it is earth-sheltered. These homes can either be entirely underground or have structures like walls or roofs built against soil. This is a particularly energy and cost-effective (at least in the long term) way of combating extreme climates. In the absence of a convenient hillside, you can install protective coverings like canvas, awnings or overhangs to prevent the sun from hitting the roof and walls of your house directly. Getting the depth of the overhang is crucial: Too deep and you lose your winter sun, too shallow and you’ve got too much summer heat. The proper measurements will depend on your location. You can hazard those calculations yourself using many available tools and guides online, or skip the searching and ask an architect for the specifics.

3. Place windows strategically

Windows are perhaps your most important tool when it comes to ventilating and cooling your home. Specifically, cross-ventilation relies on the concept that by creating windows of similar sizes opposite each other: air is sucked into the house, cools your body by helping the heat  evaporate off it, and then exits through the opposite windows. This creates a nice natural breeze. The key to creating good cross-ventilation is figuring out where the wind is coming from.

“You want to make sure you open windows on the west and the south where you can pick up those winds and then you need to get the wind back out,” says Vivan Loftness, a professor of architecture and former head of the school of architecture at Carnegie Mellon. “The more windows you can open, the more flow you’re going to get through the house. But if you want to speed up the wind, there’s a general rule of thumb that says you should have fewer open on the windward side and more open on the leeward side.”

Loftness is referring to the Venturi effect, a principle used in fluid dynamics which means that the speed of wind will increase if it is squeezed through a narrow opening, like wind tunnels in between skyscrapers. As the wind is drawn into the house through a smaller opening, it speeds up inside of the house, making the breeze feel stronger.

The location of the windows are also very important. Providing shade for windows that are south and north facing is much easier than those that are eastward or westward. That’s because as the sun sets across our skies from east to west, it shines through windows at much lower angles during the afternoons. 

“Unless you have the most spectacular view, it’s inexcusable to put people into a condition where they’re getting huge amounts of solar heat late in the afternoon when it’s extremely hot already,” says Loftness.

Skylights on the roof of a house without AC, seen from outside.
Skylights can help you achieve the “stack effect” and disperse heat being captured by a building’s roof. TheFutureIs / Depositphotos

4. Create columns of moving air

By using some fundamental principles of chemistry and physics, you can also help redirect the airflow in your house. Using what designers call the stack effect, you can draw hot air towards the top of your house and move it away from pooling nearer the ground where people live, eat and sleep. Hot air rises because it is less dense than cooler air and so, creating a ventilation tower through high ceilings and a narrower opening, funnels the hot air into the tower. This motion pulls cooler air into the lower living spaces since it is more dense and will remain closer to the ground.

You can create this tower by either placing windows higher up, like clerestory windows (positioned near the ceiling) or skylights, or simply by creating spaces like atriums that have higher ceilings than the rest of the room. The greater the height difference between the peak height and the ground, the greater the effect. If you already have an attic, you can also create an attic hatch. In order to make sure that you’re not just recycling stale air, crack open a window to introduce some fresh air. (Don’t forget window screens for those pesky bugs.)

5. Choose roofing materials wisely

Insulate your roof. And while you’re at it, paint it, too. Insulating the top of your house, including the attic, prevents all the heat that builds up as sunlight hits the roof from entering the residence. It is an added layer of protection against the summer sun. Building your roof out of reflective materials is another way of making sure that less heat is absorbed through the roof. Like white linen on the beach, this has historically meant using materials that are lighter in color. But white roofs are not necessarily first on the list of most homeowners’ aesthetic desires. 

[Related: The best solar panels for your home]

“Now the roofing industry has been developing dark colored roofing shingles that happen to be highly reflective,” says Loftness. “In other words, color and reflectivity used to be just like the windows. There used to be one choice: if you wanted to be highly reflective, you had to put a white roof on. But today they’ve figured out a way to make coatings that aren’t white, but that actually are highly reflective.”

6. Build thicker walls

There’s a reason images of Mediterranean villas and Arabian desert abodes flood our minds when we think of hot sweltering summers. Those houses have traditionally always been built to withstand high degrees of warming. You’ll also notice a significant lack of wooden structures and attics. That’s because heavy, thick materials like concrete have a lot more thermal mass, which allows them to store excess heat during the day, which is then removed later at night by cool air. Through this process, materials like concrete, stone and brick are better at passively cooling homes because they essentially have a lot more capacity to store the heat that would otherwise get transferred to the air inside the house.

7. Design for the future

We’re not just designing for a few unusually hot summers—the climate change thermometer is only ticking upwards. The houses we build now will need to withstand a lot more heat in the decades to come. Designing them to stay cooler in extreme temperatures is just one of the steps we can take to alleviate our demands on polluting energy systems. As our designs become more clever and environmentally conscious, we can rely on artificial cooling and federal energy systems less and less.

[Related: How heat pumps can fight global warming]

As Loftness explains, when we begin to design sustainability, we begin to design resilient homes. Resiliency is going to become increasingly important as storms and fires threaten how reliable our power is going to be. We might find ourselves in situations without air conditioning soon enough, and rather than going cold turkey then, we could design houses that don’t rely on artificial cooling now. 

“Imagine the power goes down in your house for a week and your home has been designed with a central air conditioning system and it hasn’t doesn’t have very good shading, if any,” she explains. “In many cases, many of the windows don’t even open. You can open the front door and maybe there’s a window or two that has been sealed shut for the last 10 years. You would be very hard pressed to stay in that home in the afternoon, or even at all. And so, resiliency is an important word for us to understand because the power is going to go out on us for lots of reasons.”

This post has been updated. It originally published on May 12, 2021.

The post 7 tips on how to build a house that stays cool appeared first on Popular Science.

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Understanding your emotions can help you manage your anxiety https://www.popsci.com/diy/good-anxiety-wendy-suzuki-excerpt/ Thu, 22 Dec 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=501072
A man standing under a blue sky with white clouds, wearing a black baseball cap and a red shirt while closing his eyes and breathing deeply.
Take some deep breaths—that'll help. Kelvin Valerio / Pexels

The book "Good Anxiety" uses new and established neuroscience to help readers harness their fears in order to feel better.

The post Understanding your emotions can help you manage your anxiety appeared first on Popular Science.

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A man standing under a blue sky with white clouds, wearing a black baseball cap and a red shirt while closing his eyes and breathing deeply.
Take some deep breaths—that'll help. Kelvin Valerio / Pexels

Excerpted from Good Anxiety: Harnessing the Power of the Most Misunderstood Emotion by Dr. Wendy Suzuki with permission from Atria. Copyright © 2022 by Wendy Suzuki, PhD.

The stress that causes anxiety is not going away, but we do have the capacity to “optimize” our response to it. Researchers including Alia Crum, a Stanford psychology professor, have shown it’s possible to approach stress as a challenge and an opportunity for performance and growth.

At the neurobiological level, what Crum and others are suggesting is part of a wider area of research and framing of the brain known as emotion regulation—the processes that help us manage all emotional responses, especially anxiety.

What does emotion regulation mean?

One expert on emotion regulation, James J. Gross, another psychology professor at Stanford University, defines emotion regulation as “the processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them.” He also points out that regulation is a set of processes that exist on a “continuum from conscious, effortful and controlled regulation to unconscious, effortless, and automatic regulation.”

What does this mean in practice? The bottom line is this: Though anxiety might originate as some form of attention-getting signal to avoid danger, it doesn’t necessarily have to cause discomfort, distraction, or otherwise interfere with our natural drive toward well-being and balance. We can learn to use awareness to reframe a situation, remove the perception of danger, and reappraise it as an opportunity to overcome a challenge and create new responses. We have multiple options for managing both the attention to the signal and the anxiety (the feelings), and if it gets to that point, the response itself. Our brain is a wondrous thing!

[Related: Stress and anxiety wear down your brain. Here’s how to fight back.]

Our brain-body systems are in a constant drive toward homeostasis, that state of equilibrium between arousal and relaxation. Every system—from the nervous system to the digestive—is interacting and exchanging signals in order to respond to a stressor and then re-gain homeostasis. This is true of our emotional system as well. Our negative emotions arise to draw our attention to something that may be dangerous, and then make some sort of change or adaptation to feel better. In other words, they have a positive purpose. It is the same with anxiety: it’s the brain-body’s way of telling us to pay attention. Our built-in system for managing our negative emotions, of processing, responding to, and coping with negative emotions in particular, so we can maintain or return to homeostasis is called emotion regulation.

How to regulate emotions

Anxiety is a bundle of emotions that upset our ability to emotionally regulate. And they are meant to, because they are meant to draw our attention to an area where all is not as it should be. However, our ability to regulate our emotions is not always predictable. Indeed, the degree of one’s capacity for emotion regulation varies, depending on a number of factors—how we were raised, our lifestyle, and even our genetic profile. The good news is that we can learn to regulate our emotions more effectively. According to Gross’s model of emotion regulation, we have five types of anxiety-management strategies that can help manage anxiety and other negative emotions. These are situation selection, situation modification, attention deployment, cognitive change, and response modulation. The first four can interrupt anxiety before it develops into an extreme state or a chronic one. The fifth is a regulatory technique after the anxiety (or other negative emotion) has occurred.

Let’s look at how emotion regulation plays out in real life. Say you are anticipating an important job interview after being let go from your former position six months prior. You are feeling pressure, self-doubt, and fear—fear of rejection, fear of failure, fear of not measuring up. The interview is four days away but you’re already feeling nervous. When you even imagine walking through the door of the building, your hands start to sweat, your heart ticks up, and your breath becomes a tiny bit shallow. Next, you begin to imagine every possible thing that could go wrong: you might forget to bring your résumé, you might wear mismatching socks, or you might forget everything you know about why you’re applying for the job in the first place.

Situation selection

One option is to avoid a situation that you expect will bother you or exacerbate your anxiety. Avoiding the situation (skipping the job interview) may alleviate the fear and stress in the near term; however, it clearly will not help you if, in the long run, you want or need the job in question. Gross calls this strategy situation selection.

Situation modification

Another option is to modify the current situation so that the anticipation or anxiety is made more tolerable or bearable. For instance, if you’re experiencing anxiety about the pending interview, you could modify the situation by asking to do the interview over the phone or video conference. This enables you to exert some control over your anxiety and puts you more in charge of the feeling that it’s bigger than you. Gross calls this situation modification. I call it a shift from bad to good anxiety. Your nervousness has not disappeared; it’s simply under your control and being channeled.

Attention deployment

A third option is referred to as attention deployment, which includes several ways you can avert your attention from the anxiety-provoking situation to something else that absorbs your attention. Parents use this technique frequently with their infants and toddlers. If the young child is afraid of dogs, for example, a parent could direct the child’s focus to a funny face while the scary dog walks away. This is a kind of intentional distraction.

[Related: How to keep your anxiety from spiraling out of control]

Cognitive change

The fourth and probably most sophisticated of the strategies for emotion regulation is referred to as cognitive change. In this case, you actively and consciously reappraise or reframe your mindset or attitude: instead of thinking about the job interview as a horrible way to spend your Friday morning, you reframe it as an opportunity to show yourself and your potential employer how much you know about the role and the company or organization; it also builds your confidence. The reframe acts as a mental suggestion that reshapes the feeling of anxiety from one of dread and feeling overwhelmed to one of excitement and challenge.

Response modulation

Once you’ve managed to get yourself through the front door and seated in the interview it’s possible that the anxiety will rear its head despite the strategies you used to mitigate it thus far. In this case, you are actively trying to suppress or mitigate the anxious feelings. Perhaps you do some breathwork (i.e., deep breathing, which is one of the fastest and most effective ways to calm the entire nervous system) or drink some water. If it were not a job interview that got you all keyed up but a date, you might have a beer or glass of wine to take the edge off. These are a few of the many coping strategies you can use after the anxiety is experienced.

You can learn to manage your anxiety

Current research into the interplay between anxiety and emotion regulation points to strong evidence that interventional strategies such as reappraisal can build one’s capacity for emotion regulation and positively affect anxiety; these studies have been done in the context of anxiety disorders. Specifically, neuroimaging studies have shown that negative emotions of anxiety or fear lessen in response to emotion regulation strategies. Further, neuroimaging studies have also shown that the negative emotions of anxiety or fear occur in different neural regions of the brain from where emotion regulation occurs. This area of research is in its infancy, but this is good news: We can update our emotional responses. We can learn to emotionally regulate. We can become better at managing and then channeling our anxiety.

I like to think of this approach to anxiety as a way of building our resilience to stress. Consider this: We need to both feel the feelings and update our responses to those feelings. This begins with awareness. Once you realize you get uncomfortable at any sign of anxiety, you need to stop and think about what you do with the feelings. We all need constant practice simply sitting with our feelings and not trying to immediately mask, deny, escape, or distract ourselves. By sitting with the discomfort, you do two things: you get accustomed to the feeling and realize that you can indeed “survive” it, and you give yourself time and space in your brain to make a more conscious decision about how to act or respond. This is exactly how a new, more positive neural pathway is established.

Dr. Wendy Suzuki is an award-winning professor of neural science and psychology in the Center for Neural Science at New York University and is the Seryl Kushner dean of NYU’s College of Arts and Science. She is a celebrated international authority on neuroplasticity, was recently named one of the top 10 women changing the way we see the world by Good Housekeeping, and regularly serves as a sought-after expert for publications including The Wall Street Journal, Shape, and Health. Her TED talk has more than 55 million views. She is the author of Good Anxiety and Healthy Brain, Happy Life.

Buy Good Anxiety: Harnessing the Power of the Most Misunderstood Emotion here.

The post Understanding your emotions can help you manage your anxiety appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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How to get a bat out of your house https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-get-bat-out-of-house/ Thu, 12 Aug 2021 01:09:50 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=388927
Notopteris neocaledonica, the New Caledonia blossom bat, an endangered bat species endemic to New Caledonia.
So small. Just wants to be outside, not in your home. Nils Bouillard / Unsplash

Got an uninvited bat in your home? Handle your flying visitor with care.

The post How to get a bat out of your house appeared first on Popular Science.

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Notopteris neocaledonica, the New Caledonia blossom bat, an endangered bat species endemic to New Caledonia.
So small. Just wants to be outside, not in your home. Nils Bouillard / Unsplash

Greetings, panicking homeowner! If you’ve found this article through a frantic web search, there may be a fuzzy visitor flying around your head right now. Fear not: bats get a bad rap, but they’re nothing to freak out about. Most are totally harmless, and we guarantee they’re no more pleased with this situation than you are. It’s time to escort your spooky houseguest back outside where it belongs.

1. Don’t panic

When an unexpected creature is flying around your living space, you might be tempted to grab a rolled-up newspaper and start swatting. Resist that urge. While a flying bat may call to mind a giant insect or a furious bird, this nocturnal mammal isn’t out to hurt you. Bats won’t attack you unless provoked, they won’t fly toward you and get caught in your hair, and, no, they are not out to drink your blood. If it helps, think of your visitor as a hamster with wings: cute, furry, and ultimately powerless against a big, strong human. A bat is way more afraid of you than you are of it, so keep calm and get to work helping it find its way back outside.

2. Close off the room

Children and pets will not help you get a bat out of your home, and may even hurt it if they try to interact with it. Get everyone out of the animal’s vicinity and face it alone—you can have one other adult help if necessary. Close all the doors to the bat-occupied room and keep an eye on it at all times. It’s best to trap the bat in a space with windows so you can provide it with an easy escape route once it’s isolated. If you lose sight of the bat, look for it in high places such as your curtain rod, the top of a bookshelf, or a hanging light fixture. 

3. Clear a path to the outside

Next, open any available windows or doors that lead outside from the room the bat is in. Pull away any curtains, screens, or furniture blocking these exits so the bat can escape easily. It’s likely that the bat will leave on its own after a few minutes. Don’t turn off your indoor lights, as you probably won’t be able to see the bat if you do—keeping tabs on its whereabouts is key. If the bat doesn’t fly outside on its own, or if the room you isolate it in doesn’t have any routes to the outdoors, it’s time to take matters into your own hands.

4. How to catch a bat and release it outdoors

If the bat can’t (or won’t) leave on its own, you’ll have to capture and release it yourself. Have someone keep an eye on the bat’s location as you gather the necessary supplies: a long-sleeved shirt, long pants, gardening gloves or other thick hand coverings, a broom, a plastic bin, and a piece of cardboard. Put on the clothing and gloves, covering as much skin as possible. This is to protect you from any bites or scratches that may occur during the rescue.

[Related: Bats’ echolocation has one major blind spot]

After donning your bat-catchin’ suit, wait for your bat to land somewhere. It will likely hang high on your curtains or in another secluded location off the ground. Always wait until a bat is stationary before trying to catch it: grabbing one mid-flight is likely to injure it, and may lead to a retaliatory bite. First, try offering it a perch to hang from by resting the handle of a broom against wherever it’s hanging. The bat may climb aboard and be ready for a ride outdoors. In this case, slowly carry the broom outside or simply stick the bat-laden handle out an open window.

If this trick doesn’t work, you’ll have to consider trapping the bat in a more hands-on fashion. Move closer and quickly—but gently—put your plastic container over the animal. Carefully slide the piece of cardboard over the container’s opening to trap the bat inside, then bring it outdoors. If you don’t have a plastic container, a cloth can also work: grab a bedsheet or a large scarf and cover the sedentary bat with it, then gently bundle it up and transport it outside. Try not to use a towel for this, as bats’ tiny claws can get caught in the fabric’s loops. 

Once outdoors, release the bat onto a tree or another vertical surface where it can hang out upside down until it decides to fly away. Unlike birds, bats cannot take flight from a standing position on the ground. Offer them a high perch instead and watch until they fly away into the night.

5. Call in the experts as a last resort

If your flying guest appears injured or can’t otherwise be captured safely, the time for DIY is over and it’s time to call in the experts. Your local animal control department and wildlife rehabilitators are good places to start, but depending on the time and your location, they may not be able to arrive quickly and assist you. For rapid response, a 24-hour pest control service may be your best bet—but do a little research first to make sure they’re qualified to handle bats. 

If you or anyone else in your home has suffered a bat bite during the rescue operation, it’s a good idea to secure the bat and have it tested for rabies before releasing it back into the wild. You can do this by contacting your local health department or a veterinarian in your area. While you wait, keep the bat inside a large container. But don’t panic—fewer than 1 percent of bats actually carry rabies.

6. Make sure other bats can’t get in

After your bat has been safely returned to the great outdoors, it’s worthwhile to check your home carefully for any other winged tenants. There may be an obvious opening on the exterior that allowed your one-time visitor to sneak in. Cover or seal any entry points to keep more bats from dropping by—you can do this yourself with a few home improvement supplies, or hire experts to assess your property and make the necessary adjustments.

7. Set up a bat house

Just because you don’t want them in your living space doesn’t mean you can’t play host to wild bats in other ways. These bug-eating creatures are hugely beneficial to our environment, and declines in their populations mean they need all the support they can get. Consider setting up a bat house on your property to give these fuzzy friends a safe place to shelter from the elements and raise their young.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on August 11, 2021.

The post How to get a bat out of your house appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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How to remove cactus needles (including ones stuck in your throat) https://www.popsci.com/how-to-remove-cactus-spines/ Mon, 04 Oct 2021 14:03:13 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/how-to-remove-cactus-spines/
Prickly pear cactus needles closeup
Prickly pear needles. Raul Puente-Martinez

Experts weigh in on a prickly predicament.

The post How to remove cactus needles (including ones stuck in your throat) appeared first on Popular Science.

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Prickly pear cactus needles closeup
Prickly pear needles. Raul Puente-Martinez

Raul Puente-Martinez has been pierced by quite a number of cactus needles in his time. A research botanist and curator of living collections at the Desert Botanical Garden in Phoenix, he’s been studying prickly pears and chollas, which are infamous for their barbed spines, for decades. However, the worst cholla attack he’s ever witnessed came while he was hiking with several friends in Mexico. As they strolled through a cholla forest, one of the group members discovered a chunk of cactus stuck to the tip of his shoe. He tried kicking his foot out to dislodge the spiny hitchhiker. Sure enough, most of the cactus flew off—including one piece that shot straight up and became stuck in the man’s upper lip.

Luckily, Puente-Martinez has had a lot of practice figuring how to remove cactus needles from different body parts. “You could see that they were really deep inside his lip,” he recalls. “Every time I pulled one, there was this little stream of blood coming out of the hole; that was pretty bad.”

Most encounters with cacti aren’t quite that harrowing. But the plants are ubiquitous in some parts of the desert, and are also highly popular (and useful) as home decor. They’ve evolved a wide variety of spines to thrive in the unforgiving desert and some can snare you more easily than others. They can also cause painful complications. So it’s a good idea to prepare yourself for a cactus crisis. Luckily, Puente-Martinez and several other experts can offer a number of tips on how to remove cactus needles based on their hard-won experience.

1. Understand how cactus needles work

Cactus needles make a pretty great armor, but they aren’t just there to stab you. These fibrous structures, which are derived from leaves, do a range of other jobs as well. A coating of spines can serve as shade by day or insulation by night. They can also diffuse light similarly to a photography umbrella, says John Trager, curator of desert collections at the Huntington Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California. This ensures that light is distributed over the plant’s entire surface, even if it is growing in a shady spot. Cactus spines collect water too. Some are curved downwards so that any water that condenses on them will drip onto the soil around the roots, while a few have a cork-like texture that absorbs water.

And spines can camouflage a cactus from hungry animals, as with the flattened, twisted spines of the paperspine fishhook cactus that resemble blades of grass. Cactuses are so good at blending in with their surroundings that people sometimes fail to notice them while they are out hiking, Trager says. “Depending on the lighting, you might not recognize that it’s a spiny as it is until you feel it.”

For chollas and prickly pears, spines serve another purpose that makes them especially unpleasant to tussle with. Unlike the pillar-like saguaro or barrel cactus, these species are built from a collection of smaller pieces that are easily snapped off. “Each one of those portions of the stem has the ability to root in the ground and start a new plant,” Puente-Martinez says. “That ability to propagate and disperse like this, that is what has made them so successful in the desert.”

Spines are a key part of this strategy since they allow a cholla or prickly pear pad to snag passing animals. “They might break off a piece of that cactus and then they will drop it somewhere else,” Puente-Martinez says.

[Related: How to not get pricked by a North American porcupine]

The spines of these cactuses are designed to catch hold of anything that comes in range, including you. “They’re often viciously barbed,” Trager says. “The so-called jumping cholla doesn’t really jump, but once it catches onto you the barbed spines stay put.”

The barbs on these spines resemble a line of fishhooks, says Park Nobel, an emeritus professor of biology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and coauthor of The Cactus Primer and several other books on cactuses and agaves. “So if the spine sticks in, any movement of the unfortunate animal makes the spines go further and further into the tissue, thereby encountering more barbs and making movement even more difficult,” Nobel said in an email.

To make matters worse, chollas and their relatives also sport fine, hair-like spines called glochids. Some of them, such as the bunny ears cactus that is native to Mexico, have glochids but lack regular spines, giving them a more harmless appearance. Don’t fall for it. Glochids are barbed and even trickier to remove than larger spines. “They look soft and fuzzy at first glance,” Trager says. “You might be tempted to pet it or touch it and you get a fistful of these little itchy spines.”

Cholla cactus needle under microscope
The business ends of a cholla cactus needle. Wikimedia Commons / Nebarnix

2. Assess if the injury is dangerous

You’re extremely unlikely to die from getting speared by cactus spines, but they can do some damage. Puente-Martinez says this is especially true if you stumble and fall on top of them, as very occasionally happens when people attend receptions at the garden and get tipsy.

The spines can also wind up in more sensitive areas after the initial attack. “If you touch that cactus and now you rub your eye or you put your finger in your mouth, if you have those little barbs or those glochids in there, then you really can have a problem,” says Raymond Dieter, a semi-retired cardiothoracic surgeon who volunteers his services at the Tri City Health Partnership Medical and Dental Clinic in St. Charles, Illinois. “Even though you may be stuck in your knee, they might end up someplace else in your body.”

Sometimes, the barbs can painfully irritate the skin or cause an infection. Such was the case for a young woman Dieter and his colleagues encountered who tripped and fell on a cactus while getting up from dinner. It was not long before swelling and redness had set in, says Dieter, who published a study on the incident in the journal Wounds. This reaction can lead to pustules that last for months and can result in little black spots of dead skin that need to be cut out. In some cases, the wound may become infected with the bacteria that cause staph infections or gas gangrene.

That’s not the most likely outcome, though. “Most people are going to do okay,” Dieter says. “They’ll get over it in a few days or a week or two, but in some people it goes on a long time.” Putting a cold pack on your skin right after you’ve been pricked may lessen the severity of the reaction, he adds.

3. Methodically remove the big and small cactus needles

First of all, don’t grab the spines. “It’s a natural reaction,” Dieter says. But “you’re better off not to use your fingers if you can avoid it.”

It’s all too easy to make a bad situation worse, particularly if you try to pull off pieces of cholla with your bare hands. Nobel once saw the aftermath of this decision in a couple in Saguaro National Forest who had fallen victim to the notorious teddy bear cholla. Initially, one of the pair had become stuck on a piece of stem, and when his wife tried to free him, she too was snared.

“The more they struggled the deeper the spines went,” Nobel says. “They were screaming for help walking along the road in an unnatural embrace, holding hands with the tortuous joint.” Nobel was able to free the pair by cutting the spines out with a pair of wire cutters.

Puente-Martinez also recommends removing the chunk of stem the spines are attached to before dealing with the individual prickers, as he did on the occasion in Mexico when his friend’s lip became a pincushion. Use a pair of scissors or pliers to clip the spines attached to the stem, leaving about half-inch segments of spine behind in your skin, he advises. You can also use the teeth of a comb to work the stem and some of the spines free. If the spines are embedded in your hand and you don’t have any tools handy, you can also try bending over, stepping on the stem joint, and tugging your hand free, although this will likely cause a bit more bleeding as the spines are pulled away.

[Related: First aid basics for your adventure in the wilderness]

What you should do next depends on the kind of spine you’re dealing with. You can try working larger needles out with a pair of tweezers. The straight spines found on cactuses like the saguaro are the easiest to pull free, while barbed cholla spears or hooked spines like those found on barrel cactuses will unsurprisingly take a little more work.

Cactus spines will often break when you try to remove them, leaving pieces lodged under the skin. “You’ll know if you haven’t gotten it all because [the area] will remain sensitive to the touch,” Trager says.

You can try digging around with tweezers or a needle to excavate the spine fragment, but they can be translucent and hard to discern. “Often you’ll do more damage trying to poke around with a needle than the spine itself did,” Trager says. “Unless you can actually see the broken base of the spine just under the skin or something it might not be worth doing it.” Soaking in a warm bath with Epsom salt can relieve some of the pain from embedded spines, he says.

The tiny glochids are particularly tricky to remove, and it’s easy to end up with dozens or more stuck in your skin if you touch a cholla or related cactus. When Puente-Martinez finds himself in this situation, he likes to soften the tiny barbs by running the afflicted limb under warm water. He then scrapes the bristles off with a knife, although this technique can leave the tips behind in your skin. “They’re going to bother you for awhile,” he admits. He’s found that tiny tweezers such as those that come with a Swiss Army Knife are ideal for plucking stubborn glochids; the larger tweezers that many people keep in their bathrooms seem to be less suited for grasping the tiny prickles. A magnifying glass comes in handy for this work, too. You can also use something sticky like duct tape to tug the barbs out of your skin.

If you can’t get all the spines or barbs out, don’t worry. In most cases, they will disintegrate inside your body or eventually be pushed out.

Teddy bear cholla cactus needles
Beware the teddy bear cholla and its ample needles. Raul Puente-Martinez

4. Avoid further contact with the splinters

Puente-Martinez himself has been known to use his teeth to remove spines when he doesn’t have any other tools handy. But you really shouldn’t. Remember that painful reaction that the glochids can sometimes bring on?

“Let’s just say you’ve hit a cactus with your wrist or your arm, and you reach down with your mouth to pull [the spine] out and spit it out,” Dieter says. “You might get the spine, but the glochid might then stick in your tongue, or in your lip, and then you’re going to have that reaction in your mouth or in your lip and you won’t be a happy camper.”

Another painful possibility is that the barb will embed itself in your throat, which is exactly what once happened to Puente-Martinez (and is the reason why he strongly recommends you do not try this method at home, or ever). He had gently grabbed the spine with his teeth and was just about to spit it out when one of the people working on the plants nearby asked him a question.

“I turned around and swallowed the little glochid,” he says. “I had it there for a couple of days; it was really bothering me.” He finally dislodged the glochid by chewing bread. His theory is that as your saliva moistens the blob of bread, it becomes sticky enough to pull out the spine.

The trick served him well again several months ago when he attended a conference and one the other attendees ordered prickly pears for lunch. Apparently, the fruit had not been cleaned quite thoroughly enough, and the man wound up with a glochid lodged in the roof of his mouth. Puente-Martinez advised him to start eating the white bread the server had brought out earlier. After four or five slices, the offending glochid came away.

5. Enjoy cacti … from afar

“Obviously cacti have significant aesthetic appeal to a lot of people, which has caused cactus societies to spring up around the world,” Trager notes. In fact, the plants’ flowers tend to be intensely bright and vivid thanks to the same betalain pigments found in beets and a few other plants.

There are a few cacti that are actually soft enough to pet (if you do it the right way), such as the feather cactus. This Mexican species uses tiny spines that resemble ostrich feathers to diffuse oncoming light, Trager says. “Usually there’s one way to pet a cactus that is pleasant,” he says.

[Related: How to build a thriving indoor garden]

More importantly, cacti are a critical part of desert ecosystems. Grass in the desert is sparse so their fleshy stems and fruits are the main source of food for many animals such as jackrabbits and javelinas. Doves, hummingbirds, and many other birds and bats rely on their nectar and pollen. Additionally, the fruits and flesh are pretty tasty when they’ve been properly de-spined.

“So there’s lots of ways to love cacti,” Trager says. Just try to admire them from a distance.

This post has been updated. It was originally published on May 4, 2018.

The post How to remove cactus needles (including ones stuck in your throat) appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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A diabetes-friendly guide to holiday parties https://www.popsci.com/health/diabetes-and-the-holidays/ Tue, 20 Dec 2022 17:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=500499
Holiday cake filled with chocolate stars, icing, and orange slices poses a sugary nightmare to people with diabetes
You can have your cake and eat it, too, depending on the size of the slice. Deposit Photos

Tip: The cheese board is your friend.

The post A diabetes-friendly guide to holiday parties appeared first on Popular Science.

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Holiday cake filled with chocolate stars, icing, and orange slices poses a sugary nightmare to people with diabetes
You can have your cake and eat it, too, depending on the size of the slice. Deposit Photos

Chestnuts roasting on an open fire and the smell of cookies wafting through the air can only mean one thing—the holidays are here. For many, this is a time to see family and get some much needed R&R. But for people with diabetes, the food-filled celebrations can be a bittersweet reminder of what you can and can’t eat.

Having Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes doesn’t mean you have to miss out on all the goodies, however. Popular Science spoke with diabetes experts who agree that you can treat yourself this season—as long as you do it in moderation. “It’s okay to indulge on the holidays. They’re special,” says Carolyn Maxwell, an endocrinologist at Stony Brook Medicine in New York.

[Related: FDA approves first drug that can delay onset of Type I diabetes]

Read on for the diabetes do’s and don’ts of navigating merry feasts and festivities. 

Do plan ahead

If you’re going over to a friend’s or family’s holiday dinner, there are several ways to prepare. For example, you can snack throughout the day so you’re not starving when it comes time for the big meal: Having something in your system makes you less likely to binge eat unhealthy foods, says Melissa Gaynor, a dietitian at the Pediatric Diabetes Center at NYU Langone’s Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital. You’ll also want to avoid an excess amount of carbohydrates in your main course. Holiday dinners often have turkey, stuffing, and mashed potatoes in their lineups—all of which are high in glucose-producing molecules. Gaynor says that eating a large amount of these savory dishes at one time can make it tricky to control blood sugar levels, even if you’re regularly taking insulin

While a few carb-loaded bites won’t severely harm your health, says Gaynor, you might want to ask the host for the recipes in advance so you can keep track of what you’re eating. “There are so many websites and apps where you can type in the ingredients of a recipe and it will tell you the nutritional content and the carbs so you don’t have to guess,” she adds. Foods with a low glycemic index—a measure of how quickly they affect your blood glucose levels—are typically healthy for diabetes.

If you want more options at a communal meal, Gaynor recommends making your own dish. Not only would you have something you can definitely eat, but you’ll also know the nutritional contents without extra research. Consider bringing a veggie platter or a side such as roasted cauliflower to the party. 

Don’t drink sugary cocktails

For those who want to fully get into the holiday spirit, having two or three glasses of alcohol at a party is not too bad for your diabetes, says Maxwell. Imbibing too much, however, can lower your inhibitions and make you more likely to indulge in food.

[Related: The best non-alcoholic drinks to sip soberly this holiday]

If you do decide to stir up a drink, skip the cocktails: They’re chock-full of liquid carbs from added juice and syrup, which can spike your blood sugar. Instead, Gaynor recommends making a mixed drink using diet or zero-calorie soda, ginger ale, or seltzer. Be sure to stay hydrated in between drinks—water and other unsweetened beverages can dilute the amount of sugar circulating in your bloodstream, keeping your glucose levels in a healthy range. 

Do eat protein and fiber-rich foods

While both experts say it’s okay to have some carbs, you’ll want most of your plate made up of protein, vegetables, and high-fiber foods that “are going to have less of an effect on blood sugar,” explains Gaynor.

Fibrous fare like artichoke hearts and beans will satisfy your hunger faster, and slow down any spikes in blood sugar because the body can’t break the plant-based nutrients down. Proteins are also super filling and have a minimal effect on raising blood sugar. You can find tasty protein-rich foods in the cheeses of a charcuterie board, olives, and deviled eggs, to name a few. 

Don’t go overboard with dessert

When it comes to sweet treats, it’s all about portion control. If you’re going to gift yourself a small slice of cake, Maxwell recommends pairing it with fresh fruit. “There is sugar in fruit, but it’s almost always going to be better for you than everything else on the dessert table,” she notes.

[Related: How to avoid added sugars]

For heavy dishes like pie, it’s tricky to know how many carbs you’ll end up consuming. Gaynor says this is when it’s important to talk to the host about nutritional details. Even if you cut yourself a piece, be mindful of the serving size, she adds. And remember, you can bring your own dessert, too. Opt for something made with ingredients that have a low glycemic index, like almond or whole grain flour. “You’ll know exactly what ingredients went into that dish,” Gaynor says, “and you can pre-slice it so the portions are set.”

Do take a walk after dinner

Both experts recommend getting some light exercise after a meal at the end of the day. Not only would it help with digesting a big feast, but being active helps with lowering glucose spikes. That doesn’t mean you have to leave the party to hit up the gym: Research shows just a two- to five-minute walk around the block can make a noticeable difference in your blood sugar levels.

The post A diabetes-friendly guide to holiday parties appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to clean a keyboard without breaking it https://www.popsci.com/clean-your-keyboard-without-breaking-it/ Mon, 07 Jan 2019 21:31:35 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/clean-your-keyboard-without-breaking-it/
A silver Macbook Air keyboard that someone needs to learn how to clean. There are crumbs and even a hair on it.
Please, somebody teach this person how to clean a keyboard before all their friends and family disown them. John Kennedy

Tried and tested tips for sticky keys, dirty buildup, and all other forms of messiness.

The post How to clean a keyboard without breaking it appeared first on Popular Science.

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A silver Macbook Air keyboard that someone needs to learn how to clean. There are crumbs and even a hair on it.
Please, somebody teach this person how to clean a keyboard before all their friends and family disown them. John Kennedy

We may earn revenue from the products available on this page and participate in affiliate programs. Learn more ›

Most of us don’t take good care of our keyboards. We eat over them, we spill things on them, and—worst of all—we never clean them. A keyboard remains a sticky, dirty, disgusting mess until one of the keys stops working or someone nearby comments on how nasty it is.

Fortunately, this cleaning process is not actually that hard to do. Think of it like a thorough dental cleaning, but for your computer, and stop being that person with the messy workstation. Take charge of your life and start with a fresh, clean keyboard.

First, shut down your machine

It’s always best to disconnect your keyboard before you start the disinfecting process. Nobody wants liquid cleaning products near their hard drive when the computer is on. With a laptop, that means turning the entire machine off. If you have a desktop computer, you can just unplug the keyboard from your computer.

Shake out your less-than-clean keyboard

With a good grip, stand over a garbage can and carefully turn your laptop or keyboard completely upside down. Then, gently shake your device so any dried-up crumbs or pieces of food will fall out, thanks to the handy force of gravity. This debris removal is an important early step because it gets the big, bulky stuff out so it won’t get in the way of your more precise scrubbing later on.

[Related: Clean the grossest nooks and crannies with this DIY slime]

Start blasting with compressed air

Just like any piece of furniture that sits in one place for a long time, the spaces between your keys and other keyboard components are going to gather dust. These particles, combined with any minuscule food crumbs, are nearly impossible to remove with gentle shaking alone. That’s where compressed air comes in. Compressed air, which is exactly what its name implies, comes in a can and can be purchased at any office supply store, superstore, and online. These cans are fairly cheap, but are a crucial, powerful tool for anyone trying to clean a keyboard—they can blast dust out of that random corner you didn’t even know you had.

When using compressed air, Apple recommends tilting your keyboard at a 75-degree angle so it’s nearly vertical, but not quite. Spray the compressed air into the keyboard and rotate the keyboard or laptop 90 degrees four times so the air hits as many areas of the board from as many angles as possible.

Get scrubbing

A close-up of a dirty Apple keyboard for a Mac computer.
This keyboard has seen better days. Claire Maldarelli

Now that you’ve gotten all the dust and debris out, you can focus on those grimy, perhaps slimy, keys. Yes, it’s that time. For this, you’ll need a cotton ball, some Q-tips or another brand of cotton swab (they’re best used for cleaning, not sticking in your ears), and some basic isopropyl alcohol, also known as rubbing alcohol. You can buy all of these items at most pharmacies and grocery stores.

First, dab a small amount of alcohol onto the cotton ball and carefully clean each key. Then, for inter-key cleaning, switch to the Q-tip with a bit of alcohol. The small size of the cotton swab helps ensure the alcohol only goes onto the keyboard surface, not into it. Just be careful not to put too much alcohol on the Q-tip.

From experience, for extra scummy keys, you will need to scrub pretty hard. You may even have to go back to some keys for a second scrub.

The alcohol will likely get rid of most bacteria and germs that may have gathered on your keyboard. But if you want to be extra sure, you can finish with a multi-purpose cleaning wipe as well. Alcohol, because of its low boiling point, evaporates very quickly, which is another reason it’s so useful for cleaning keyboards—the area will dry within a few seconds.

Consider removing the keys themselves

Usually, the combination of shaking, spraying, and scrubbing is good enough. But if your keys are sticking or you’re convinced there’s still some dirt under the keycaps, you can sometimes remove them. This technique depends on the type of keyboard you have and how it was put together. It’s helpful to have an electronics repair toolkit if you are going to attempt to remove them.

Remember to clean your keyboard more often

Frequency is key. Just like brushing and flossing your teeth, the more often you clean your keyboard, the less likely it is that dirt and scum will have a chance to build up. While once a day is probably excessive, once a week is easily doable.

The bacteria is probably not that bad—for you at least

Even if you never clean your keyboard, the bacteria that build up are probably normal, friendly bacteria—the same kind that gather on your phone and other items you touch every day. And you likely won’t get any new diseases from your own keyboard. But an unclean keyboard is an easy way to spread disease-causing bacteria, especially if you are sick and other people are using the device as well. A good cleaning once a week will limit the risk.

This story has been updated. It was originally published on March 10, 2017.

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The right way to wash your waterproof clothes https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-wash-waterproof-jacket/ Tue, 13 Dec 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=497348
Three hikers in rain jackets and other rain gear, hiking through a wet forest, hopefully with well-maintained waterproofing.
You really don't want to wait until you're in a situation like this to realize your jacket's waterproofing has worn out. Greg Rosenke / Unsplash

The wrong laundering choices can ruin your rain gear.

The post The right way to wash your waterproof clothes appeared first on Popular Science.

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Three hikers in rain jackets and other rain gear, hiking through a wet forest, hopefully with well-maintained waterproofing.
You really don't want to wait until you're in a situation like this to realize your jacket's waterproofing has worn out. Greg Rosenke / Unsplash

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No matter what time of year it is, wet, rainy weather keeps many would-be explorers indoors for days or weeks at a time. Quality rain gear can help you stay active in the great outdoors, of course, but it has to be in working condition. If it’s not, you risk sodden sweaters, at best, and hypothermia, at worst.

But when your rain jacket isn’t shedding drops like it used to, zippers are breaking, or tears or punctures are letting in water (or the chill), you might think waiting out the weather or buying a new coat are the only options. Fortunately, that’s not the case: there are ways to care for, repair, and restore your rain gear so you can enjoy the season, no matter the weather.

Why your waterproofing can break down

Almost every piece of rain gear that’s not made of rubber or impermeable plastic is rain-ready thanks to both a waterproof breathable membrane and a durable water-repellent coating, or DWR. 

The former keeps you dry while allowing sweat vapor to escape during intense activities like hiking or playing football in the backyard. The latter is a type of polymer that manufacturers apply to the outer layer of fabric. What this polymer is made out of depends on the brand, but each one coats fibers and enables water to roll off instead of staying put and soaking through. At the same time, it allows sweat vapor to escape, keeping you dry from the outside in, but also from the inside out. 

That’s important because when water soaks the outer fabric, sweat vapor can get trapped inside, causing the jacket’s interior to feel wet and you to feel cold and clammy. You can avoid all of that, and keep yourself warm and dry, by maintaining waterproofing via regular care and maintenance.

How to wash a waterproof jacket

Every rain jacket, from budget-friendly models to thousand-dollar varieties, needs to be washed every now and then, but not just to keep it looking squeaky clean. Regular cleaning is vital to keeping your gear’s waterproof coatings functional, according to Ron Simonds, founder of Boulder Mountain Gear Repair.

According to Simonds, that’s because sweat, dirt, and mud—even near-microscopic particles—can get stuck in the fabric and open up tiny pathways where water can seep through. Sweat does so from the inside, where its acidic pH delaminates fabrics, rendering waterproof breathable membranes ineffective. And once that happens—you’ll see peeling tape over seams and blistering or bubbling material—there’s no repairing it. Regular cleaning can prevent all that.

[Related: 5 simple fixes to keep your clothing around longer]

But you can’t just toss your waterproof jacket in the wash with your weekly load of laundry, says Simonds, who estimates he’s repaired tens of thousands of rain jackets during his 35-year career. “Detergent soaps are the nemesis of your waterproof fabrics,” he explains. Together with fabric softeners, they contain harsh chemicals that delaminate the materials, leave behind residues that attract water, and otherwise diminish waterproofing. He says the only products you should use to clean your beloved waterproof outerwear are rain-gear-specific detergents like those from brands including Nikwax and Gear Aid. Unlike traditional detergents, which tend to reduce a liquid’s surface tension and leave residue that attracts water, these are designed to clean, but also maintain and protect waterproof coatings and breathability. 

As for how often to wash, that depends on how often you use your rain gear, Simonds says. If you wear a jacket every day of a week-long hiking trip and get it sweaty and dirty, wash it when you return home. If you wear it every weekend, wash it once or twice a year. If it’s something you wear daily, clean it once a month. But you should rarely wash rainwear more often than that, or you will shorten its lifespan.

To boost repellency further, follow each cleaning with a wash-in or spray-on water repellent treatment designed for your specific type of gear to restore the DWR to new or near-new condition. This works by re-coating fibers that may no longer be waterproof and reviving the surface of the fabric to encourage water to roll off instead of soak in. The packaging should clearly state that they are intended for waterproof, breathable outerwear. Make sure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions, as some products require you to apply heat (like from a clothes dryer) to work.

Follow the wash with repairs

While washing and re-waterproofing are the most common and routine maintenance tasks you’ll need to perform, plenty more can go wrong with rain gear, including zipper malfunctions, tears, and delamination. Given all these potential problems, it’s helpful to know how to handle other fixes to extend the life of your rain jacket.

Two repairs Simonds performs frequently involve zippers and tears. Zippers, especially delicate ones on ultralight gear, can get stuck, break, or lose teeth, and they’re difficult to fix or replace yourself. You can, of course, always try to fix the zipper on your own, but there’s no shame in knowing when to call on a professional and send the garment to a repair shop that can get the job done quickly.

[Related: Tips for buying and caring for long-lasting fabrics]

If it’s lubrication your zipper needs, zipper grease or lubricant will work if you’re unable to run a load of laundry for a few days, but it will attract more dirt and grime in the long run. It can save you in a pinch, but you’ll need to wash the article when you get home to eliminate any residue and grit.

As for holes and tears, there are plenty of patch options you can buy and slap onto your outerwear to seal up holes. These will do nicely if that’s what you have on hand, but for a more long-term solution, Simonds recommends sending your jacket to someone who can apply special heat tape to really seal up holes and tears. Some manufacturers will repair their gear, but a repair shop will, too.

A tip from the pro, though: before you send any rain gear in for repair, make sure it’s not already delaminated or peeling. At that point, there’s not much any shop can do for your jacket.

Store your gear in a safe place

Before you put your jacket away for the season, give it a good cleaning and repair any minor malfunctions so it will be ready to go when the rainy season rolls around again. Just don’t stuff it in an air-tight tub for storage—Simonds says if even a drop of moisture gets in, mold will take over and won’t ever come out. Instead, hang your jacket in a closet away from direct sunlight (ultraviolet rays can damage clothing, too). 

If a storage tub or a damp closet is the only solution available, toss in a few silica gel packets or a moisture absorber to keep your garments fresh and mold-free.

Choose the right jacket for each outing

Finally, if it is truly time to update your outerwear, shop smart to make it last. For example, an ultralight jacket intended for backpacking isn’t going to stand up to the abuse of bushwhacking through the rainforest. A heavy-duty shell designed for winter may fail faster if you’re wearing it in warm weather or during intense activity where you may be sweating more. So choose the right tool for the job to lengthen the life of your equipment, Simonds says. Then treat it right, repair it well, and it will serve you for years to come.

The post The right way to wash your waterproof clothes appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to get muscle gains: A beginner’s guide to becoming buff https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-gain-muscle/ Sun, 11 Dec 2022 14:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=496624
person-lifting-weights-at-the-gym
Lift heavy, but above all, lift smart. John Arano / Unsplash

Winter is a great time to get those gains before the good weather comes back.

The post How to get muscle gains: A beginner’s guide to becoming buff appeared first on Popular Science.

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person-lifting-weights-at-the-gym
Lift heavy, but above all, lift smart. John Arano / Unsplash

Whether you work out because it makes you feel good or it helps you look a certain way, you probably already know that growing muscle is not as easy as it sounds. More than a straightforward correlation (more squats, bigger glutes), getting those gains is like solving a complicated equation with a wide array of variables that include the exercises you do, what you eat, and how much you rest. 

Without understanding the role each of these elements plays, you’ll likely spend hours lifting every day, but your progress will only go so far. Fortunately, you don’t have to be a muscle math genius to buff up, and winter is the perfect time to start.

How your body builds muscle

When you work out your biceps, the strain of the movement causes micro-tears. This means that at a microscopic level, the fibers that make up the muscle in your arms get damaged or cut altogether. 

When your body has everything it needs to heal, it overcorrects by growing new tissue on top of the damaged one. This helps better prepare your muscles for exertion and prevent new micro-tears from happening in the future. It is through the repetition of this cycle—straining, repairing—that muscles grow in size and strength. 

It’s a pretty simple process, but there are several things that go into boosting it and making it more efficient. 

The essential elements of getting stronger

There are four main elements you need to keep an eye on when it comes to growing your muscles. Knowing how they interact will help you stay healthy and see results in time for spring. 

Consistency is key

You absolutely will not make progress bulking up without consistent effort. Muscles only increase in size and strength by going through the cycle of experiencing and healing micro-tears over and over again.

Consistency builds with discipline over time. But sometimes that’s not enough, so you’ll need to come up with some extra motivation to get moving. 

When I was starting my fitness journey, involving a friend really helped me stay on track. My roommate and I got a treadmill and the rule was that whenever one of us ran the other had to follow suit. Within a few months, this forced consistency pushed me from wheezing my way through a mere two to three minutes of painful jogging to effortlessly running past the mile mark. 

Wield those weights right

Only lifting often and heavily will result in muscle growth. But if you don’t know how heavy is heavy enough, there are two ways to figure it out. 

Start by pushing to failure, which is fitness jargon for lifting to the point where you can no longer do another repetition without decreasing weight. But as you get stronger, you’ll find that getting to this point using the same size weights will require you to do more and more reps. This is why you’ll need to gradually increase the amount of weight you lift over time. 

[Related: Muscle stiffness can be an athletic superpower]

“Going through the motions won’t build muscle like actually pushing and getting to a few reps short of failure,” says Jim Bathurst, a certified strength and conditioning specialist, and the head of fitness at Nerd Fitness

To get more gains, he recommends prioritizing workouts that target multiple muscle groups at a time, also known as compound exercises. These include standards like bench presses, deadlifts, pull-ups, squats, overhead presses, and rows. In fact, by doing these six exercises you’ll be working out every major muscle group in your body. 

But whatever movements make it into your routine, Jim recommends you complete each one with proper form: “This can help minimize injuries and increase the amount of work you put on the muscles.”

Mastering your form will take knowledge and practice. Start by doing your research—there are several apps and online videos you can check out to get a better understanding of the correct form for each exercise. You can then apply what you’ve learned by exercising in front of a mirror or filming yourself and reviewing your movements as you go. If you still have questions, it might be time to ask an expert. A coach or trainer will give you dedicated attention and correct your form as necessary. They’ll even be able to adapt certain exercises to accommodate previous injuries or level of expertise. 

Eating right is a crucial part of your routine

Once you’ve caused all the aforementioned micro-tears via lifting, you’ll need to let them heal. But your muscles can’t repair themselves and grow if you’re not fueling yourself properly—they require enough calories and proteins to do the job.

“Unlike fat reduction, the development of lean muscle tissue requires energy as you are building the body and need material to do so,” says Michael S. Parker, a certified fitness nutrition specialist, and founder of Forge Fitness. “Naturally, this material is in the form of nutritional components and found in our food.” 

When it comes to how much food you’ll need to eat daily to get those gains, Parker explains that everyone is different, but a good rule of thumb is meeting your maintenance energy level and then surpassing it. This means eating enough calories a day to offset the ones you’re burning by exercising and just staying alive, and then some. This extra energy is called caloric surplus, and it’s the additional oomph your body needs to build new muscle. While everyone’s body is unique, generally speaking, you don’t need much of a surplus to fuel growth—between 300 and 500 extra calories a day will do it. But this only applies if you’re working out hard, lifting to failure around three to four times a week. 

If you don’t know what your maintenance level is, there are a number of online calculators that can help you with that. These tools take into account factors like your age, weight, height, and typical daily activity levels to provide a fairly accurate picture of your caloric needs. You can also use an app like MyFitnessPal, which is intuitive and offers a vast library of foods so that you don’t have to enter each one manually. 

Apps can also provide an estimate of how many calories you burn during your workouts, but if you want a clearer picture, you can use a fitness tracker. These gadgets vary greatly in terms of accuracy, but in my experience, the Garmin Venu 2 Plus delivers outstanding results compared to products from companies like Fitbit or Whoop. This gadget also tracks a wide range of activities, including strength training, cycling, and swimming.

But it’s not just a matter of calories in and calories out. When it comes to food and muscle growth, quality matters just as much as quantity.

“You will need to ensure you have a sufficient and balanced ratio of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to ensure maximal absorption and distribution of nutritional building components,” Michael says.

Protein is essential for building muscle as it helps with cell replication, he explains. Carbohydrates, on the other hand, are a source of energy and aid your mind and body to perform at optimal levels.

A 2017 study published in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition found that in most people, muscle growth or maintenance requires a daily intake of 1.4 to 2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. This means that if you weigh 150 pounds, you should be eating 105 grams of protein per day to build muscle. In food terms, that translates into three eggs, two pieces of bacon, a cup of Greek yogurt, one chicken breast, and a protein bar. 

And don’t forget about getting some fat in. Prioritize clean dietary fats such as monounsaturated (think avocados, peanuts, and almonds), and polyunsaturated (fish, sunflower seeds, walnuts), but also add a small amount of saturated fat (butter, coconut oil, cheese, bacon).

Get plenty of rest

You don’t get stronger in the gym—you do it in bed. When you sleep, your muscles get the chance to recover by healing micro-tears. You need to get a full night’s sleep on a consistent basis, with research indicating that seven to eight hours is the sweet spot for muscle growth.

[Related: What actually works for muscle recovery—and what doesn’t]

But on top of getting some solid rest, you’ll also need to relax. Cortisol, a stress hormone, is catabolic, meaning that it hinders your body’s ability to synthesize proteins, directly disrupting muscle growth

Supplement with caution

You’ll see a lot of products promising to boost muscle growth, burn fat, or increase performance—but supplements are not bottled miracles. 

“[Supplements] will not take the place of the basics like quality workouts, proper nutrition, and quality sleep,” Jim says. “If you are slacking in your workouts, failing to consistently eat enough calories and protein, or staying up late and getting terrible sleep, supplements will not be a magic fix.”

There are a few supplements that are safe, affordable, and scientifically proven to help your progress. But if you have any medical conditions, talk to your doctor before you make any major dietary changes. 

Michael explains that protein supplements can help you get those gains, but they’re unnecessary if you’re already getting what you need from food. Creatine is another popular supplement among those looking to buff up and has the added bonus of being inexpensive. It’s not essential to muscle growth, but if you want to get a little boost, research has found that creatine is safe, and when properly used, it can help with rapid muscle gains by improving the quality of your workouts

“Creatine is one of the most researched dietary supplements out there [and it] helps replenish energy when an individual is fatigued,” Michael explains.

[Related: There are only two supplements proven to help you build muscle]

Consuming caffeine-based pre-workout supplements can also boost gym performance by increasing your energy and focus. 

“Caffeine and other natural stimulants can help you push harder during workouts, but should be used as little as possible,” Jim explains. Take too much or too late in the day, and it can interfere with your sleep, which as we mentioned above, is counterproductive.

People should be careful with other non-caffeine-based pre-workout supplements, Michael warns, as there’s no science backing up their safety and efficacy, and they may even form addiction patterns. 

“Safety of supplementation has improved quite a bit over the last 15 to 20 years,” he says. “However, it is still prudent to exercise caution when supplementing.”

As you progress, you’ll find plenty of ways to fine-tune your routine. But no matter what stage of your fitness journey you are in, the fundamentals will still be the same: consistent and vigorous workouts, proper diet, and the always necessary recovery afforded by good sleep and relaxation. 

Rinse (because you never want to be the smelly person at the gym), and repeat. 

The post How to get muscle gains: A beginner’s guide to becoming buff appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to clean a computer screen without destroying it https://www.popsci.com/diy/best-way-clean-laptop-screen/ Thu, 14 Oct 2021 00:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=402835
A person cleaning a laptop screen with a microfiber cloth and small brush.
Your computer's screen is way more delicate than you may think. pilipeichenko / Depositphotos

No, you can't spray window cleaner on your laptop.

The post How to clean a computer screen without destroying it appeared first on Popular Science.

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A person cleaning a laptop screen with a microfiber cloth and small brush.
Your computer's screen is way more delicate than you may think. pilipeichenko / Depositphotos

Do us a favor—open this photo of a solid black square and focus on your screen. We’ll wait. 

Yes, we know—your screen is gross.

Before you give into your impulses and wipe your screen with whatever you have at hand, let us stop you right there. Your display is way more delicate than you think, and if you want it to last a long time in optimal conditions, you’ll need to treat it with proper love and care.  

The good news is that cleaning a computer screen is more simple than you think. You only need a soft cloth, a tiny bit of water, and the most delicate of touches.

Know your screen

As you would expect, not all screens are created equal, and some are more delicate than others. The safest way to figure out the proper care for your screen is to search for the make and model of your device, find out if it has an LCD, LED, or some other type of display, and search for the manufacturer’s instructions on how to care for it. 

If you want to skip all that, there’s an easy way to avoid making a mistake that might not only result in irreparable damage to your screen but to your entire device. According to Joe Silverman, owner of New York Computer Help, a tech repair center in New York City, no matter how much money you spent on your computer or tablet, it probably has an LED or an LCD screen if you bought it within the last three years—and neither type benefits from window cleaner or highly concentrated alcohol. 

“You really don’t want to use anything that’s going to dilute the reflective coating of your screen,” Silverman says. 

That’s the uppermost layer of your screen, which is extremely sensitive to the acidity in alcohol and in compounds like ammonia or propylene glycol. These are often present in cleaning agents such as window cleaners and degreasers. Using these liquids will corrode the surface of your screen, resulting in scratches or even smudges you won’t be able to get rid of.

[Related: The complete guide to spring cleaning your computer]

And if that doesn’t sound bad enough, think about what happens when the protective layer is completely ruined.  

“Underneath there it’s the most intelligent part of the laptop,” Silverman explains. “What happens is that the liquid will get through that first line of defense, and when it does that it’s going to really affect the sensors.” 

Things get even trickier when you’re dealing with touchscreens. On models like the Microsoft Surface, the display is the main input—as opposed to your mouse or trackpad on a regular laptop—so it’s ultra-sensitive, Silverman says. Using a strong liquid cleaner like a degreaser or a bleach-based disinfectant can obliterate the top layer on the screen. Combine that with high pressure, and you can kiss your fancy touchscreen computer goodbye.

Another downside to newer computers is their size and weight. If you decided to splurge on a new laptop, for example, you probably found one that has top-notch components, but also a slick, lightweight design. This format is only possible if everything in your laptop is smaller and thinner. In the case of your display, a thinner screen means a weaker barrier between your computer’s guts and the elements in the outside world. 

Ok, but how do I actually clean a computer screen?

Caring for your screen is simple—it only takes a little bit of water and a dust-free cloth, such as a microfiber wipe or the piece of fabric that came with your glasses. 

First, turn off your computer and disconnect the charger. This might sound paranoid, but the benefit is twofold—you avoid any chance of triggering an electrical surge, and your screen will remain black, which will make it easier to see any dirt and grime.

Pour a couple drops of water on your cloth. Forget paper towels or the sleeve of that soft cotton t-shirt you love—microfiber is your best bet. Still, no matter how soft it is, a dry wipe could always leave micro-abrasions on your screen. The moisture will also help gather dust and particles while lifting grease from your display. 

Use circular motions starting in the center of your screen and moving outward, so you don’t leave any streaks. If you can see any droplets or water traces on the glass while you clean, you’ve used way too much water. Gently dab the residual H2O with an absorbent cloth or tissue paper and start again. 

If you’re dealing with next-level gunk, you can use isopropyl alcohol at 70 percent or lower, Silverman says. “That percentage is very important,” he explains. “We’d only use 90 percent or higher on dummy parts that don’t have sensors, like top cases and keyboards.” In these extreme cases, spray the alcohol on the cloth, never directly on the screen, and wipe it gently. 

Screen care is like skincare  

Just like solar damage, screen damage is cumulative. The more pressure you apply, the more abrasive a product you use, and the more often you use it, the greater the damage you’re inflicting on the protective layer of your display and the delicate sensors underneath it. 

Maybe you can get away with using a high percentage of alcohol or even a window cleaner on your computer screen once or twice. But if you keep at it, eventually you’ll see the deleterious effects. 

“You’ll see discoloration, lines (vertical and horizontal); sometimes it looks pretty and rainbow-like,” Silverman says. “Sometimes it’ll blink and sometimes you’ll see droplets of water or liquid in the back of the screen. There’s a lot of ways in which damage appears.”

And here is the bad news: you cannot fix it. The only way to get rid of that damage is to replace the screen. 

The best way to avoid damaging your screen while cleaning it is to simply keep it from getting dirty in the first place. If you have a laptop, cover the keyboard with a thin microfiber cloth before closing it to prevent finger grease from transferring to the screen. If you have a touchscreen, wash your hands often before you use it, but make sure you let your hands dry completely before you start tapping—the soapy water or liquid hand cleanser from your fingers can easily end up on the screen and corrode it. 

Wet, newly washed hands can also be detrimental to regular computers. Silverman says he often sees such victims in his shop—computers completely dead after hand sanitizer rubbed off the owner’s hands, seeped through the keyboard, and ruined the inner guts of the machine. 

How to care for a phone screen

Your phone was designed to be carried, dropped, tapped, swiped, smashed against your face for long periods of time, and stowed in the deepest corners of your bag. In other words, its screen is way more resilient than your computer’s. 

[Related: Best monitors for home offices]

Silverman explains that most iPhones and Samsung phones, for example, have screens made out of one thick piece of glass. These, as opposed to computer screens, have all the LCD layers fused together, making them much more difficult to damage. Still, if you’re using alcohol, he recommends keeping the concentration at 70 percent or lower, using a soft cloth, and applying only low pressure to get rid of any accumulated gunk there. 

Be especially careful with charging ports, as contact with water (also present in rubbing alcohol) can damage the electronics inside your smartphone. Newer models often are resistant to liquids, but there’s always a threshold to how much they can withstand. And you probably don’t want to know what that is.

Replacing the screen of your computer or smartphone can be expensive, and even if that’s not an issue for you, no one wants their devices to fail when they need them the most. So remember these tips well—we hope you never have to read this article again.

This story has been updated. It was originally posted on October 13, 2021.

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9 ways to be a better conversationalist https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-talk-to-people/ Tue, 06 Dec 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=495170
Four women sitting around two small, white, round tables having a conversation.
Don't doubt yourself—you're doing better than you think. LinkedIn Sales Solutions / Unsplash

Have you been talking about yourself too much? Or just enough?

The post 9 ways to be a better conversationalist appeared first on Popular Science.

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Four women sitting around two small, white, round tables having a conversation.
Don't doubt yourself—you're doing better than you think. LinkedIn Sales Solutions / Unsplash

“Hey! How are you? It’s been such a long time since we last spoke. What have you been up to?” Many conversations start like this, but once that first sentence is out of your mouth, the rest often doesn’t flow as easily. It doesn’t matter if you’re speaking with a stranger or a long-lost friend, the conversation can quickly turn awkward, annoying, boring, embarrassing… or all those things at once. 

Although communication is at the core of the human experience, it’s easy to feel overwhelmed and shy away from it, dismissing it as too hard, says Adam Mastroianni, a Columbia Business School researcher who studies how people perceive each other. But having good conversations really isn’t that complicated. There are just a couple of things you’ll want to keep in mind.

Don’t skip the small talk

A lot of people boast about their hate for small talk, but it exists for a reason, Mastroianni says. “You need to have some kind of baseline of a relationship with someone before you can get to the next step,” he explains. Conversations, in fact, are not just about information extraction—they also help us show that we care and are listening and attending to each other, even if we’re just talking about how our day went. 

“Other primates do this by picking bugs out of their [community members’] hair. We do it using our words,” says Mastroianni. “Someone who doesn’t get that, to me, feels a little suspect. It’s like they want something instrumental out of this conversation, rather than doing it for the sake of drawing closer with someone.” So don’t worry that questions like, “How was your day?” and “How was your meal?” are too basic. Small talk can help ease into more meaningful conversations, gradually increasing reciprocal intimacy.

Please, please, put your phone away

Constantly checking your phone while talking with somebody is rude, vexing, and makes you a worse conversation partner no matter how well you think you can multitask. You don’t have to take our word for it, either: research published by the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology in 2018 showed that people who used their phones during a conversation felt more distracted and experienced less overall enjoyment.

Even if you think you’re exceptionally skilled at using your phone while chatting, you’re probably not. Another study published in the same journal four years later showed that people fail to recognize how negatively their phone use is affecting a social interaction, even though they can easily see how others’ phone use is affecting it. That’s because we all think we’re using our phones for a good reason, while others aren’t. So, seriously, keep your phone out of sight, and both you and the person you’re talking with will enjoy the conversation more.

Go with the flow and keep an open mind

Once you’re present and immersed in the conversation you’re having, you should be able to go with the flow. Imagine walking into a room full of mimes and pretending to shoot one of them with a bow and arrow, Mastroianni says. The target will go along with it, agreeing to the reality you’re creating and cooperating with you. “I think that is what a lot of people miss in a conversation,” he says. “Be willing to humor other people and see where it goes.”

Stop worrying about how you’re being perceived—they like you more than you think

People consistently underestimate how much other people like them, a phenomenon social psychologists have dubbed “the liking gap.” In short, this is the difference between how much you think someone likes you and how much they actually like you, and it’s a gap that can last months. You’ve been living with it most of your life, too: A study published by Psychological Science in 2021 found that the liking gap tends to appear when we are 5 years old—the age we start worrying about how we’re socially perceived. Similar research shows that we also underestimate how much others think about us after a conversation.

These findings aside, focusing on being liked generally isn’t a helpful way to build genuine relationships. “Many people spend a lot of time evaluating themselves or thinking about what other people will think of them. In general, this interferes with connecting with others,” says Gail Heyman, a University of California, San Diego, professor who specializes in social cognition.

[Related: Humans are so social that we try to fit in with robots]

Plus, don’t take it personally if a conversation doesn’t go as well as you thought it would—most of the time people are projecting. Maybe they’re having a rough day or feeling uneasy about the topic, and that’s why they’re not matching your energy. Keep that in mind and respond accordingly, but empathetically. Many times, what looks like a negative response stems from the person being preoccupied, or from another reason that has little, if anything, to do with you, Heyman says. Try to understand where they’re coming from, instead of raising your defenses.

Ask questions, preferably open-ended ones

When you ask questions, especially follow-up ones, your conversation partner is more likely to have a positive impression of you, according to Harvard University research published in 2017. That’s because people who asked more questions were perceived as better at listening, understanding, validating, and caring, the study found. One part of the investigation also showed that speed-daters who asked more follow-up questions were more likely to get asked on a second date.

In practice, you want to ask a good question that’s fairly easy to answer, says Mastroianni. “An example of a bad question is, ‘Do you have any siblings?’ Because the answer is yes or no, and it doesn’t allow the person to actually elaborate,” he explains. “A better question is, ‘How do you feel about’ something, or ‘What do you think about’ something.”

Give your partner a path through the conversation

Just because you’ll be listening and asking insightful questions doesn’t mean you’ll never have to talk yourself. In fact, many people assume that talking a lot during a conversation is bad when it’s actually not. Similar to the liking gap, people tend to underestimate how much other people enjoy hearing from them, incorrectly believing they will be more likable if they speak less than half the time in a conversation. That assumption is wrong.

What really matters, Mastroianni says, is how you’re talking about yourself and whether what you’re saying is facilitating a conversation where somebody can say something else next. “I think good conversations have a lot of doorknobs,” he says. A doorknob is, basically, a  conversational element that allows your speaking partner to grab onto a topic and keep the discussion moving. Mastroianni refers to them this way because grasping a real-world doorknob helps you move into another space. “These are things that you can latch onto, that we can both take from each other and give to each other,” says Mastroianni. Balancing the give and take is important because if all you do is talk about yourself, you’ll come across as vain. On the other hand, if all you do is ask questions, you’ll end up resentful, he explains.

Venture out deeper when you’re ready

With these tips in your toolbox, suss out the conversation’s flow and venture deeper when you’re ready. Generally, having deep conversations and sharing intimate moments are associated with higher overall wellbeing, but again—you’ll have to build upon a foundation of small talk.

The liking gap is common in these more intense conversations too, so don’t get discouraged. A study published in 2022 by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology analyzed 1,800 people across 12 different experiments and found that although people enjoy deep conversations, even with strangers, they often underestimate how much others are interested in hearing about their lives. 

[Related: Emotions may be universal, but they aren’t easy to translate]

“I am interested in conversations in which people gain new insights about each other, themselves, or about the world—the kind of conversations college students often have when they are living in the dorms and staying up later than they should,” says Heyman, offering an example of what she’d consider a deep conversation. “After college, I noticed that the people around me rarely had those kinds of conversations, and I missed that.”

Don’t stress if the conversation is ending faster, or running longer, than you want it to

Let’s admit it: It’s hard to strike a balance. People often—you guessed it—underestimate how pleasant the continuation of conversation is going to be. More specifically, people enjoy the first couple of minutes of a conversation, then start to think the rest won’t be as good—but they’re wrong, according to research published by the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 2022.

Yet Mastroianni notes that conversations barely ever end when we want them to, a fact reinforced by a study he co-authored and published in PNAS. On average, conversations ended at a time that differed from the time participants wanted them to end by about 50 percent of the length of the conversation, says Mastroianni. That’s a big mismatch. Yes, a majority of people wanted to end sooner, but a chunk of people wanted the conversation to continue. And even when both study participants wanted to continue, they didn’t want to keep talking for the same amount of time, says Mastroianni.

These differences are caused by one underlying theme: people don’t often want the same things out of an interaction, Mastroianni says. But remarkably, this lack of coordination doesn’t stop us from enjoying the chat.

Sure, people who say a conversation went on longer than they wanted to do enjoy it a little less, but not that much less, Mastroianni says. It’s not like they thought the conversation was outright terrible. 

Ultimately, tailor your approach

Although we do have a fairly solid understanding of what works in a conversation, you probably won’t be able to apply all these tips every time you talk with someone—every discussion is different.

So moving forward, try not to focus too much on whether you can be a better conversationalist overall, and think more about what you can bring to each conversation. Truly listen and pay attention to the person you’re talking with. 

“It’s not just like ‘Are you a good conversationalist?’” Mastroianni says. “But ‘Are you a good conversationalist with this person, right now, in this conversation that you’re having?’”

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Rosemary is the secret to long and healthy hair. Here’s how to use it to grow luscious locks. https://www.popsci.com/diy/rosemary-water-for-hair/ Sun, 04 Dec 2022 14:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=494705
Spray-bottle-with-DIY-rosemary-water-for-hair
Make your rosemary water in large batches and turn them into perfect stocking stuffers for the holidays. Helen Bradshaw

This easy and inexpensive project is your first step toward more and longer hair.

The post Rosemary is the secret to long and healthy hair. Here’s how to use it to grow luscious locks. appeared first on Popular Science.

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Spray-bottle-with-DIY-rosemary-water-for-hair
Make your rosemary water in large batches and turn them into perfect stocking stuffers for the holidays. Helen Bradshaw

The internet is obsessed with growing long, healthy, full heads of hair. Hair slugging tutorials on TikTok are only the most recent iteration of this phenomenon, which goes back to heatless curls, scalp massages, and caffeine treatments, to name a few. 

But lately, hair growth influencers have tried to keep it simple by focusing on one basic ingredient: rosemary. Jumping on this trend will only require you to make your own rosemary water spray. It’s simple, inexpensive, and there’s potentially a lot of hair to gain.  

How rosemary can help with hair growth

Mediterranean cultures have been obtaining hair benefits from rosemary for hundreds of years, says Michele Green, a board-certified dermatologist based in New York City. 

And science backs them up. In a study published in 2015 in the journal Skinmed, researchers compared the hair growth effects of rosemary and minoxidil (the active ingredient in Rogaine) over a six-month period. They found remarkably similar results, with both treatments showing a significant increase in hair count over untreated groups.

[Related: Winter-proof your lips with this DIY lip balm]

Green explains that rosemary owes its hair-growing benefits to its anti-inflammatory properties: The plant is capable of promoting circulation, allowing hair follicles to receive an adequate amount of blood. 

“This delivers oxygen and nutrients and prevents damaged hair follicles that lead to hair loss,” she says. As a bonus, she adds, rosemary also has antioxidant properties that help protect the hair and scalp from environmental stressors like pollution and UV radiation.

How to make rosemary water

rosemary-bush
This fragrant herb has multiple properties. Helen Bradshaw

You don’t have to splurge on a serum for your locks to benefit from this herb: You can make your own rosemary hair water at home. Although most studies have focused on rosemary oil, as have a lot of popular TikTok videos, Green says rosemary water also works, as it has the same main ingredient as the oil.

This format can also be especially helpful if you tend to have an oily scalp. Because this infusion is less concentrated than the oil, you can use it multiple times throughout the day, which also means you get to refresh the glorious scent in your hair for an all-day aroma.

Stats

  • Time: One hour
  • Material cost: $7 to $30
  • Difficulty: Easy

Ingredients

Instructions

1. Cut or buy some rosemary. If you have access to rosemary at home, cut about five sprigs from your plant—mine were each about six inches long. But if you’re not a rosemary grower, this is your sign to start, as this herb smells amazing and will always be useful in the kitchen. In the meantime, go buy some rosemary from your local market or grocery store.

You can use more or less rosemary, depending on how potent you want your water to be.

2. Put the sprigs in the pot along with the water and bring to a boil. Lightly rinse your rosemary to remove any debris, and put it in a pot with water. If the water doesn’t cover the sprigs, add more until it does. 

Bring your mix to a boil and let it simmer for 15 to 20 minutes. You’ll probably notice the water will turn yellowy green—this is normal. If you desire a stronger formula, you can let it simmer for one to two hours. If you do, keep an eye on the pot and add more water if too much of it boils off. 

pot with boiling water and sprig of rosemary boiling over a kitchen stove
Added bonus: your kitchen will smell amazing as a result.  Helen Bradshaw

3. Remove your concoction from the fire and let it steep. After simmering, remove the pot from the burner and let the rosemary continue to steep for 30 minutes. Over time, the water will become darker and rosier. 

Like with the simmering, if you want more potency, you can let the rosemary continue to steep until it fully cools down. After you’ve made this recipe a few times, you’ll be able to adjust the steeping and simmering times to whatever feels best for you.

4. Strain the mix and pour it into the spray bottle. Grab a sieve and an extra bowl, ideally with a spout for later, and strain out the rosemary and any residue that might have emerged during boiling. If you need to, repeat the process until you’re only left with infused water.

[Related: Moisturize your pup’s pads with some DIY paw balm]

Finally, pour the liquid into your spray bottle, screw the nozzle back on, and you’re good to go. 

You can add a bow around the bottleneck and some additional sprigs of rosemary if you want to turn your fragrant brew into a cute homemade gift for the haircare lover in your life. 

How to use rosemary water for hair growth

Part your hair with a comb and spray the rosemary water on your scalp a couple of times throughout the day. Massage it into the skin for a minute or so. (Even without rosemary water, regular scalp massages might help with hair thickness on their own.) 

When you’re done, store your water in the fridge to prolong its shelf life. The mixture should last one to two weeks if stored properly. If you don’t see results right away, don’t fret. You probably shouldn’t. 

“Everyone’s rate of hair growth is different,” says Michelle Henry, a board-certified dermatologist and founder of Skin and Aesthetic Surgery of Manhattan. “Early responders can see some improvement in three months, but the timeframe I give almost all of my patients is six months.”

The post Rosemary is the secret to long and healthy hair. Here’s how to use it to grow luscious locks. appeared first on Popular Science.

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How to make the perfect s’mores—with science https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-make-smores/ Thu, 24 Nov 2022 16:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=490268
hand holding a smore in the woods
S'mores are definitely one of the top 3 reasons to go camping. Kenrick Mills / Unsplash

S'more is s'more.

The post How to make the perfect s’mores—with science appeared first on Popular Science.

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hand holding a smore in the woods
S'mores are definitely one of the top 3 reasons to go camping. Kenrick Mills / Unsplash

A perfectly golden brown exterior, a gooey center, and a piece of smooth, dripping chocolate. There’s something special about s’mores that make them warm and cozy, and an indispensable snack at any campfire. And if there’s one thing I excel at, that’s making the perfect one.

The key is to heat up your marshmallows just right—but what that means exactly is often a controversial point of discussion around the campfire. If you like your white fluffy treats burned to a crisp and still cold on the inside, that’s your prerogative. On the other hand, if you prefer the warm gooeyness of a perfectly chocolatey s’more, you can use science to make it happen.

Making good s’mores is all about technique

To make the perfectly roasted marshmallow you’ve got to be patient, says long-time s’mores connoisseur Courtney Gaine, president and CEO of The Sugar Association. Rush the process and your marshmallow will instantly catch on fire, resulting in a treat that’s charred on the outside while still cold on the inside.

Take your time as you toast. Start with the low and slow method: resist the urge to get close to the heat source and instead hover your skewered marshmallow over the hot coals near the edge of the fire, or six to eight inches above the flames. Rotate your stick to facilitate even cooking. Keep it there for three to five minutes, or until the marshmallow starts to puff and turn golden.

[Related: How to make the most perfect s’mores ever]

Similarly to cooking meat, you want to make sure the inside gets warm before the outside burns. After all, it’s the gooey center of the white fluff that makes a s’more so delightful, and this is exactly what this cooking method accomplishes. First, the relatively low heat (90 to 95 degrees Fahrenheit) breaks down the gelatin in the marshmallow almost immediately. The temperature also expands the air pockets within the sugary treat, making it larger and softer as it warms, turning the center into a sweet goo. Lastly, heat breaks the bounds linking fructose and glucose molecules to sugar, allowing the marshmallow to expand further and develop more nuanced flavors.

Next, when the marshmallow starts to puff up, move it closer to the fire. You want to place it where the tips of the flames may only lick at the mallow, not engulf it. At a temperature nearing 250 degrees, the Maillard reaction will kick off. This chemical process occurs when the amino acids from the gelatin and heated sugar interact, causing the exterior of the marshmallow to start browning and a developing toasty flavor.

At this point, your treat may start to sag or spin around your roasting stick. This means that it’s perfectly soft on the inside and it’s time to caramelize the outside for that subtle crispiness around the edges. This means it’s time to move your mallow next to the hotter base of the flame or nearer the hot coals where the caramelization process can occur at temperatures around 320 degrees. As sugar breaks down under heat and you see your treat begin to bubble and brown even more, new compounds will arise, resulting in an even darker exterior. 

This process won’t take more than 10 or 20 seconds, so keep a watchful eye and take care not to catch your marshmallow on fire—unless that’s what you want. 

When the exterior turns a dappled medium to dark brown, it’s s’mores time.

How to assemble the perfect s’more

When you’re ready to put your s’more together, slide the warm marshmallow off the stick onto a graham cracker topped with a piece of chocolate. But move fast—because while milk chocolate melts easily, at around 90 to 95 degrees, if the air temperature is even slightly lower than that, your marshmallow will cool too quickly and won’t be able to melt the chocolate. This is why Gaine recommends prepping all your ingredients beforehand so you’re ready to assemble as soon as your mallow is toasted.

When you release the warm white fluff, the milk chocolate will soften quickly. If you, like Gaine, prefer your chocolate to fight back when you bite into it, let your marshmallow cool for 20 seconds before transferring it from your roasting stick. You can also get this crunch more easly by opting for dark chocolate. This variety has a higher melting point (around 110 to 115 degrees) due to its lower fat and sugar content. This allows it to stay solid for longer.

Finally, after you’ve given the mallow a few seconds to cool to ensure you won’t burn your mouth, chow down and enjoy. And keep some napkins handy to clean up the sticky, chocolatey mess.

Upgrade your fixings

While the classic s’more may be beautiful in its simplicity—marshmallow, milk chocolate, graham crackers—a s’more can be so much more. Gaine is a traditionalist when it comes to the three basic elements, but in my opinion, you can definitely play around with more sophisticated or delectable ingredients.

My favorite upgrade is to ditch the chocolate in exchange for a peanut butter cup. Once you experience the warm combination of melted chocolate and soft peanut butter you’ll never look back. You can also try flavored chocolate like raspberry, coffee, or caramel, to add more of a novel touch.

[Related: Stay-at-home science project: Bake s’mores using the power of the sun]

You can also add to the classic by swiping a spoonful of peanut butter, jam, or hazelnut spread onto your graham crackers before adding the marshmallow. Alternatively, swap the graham crackers for chocolate chip cookies, fudge-covered graham crackers that negate the need for extra chocolate (or add even more), or my favorite cookie swap: chocolate peanut-butter cookies like Girl Scout’s Tagalongs.

Needless to say, the possibilities are endless, especially given the abundance of vegan, gluten-free, and allergen-friendly s’mores ingredients. And as long as your marshmallow doesn’t turn into a bunch of burnt sugar, you can enjoy this delicious outdoorsy treat however you like.

The post How to make the perfect s’mores—with science appeared first on Popular Science.

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It’s never too late to learn to be on time https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-stop-being-late/ Wed, 16 Nov 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=486877
hand out revealing a watch on wrist
Analog clocks can help you get a better idea of the passing of time. Marius Mann / Pexels

No, your friends most likely don't find your tardiness cute.

The post It’s never too late to learn to be on time appeared first on Popular Science.

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hand out revealing a watch on wrist
Analog clocks can help you get a better idea of the passing of time. Marius Mann / Pexels

Being known among your friends as the one who’s always late is no fun. You’ve probably tried repeatedly to be on time, too, but keep finding yourself lying about being a block away when you haven’t actually left yet. 

And it’s not only about the annoyed look on your friends’ and colleagues’ faces when you finally arrive. Experts say that people who are perpetually tardy have a harder time keeping jobs, tend to harm their relationships, and have higher stress levels, while research shows that unpunctual students struggle in school.

“Punctuality is all about prioritization, [it’s] both a skill and a practice,” says Rashelle Isip, a productivity consultant based in New York City and author of The order expert’s guide to time management. “The good news is that you can become better at it if you’re willing to learn, make mistakes, and change your habits.”  

Get to the bottom of why you’re always late

The five time-management experts I interviewed said the most important step you can take to improve your unpunctuality is to understand why you’re late in the first place. 

“Being chronically late is not necessarily always due to poor time management,” says Pauline Wallin, a licensed psychologist based in Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, who teaches workshops on procrastination and chronic lateness. “If it were, people would learn from their experiences and change their behaviors for next time.” 

[Related: Get your work life together with one of these time-management apps]

Instead, experts say being chronically late stems from emotional and motivational factors, as defined by six different procrastination-prone personality types. Understanding which one you identify with can help you reverse-engineer your tardiness and stop it before it grows into a bigger issue. 

The anxiety-prone 

Typically, procrastination is deeply related to anxiety, Wallin says. The two work hand in hand, as the quickest way to ease your anxiety, is to find an excuse for why you can’t do whatever you’re putting off, she explains. 

That means that if you have mixed feelings about where you’re going (such as work, a doctor’s appointment, or a lunch date) you may subconsciously delay your arrival to reduce the anxiety you’ll feel once you get there, she says. 

If this sounds familiar, Isip recommends getting to the root of why you’re hesitating in the first place—is it a job you don’t enjoy, or maybe a friendship you’re done with? She also advises making commitments more intentionally. “If you know you’re going to drag your feet to get somewhere, maybe it’s not the kind of thing you ought to be committing to in the first place,” she says. 

The perfectionist

Linda Sapadin, a clinical psychologist practicing on Long Island and author of How to beat procrastination in the digital age, says perfectionists are often late because they can’t leave tasks undone until they’ve completed them to their satisfaction—and doing so may take longer than previously scheduled. 

If that’s you, Sapadin suggests taking on less and giving yourself extra time between tasks to ensure you’re happy with how they turn out. Hopefully, this will also result in you arriving places on time.  

The distracted

On the other end of the spectrum are the “dreamers,” as Sapadin defines them. Wallin says they’re “the easily distracted ones,” who can lose focus while working on a task because of something as common as an email alert they couldn’t ignore. This can easily become a problem when you inadvertently put off your most important tasks with each new distraction, resulting in you ending up crunched for time when your next commitment arises.

To change this behavior, Isip says dreamers should cultivate awareness of how distractions can easily derail their focus and prepare accordingly. She suggests silencing text threads, turning off non-essential notifications, and learning to laser-focus on one task at a time. The latter is easier to do when you take breaks, allowing your brain to rest from time to time.

The overachiever

Overachievers tend to think of themselves as multitasking powerhouses, capable of juggling all the balls at once. Yet they are often unaware of their tendency to drop one—or 10. For them, the priority is to finish a task, even if that means throwing punctuality out the window. 

If you think this is your personality type, Isip says to remind yourself that you’re still limited by the same number of hours each day as everyone else and that your ambition of accomplishing that “one last thing” often means you’ll leave your friends waiting on you as a result.

The poor planner

​​Many people underestimate how much time they need to complete tasks and fail to consider the little things that might slow them down, says Lawrence White, a professor emeritus of psychology at Beloit College in Wisconsin. 

The solution, Isip says, is for people who plan poorly to learn to consider that sometimes a multitude of tiny delays may pile up without them noticing. Take transportation, for example: “Travel time often includes time spent walking, driving, flying, taking the train or bus, entering a building, taking the elevator, logging into a video session, unpacking one’s belongings, and grabbing a hot beverage,” she says. 

Isip explains that such people can check traffic or weather ahead of time, plan out the fastest routes to their destination, and prepare extra time for all the tiny and unexpected delays they’ll have to get through along the way. “Be mindful of how much those small tasks will add up,” she advises.

The defier

Wallin explains that the defier is someone who just really doesn’t want to go to certain places, so they give themselves various excuses and rationalizations to delay going. This behavior is similar to that of the anxiety-prone personality, but Wallin explains that in this case, the resistance comes from not wanting to be controlled by something or someone. People who identify with this personality type might want to express their defiance by imposing their own schedule on others, rebelling at what people ask or expect of them. 

The key to overcoming this behavior is to get to the root of why you may want to rebel against the person you’re supposed to meet or the task you’re meant to do. You should also be more mindful of the commitments you make so that you don’t find yourself consciously or subconsciously putting off things you don’t actually want to do. 

You may relate to one or more of these procrastination-prone personality types, but Geraldine Joaquim, a licensed psychotherapist and wellness coach based in South East, England, says that whatever the number, what matters is understanding why you do what you do so you can start improving. 

“The key in all this is developing your self-awareness,” she says. 

You might have learned to be tardy

Beyond identifying your personal characteristics, it may also be helpful to understand if there are other factors at play behind your attitude toward punctuality. Maybe your parents were not big on being on time, or you might come from a culture where being late is not that big of an issue.

“We all have a huge storage of templates of behaviors we routinely fall back on in any given situation,” says Joaquim. Recognizing where a bad habit began can help correct it.

Remind yourself of the passage of time

A constant reminder of the passage of time can help you manage it better. To do this, Isip recommends surrounding yourself with clocks or having one you can look at at all times. She says analog clocks are even better “because the ever-moving clock hands remind us that time is passing, which helps us be more mindful of what tasks we need to complete and by when.”

She adds that having a clock within eyeshot is also helpful because if you’re more aware of something in your conscious world, it’s more likely to impact your subconscious. This works in a similar way to the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, which happens when you become aware of something new to you (a song, a trend, a particular dog breed) and think you see it everywhere. 

Get help from technology 

Clocks are not the only type of technology that can help you break the cycle of tardiness. White, for one, suggests setting up your phone or computer to remind you of upcoming appointments, while Isip recommends programming audible timers, voice announcements, and countdown timers.

If you set up reminders before you go somewhere, Wallin says it’s best to have them go off 10 minutes before you need to leave so you have enough time to wrap up the task you’re on and get moving. Thinking back to the personality types described above, this advice is most likely to help the distracted and poor-planning groups.

Try with a little help from your friends

Your friends are largely the ones affected by your lack of punctuality, so they may be the most interested in helping you get better at it. But you’ll have to ask them to assist you, since they may be too polite to say something. 

“Talking through your lack of punctuality with a friend is a great way to acknowledge that you have a problem that needs fixing,” Isip says.

[Related: How to work from home without losing productivity]

A study published in 2011 by the Intervention in School and Clinic journal, showed that teachers were able to help perpetually late students at one school by keeping an eye on when they arrived and providing positive reinforcement like verbal praise when they did so on time. Asking friends for help with accountability and validation can have the same effect, encouraging you to be more punctual. 

Friends can also be helpful if they tell you when they are about to leave to meet you, Isip says. That way you can be more mindful of leaving on time as well. Making an upfront verbal (or textual) commitment to arrive on time may also be the boost you need to motivate you to get out the door when you need to. 

Try to arrive early

This is the “shoot for the moon and you’ll at least hit the stars” way of dealing with your tardiness. Such an approach, Wallin explains, can replace the feeling of anxiety and resistance with the calm of being prepared and ahead of the stress. 

Changing your goal starts with getting comfortable with arriving early and envisioning how nice that extra time can feel. Use it to decompress, browse aimlessly on your phone for a bit, catch up on emails, or even do a quick meditation. Imagine being in a state of no rush once you get there and then getting to see your friends’ and colleagues’ faces as they arrive. Not only will it be helpful to those relationships—Wallin says arriving early, “may turn out to be an especially positive experience” for you as well. 

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How to build a fire in the wilderness https://www.popsci.com/how-to-build-a-fire/ Thu, 01 Aug 2019 12:36:52 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/how-to-build-a-fire/
Life Skills photo

Even Doritos and Cheetos can help you out.

The post How to build a fire in the wilderness appeared first on Popular Science.

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Life Skills photo

Knowing how to build a fire in the wilderness can save your life.

Bud Ahrens knows this first-hand. A few years ago, while leading a dog sledding trip in northern Minnesota with Outward Bound, an outdoor education and wilderness company, he watched as a coworker fell through ice into a lake. She spent several minutes in the freezing water before the team could pull her out.

Ahrens, the program director for Outward Bound’s winter courses, knew just what to do, so he and his team got to work. They had a fire burning in 20 minutes, likely saving his companion from frostbite, or worse.

As you can see, understanding how to build a fire in the wild, be it for warmth or cooking, can make a huge difference when you’re far from civilization.

Find your firestarter

A good fire begins with a quality firestarter. In some cases, that can mean something as simple as a store-bought starter or lighter fluid-doused twigs. But if you ever find yourself with no access to such tools, there are plenty of other options you can use to get some flames burning.

Aherns’ favorite is birch bark, and he often packs a bag or two of the stuff before heading into the wilderness. It contains a natural oil that’s water-resistant, so it will catch fire even if it’s wet. Native Americans often used the bark for baskets and canoes because of its moisture-shedding properties. If you’re harvesting bark in the backcountry, try to find some that has been blown off of trees. Each piece has many layers, so keep peeling until you find a dry one.

Spruce sap also makes a great natural firestarter. The flammable substance oozes out of injured trees and hardens into a resin, which can be snapped off and set ablaze. Still, Aherns warns that it may take several matches to get it going. Once lit, though, the sap will burn for several minutes, making it a great resource in wet conditions. While spruce is best, any hardened sap will do. Just find a blob that’s about the size of a wad of chewing gum, pull it off the tree, place it on the end of a stick, and light it up.

Other substances that make admirable stand-ins for natural firestarters include cotton balls coated in petroleum jelly, hand sanitizer sprinkled on small kindling, such as dry leaves and grass, or the fibrous inside of the bark of cedar trees. You can also make your own firestarters by melting candle wax, adding dryer lint, and coating a pine cone or two with the mixture. And for a fun way to start a fire and impress your friends, you can use Doritos, Cheetos, or any type of oily chip in a pinch. Simply light a corner of a few chips and place them beneath your kindling.

Give your fire room to breathe

“You need oxygen, fuel, and a sustained ignition source to have a fire,” Ahrens says. Those three factors form what he calls a “fire triangle”—neglect one side and the whole thing collapses.

Generally, fuel means wood, and an ignition source is a match or lighter. The level of oxygen will depend on how the wood is arranged—if you stack it well, it will facilitate air movement so the fire can breathe and grow.

Start with the kindling. Aherns suggests digging a trench a couple of inches deep as your fire pit, then laying three small pieces of wood over the trench in a triangle that’s just big enough to support your tinder. Pile your tinder, place your firestarter of choice in the middle of it, and build your structure around it all.

Ahrens prefers the teepee method—where vertical pieces of wood are tented over a central point above your kindling—but the log cabin method—when wood is stacked in a square in alternating directions, as if assembling a Jenga tower—works, too.

firewood stacked over a fire`
Behold: the log cabin method of building a fire. skeeze via Pixabay

Start with smaller branches and sticks that will catch easily, then add larger pieces as the fire grows. Be careful not to overcrowd the wood, or oxygen won’t be able to flow freely and your fire will go out. Stick with branches or logs no bigger than your wrist. Ahrens says larger logs don’t mean more heat energy, just a longer burn. And don’t worry if you can’t build a massive blaze—small fires are just as effective for cooking and heating as larger ones.

Light it up

Ideally, when in the backcountry or at a campsite, you’ll have access to a lighter or matches. If you’re relying on the latter, make sure to keep them in a watertight container in case of inclement weather or unexpected submersion. Ahrens also always carries a lighter on a lanyard around his neck, just in case. But those aren’t the only ways to spark a flame.

A flint and steel fire striker is a handy tool for the job. If you’re in a pinch, a knife, or even a hard rock with a sharp edge can stand in for the steel. To create a spark, strike the flint and steel together in a fast, slicing motion. With dry kindling, a spark is often all you’ll need to light a fire.

Set a fire in the rain

Building a fire when everything’s perfectly dry is one thing, but in cold and wet conditions it becomes exponentially more difficult. It can, however, still be done.

“There’s dry stuff somewhere,” Aherns says. You just have to find it.

Start by looking for dry wood and kindling at the bases of trees where branches and foliage may have protected it from rain. In an emergency, you can harvest small branches from the lowest parts of nearby trees. It’s not good Leave No Trace ethics, but sometimes you have to do what’s necessary to survive. Look for dead trees or branches and wood that’s fallen to the ground that might be soggy on the outside, but dry on the inside. When you do, carve off the wet outer layers until you hit dry wood.

a person using a flint and steel to light a fire
Just because wood is wet on the outside doesn’t mean it’s wet on the inside. LUM3N from Pixabay

If it’s raining when you’re trying to start a fire, protect it from above by building a tripod-like structure or two and stretching or draping a tarp or tent fly over it. Make sure to mount it high enough that the fabric won’t catch fire or melt. To maintain a secure fuel supply, put damp logs nearby or over a fire grate to help them dry out.

Extra tips and tricks on how to build a fire

When getting a fire going, patience and preparation are key, Aherns says. To make it less of an ordeal, he suggests gathering all the materials you’ll need (matches, kindling, wood, etc.) before you begin so you don’t waste energy searching for more materials once you spark a flame. You can save time by gathering downed wood and starter materials on the way to the campsite if you know you’ll soon be calling it a day. Use your environment for ideas—Ahrens has used everything from pine needles to cattails as firestarter because that’s what was available nearby. Trial and error is a great way to discover what works and what doesn’t.

Don’t expect there to be an abundance of perfect materials where you camp, so the best trick is to always be prepared with fire-starting kits. Emergency provisions, such as food that doesn’t need to be cooked, are also a good idea in case you can’t find any wood or don’t have the energy to build a campfire. Waterproof and windproof matches are also quite useful in less-than-ideal conditions.

And if all else fails, Aherns says a gas stove you may have only intended to cook with will start a warming blaze. It’s somewhat difficult and not ideal (especially given the whole gas-canister-next-to-an-open-flame thing), but if you learn how to build a fire in the wilderness in any condition, it’s a last resort you’ll rarely have to rely on.

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Improve your focus by taking more breaks every day https://www.popsci.com/diy/take-a-break/ Thu, 10 Nov 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=485846
A woman sipping from a teacup while taking a break.
Just chill a bit. Parker Johnson / Unsplash

Whether you need to be merely reminded our outright forced to take breaks, we have advice for you.

The post Improve your focus by taking more breaks every day appeared first on Popular Science.

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A woman sipping from a teacup while taking a break.
Just chill a bit. Parker Johnson / Unsplash

When’s the last time you looked away from your computer? If you’re anything like me, it’s been a while, which might be slowing both of us down. 

Taking regular breaks can vastly improve your focus, according to a University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign study published in March 2011, and that means you and I should really be stepping away from our screens more than we are. It doesn’t matter whether you’re working or in the middle of a gaming session—breaks will help you perform better. The problem: it’s hard to remember to take some time to regroup, so you may have to force the issue.

Schedule your breaks into your day

If you, like me, live by your calendar, this tip is so important. Don’t assume you’ll remember to take breaks throughout the day—schedule those breaks and stick to them. Add the breaks to whatever calendar application you use and, if possible, turn on notifications so you don’t miss any. Treat your breaks the same way you would a meeting or any other appointment you don’t want to forget about. If that doesn’t work, consider setting up recurring alarms on your phone. The key is to plan breaks ahead of time and follow through on those plans. 

This advice will be even easier to follow if you make a habit out of it. You could take a walk every day at 10 a.m., or make yourself a cup of tea every afternoon at 2 p.m., and those are just two of countless examples I could list here. Build these breaks into a routine and you’ll find it’s easier to stick to. 

Try the Pomodoro Technique

Pomodoro, as you might know, is the Italian word for tomato. The Pomodoro Technique gets its name from the tomato-shaped kitchen timer used by its creator Francesco Cirillo when he started scheduling breaks into his day. The method is simple: decide on a task you want to accomplish, set a timer for 25 minutes, and get to work. When time’s up, take a five-minute break. After four such sessions, take a longer break, generally a half-hour or so. Then start over. A lot of people swear by this technique, which combines periods of intense focus with regular breaks—exactly why we mentioned it in our guide to overcoming procrastination.

You can use a regular kitchen timer for this, if you want, but most people today rely on apps. I recommend Pomodor for anyone who is curious. This simple application runs entirely within a web browser, meaning you won’t need to install anything. Hit the play button to start focusing on a task, then take a break when you get a notification to stop.

The Pomodor browser interface, a Pomodoro Technique app.
Taking breaks shouldn’t be complicated, and neither is Pomodor’s interface. Justin Pot

Use a dedicated app to force the issue

The methods above rely on you to stop working when it’s time to stop, which isn’t an approach that will work for everyone. If you’re someone who struggles to take breaks even when you know you should, I recommend installing an application that will actually force you to take breaks: Stretchly. This application is free and open-source, meaning it doesn’t have any ads and can generally be considered trustworthy. It runs on Windows, macOS, and Linux, so if you have a computer, you can use it.

The reason I like Stretchly is that it pops up over whatever you’re doing, effectively forcing you to stop. Each time, the application also offers a suggestion for how to spend your break, like turning your head toward natural light or doing some basic stretching

The interface of Stretchly, an app that helps you take breaks.
Just chill. Justin Pot

There are two kinds of Stretchly breaks: “mini breaks,” which last 20 seconds and happen every 10 minutes, and “long breaks,” which last for 5 minutes and happen every half-hour. Those are the default times, but you can configure how long and how frequent both types of breaks are. Each time you take a breather, you’ll also see a button to dismiss the break, but you can enable “Strict Mode” to eliminate that option. To do so, open the settings, click Schedule, and check one or both boxes under Strict Mode to let the app know not to give you a way out.

It’s a flexible, customizable application, and one that can make a big difference in your workday. I recommend installing it and seeing how it fits into your life. It’s free, after all, so there’s nothing to lose.

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Help monarch butterflies by safely adding milkweed to your outdoor spaces https://www.popsci.com/diy/planting-milkweed/ Sun, 06 Nov 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=484393
monarch butterfly on milkweed
Monarch butterflies have been declared endangered internationally, but they are still not legally protected in the US. Lasclay / Unsplash

You can still do it while keeping your pets and other wildlife safe.

The post Help monarch butterflies by safely adding milkweed to your outdoor spaces appeared first on Popular Science.

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monarch butterfly on milkweed
Monarch butterflies have been declared endangered internationally, but they are still not legally protected in the US. Lasclay / Unsplash

In recent years, the monarch butterfly population has decreased by more than 80 percent. A lack of milkweed is one of the major causes of this decline, as the plant is the only food source for the species’ larvae and caterpillars, and the only place monarchs will lay their eggs. 

Planting milkweed in your own outdoor spaces is not only a way to help the butterflies, but it’ll also upgrade your garden or windowsill with beautiful, low-maintenance wildflowers. You can get seeds from marketplaces such as Amazon, but getting them from non-profit organizations like Save Our Monarchs or the Live Monarch Educational Foundation, will allow you to get seeds while supporting conservation efforts at the same time. 

Fall and spring are great times to plant milkweed, and even though this plant has an arguably undeserved bad rap amongst pet owners, there are ways you can incorporate it into your garden safely. 

Plant milkweed between cement slabs

Most milkweed species are easy to grow and maintain. A native wildflower to North America, milkweed can grow and thrive in just about any environment or climate on the continent, says Charles van Rees, an ecologist, conservationist, and founder of the blog, Gulo in Nature. “This means that it can be a low-maintenance plant that won’t be a headache,” he says. 

Any seemingly inhospitable nook, including side yards, alleyways, or patios, can be home to milkweed—even if it’s surrounded by hardscapes like cement slabs. And your neighborhood’s furry residents shouldn’t worry if there are no walls or fencing around the area. Even though milkweed can be toxic to wildlife due to the cardenolide-rich sap it uses as a defense mechanism, it’s only dangerous in large quantities, and bugs that feed on it and become toxic themselves (like the monarchs and their offspring) have bright coloration that warns predators away, van Rees explains. Animals don’t usually eat milkweed unless they’re forced to—like when they’re corraled and have no other food available. Still, if you are neighbors to a lot of pets and wildlife in general, opt for variations such as Joe Pye weed, and stay away from the most toxic kind known as Utah milkweed.

[Related: To save monarch butterflies, we need more milkweed]

To plant milkweed between cement slabs, consider the amount of rain your geographic area typically gets in a year. Most milkweed species prefer sandy and well-drained soil says van Rees, and ground surrounded by concrete may not drain as easily. 

“If you have more waterlogged soils, look for moisture-tolerant species like the swamp milkweed,” he says. These plants “don’t mind wet feet.” 

Next, think about the amount of sunlight your plant would receive. Most milkweed species evolved in open meadows, so they adapted to thrive in full sunlight. Only a few species of milkweed like partial shade, like the purple milkweed (native to Eastern, Southern, and Midwestern United States) or the whorled milkweed (native to eastern North America). 

Regardless of the variety, plant your milkweed seeds under 1/4 of an inch of soil and half an inch apart. Finally, water the area frequently until the plants begin to sprout to ensure they take root.

Add milkweed to planters or flowerpots

Milkweed works great in a container, as it can thrive easily and safely away from your dog, says Kevin Lenhart, design director at Yardzen, a residential landscaping company founded in California.

“Cats might pose a challenge,” he laughs. 

Some species, like common milkweed, can self-propagate through underground rhizomes, which allows them to spread aggressively even without the help of pollinators. Keeping the plant in a flowerpot can protect your pets’ eyes by preventing milkweed from spreading unchecked to spots your fur babies regularly hang out at. Most milkweed species have a milky white sap that can irritate eyes, Lenhart explains. “But milkweed getting in your dog’s eyes is rare,” and wouldn’t impact your animal’s health seriously, he says. 

To plant milkweed, choose a plastic container. While other materials work just as well, plastic is lighter, which will allow you to move the plant easily indoors for winter storage. Size is also important. Prefer spacious and deep containers around 10- to 12-inches tall and 5-inches wide, as milkweed root systems tend to grow large. You should also make sure your pot has a drainage hole to prevent the plant from becoming waterlogged. 

If you’ll be planting your milkweed in the Fall, you can put the seeds straight into the planter, but if you’ll be waiting for Spring, garden experts recommend head-starting your seeds in little cups with soil. Keep them indoors before moving them outdoors into a bigger planter, says van Rees. 

Plant your milkweed seeds by poking shallow holes in the pot’s soil with your finger and adding the seeds. Continue to water the plant until it sprouts.

Plant milkweed in large patches

Because it’s so prolific, milkweed is great groundcover and perfect to populate large patches of soil and prevent erosion. Plus, milkweed produces a lot of flowers, so you would be creating a big nourishing habitat for monarchs and other nectar-seeking pollinators. 

But the problem with large patches of milkweed is that there’s a lot of it in one place, making it a large risk for pets and other wildlife that might visit you and have a snack. 

[Related: The monarch butterfly is scientifically endangered. So why isn’t it legally protected yet?]

“Wild animals learn after one bite that milkweed isn’t good to eat,” says Ellen Jacquart, botanist and president of the Indiana Native Plant Society. “Most pets would react the same—that milky sap tastes awful!” 

Still, you should prevent any accidental ingestion of milkweed by fencing off the area. To do this, make sure the fence or protection you install is tall enough to keep pets out. A 24-inch barrier will generally dissuade most dogs from leaping into a patch of milkweed. 

Choose native milkweed

If you’re planting a large patch of milkweed, opt for native varieties. In fact, let this be your goal, says Jacquart, as native milkweed will offer monarch butterflies the most benefits. 

“Native plants offer exponentially more value than plants that are not native,” says Lenhart. This is because native species co-evolved with local animals, learning with time to be best pals with them as they both changed, he explains. 

Variety is also a plus, as grouping different kinds of milkweed together seem to attract more pollinators, Jacquart explains. As long as all the species you choose are native to your area, you can plant as many as you want. 

“It’s important to realize that there are many species of milkweed. All can serve as host plants [for monarch butterflies],” Jacquart says. 

Start your planting now and by Spring you’ll hopefully enjoy a garden filled with beautiful butterflies and other helpful pollinators. You won’t only be getting a pretty landscape, but you’ll also be helping nature thrive. 

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Enter your prospector era by learning how to pan for gold https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-pan-for-gold/ Thu, 03 Nov 2022 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=483524
An old man panning for gold in a river.
Don't expect to fill that bucket with gold, sir. Gilles_Paire

You can't just dunk a bowl in a river and expect to strike it rich.

The post Enter your prospector era by learning how to pan for gold appeared first on Popular Science.

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An old man panning for gold in a river.
Don't expect to fill that bucket with gold, sir. Gilles_Paire

The first time I held a gold pan in my hands, I knew what I would find. The employees at Gold Dredge 8 in Fairbanks, Alaska, had given me and all the other guests palm-sized bags of sandy dirt the moment we disembarked the train that had carried us from the parking lot to the historic site.

I didn’t need to be told that the crew had sprinkled each pouch with gold flakes so we all could experience the joy of discovery. But I still lined up at the troughs as a bearded old man taught us simple techniques for swirling and sifting the dirt in our pans to reveal any gold hidden within. I almost believed he could have been present when the dredge was still operating back in 1959. 

And while the tourist attraction was a fun experience, nothing quite compares to the anticipation of the hunt and the thrill of success when you head out on your own to pan for gold. You’ll need the right tools and a whole lot of patience; bushy beard and old-timey prospecting attire are optional.

Where to look for gold

The key to successful gold panning, also known as placer mining, begins with location. After all, while precious minerals can be found just about anywhere, gold, especially in discoverable concentrations, is rare indeed. It exists naturally in three to four parts per billion within the earth’s crust, but you’ll need to find a spot where it’s at least 100 times more available (about three to four hundred parts per billion), explains Mickey Fulp, a field geologist and mining analyst who goes by the title “Mercenary Geologist.”

According to Fulp, those areas are mostly located on major tectonic and structural boundaries (like volcanoes and fault lines) where gold is transported and deposited, along with other minerals, by hydrothermal fluids through faults in the earth’s crust. When rocks that contain gold reach the surface, weathering starts to break them down. As they disintegrate, water transports loose materials, including gold, downhill, where everything ends up in the soil deposited by rivers and streams: alluvial deposits. These waterways are the perfect places to pan for gold.

To try your hand at panning in the wild, find a water source coming out of some mountains where gold is known to occur, like the Sierra Nevada range, says Holly Thane, an interpreter at Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park, where the California Gold Rush began in 1848. In fact, visitors can still pan in the park and participate in a demonstration to learn how to do it—a common feature of gold-related attractions.

Once you find a promising location, pick a spot that offers the best chance of discovery. Thane and Fulp both recommend panning behind rocks, natural dams, drop-offs, vegetation, and roots where water flows more slowly. Gold, which is 19 times heavier than water, will sink and accumulate in these places while less dense material, mostly sand and gravel, will continue downstream. Alternatively, set up in the bend of a river where erosion and weathering will create alluvial deposits along the banks.

Know the rules and regulations

If setting out on your own, don’t expect to show up at any riverbed with a pan and be able to get to work. There are rules and restrictions in many places regarding whether you are allowed to pan for gold and what tools you are allowed to use.

For example, in California, there are still privately-owned claims that are off-limits to the public and frequently fiercely defended, often with guns, Thane says.

[Related: There’s a new gold rush in the American West. But is it safe?]

To avoid any problems, call the county or Bureau of Land Management in the region you’re headed to. Ask them where panning is permitted and what tools you’re allowed to use. Marshall Gold Park, for example, has a public beach where you can pan, but only allows visitors to do so using “pans and hands,” Thane says. No tools like shovels, sluice boxes, or metal detectors are allowed.

Learn the proper tools and technique

Every panning adventure requires the right tools. You can go all-in with a sluice box, shovel, and metal detector, but the most portable tool is a simple gold pan.

But not just any bowl will do: a specially-designed gold pan is the perfect tool for the job. These plastic or metal pans have two or three raised ridges on one side that are meant to trap heavier materials like gold while letting lighter ones like sand wash away. And don’t forget a vessel like a small plastic bottle to contain whatever gold you find.

Once you have the tools, it’s time to master the technique. There are nearly as many gold-panning methods as there are people who pan, but this is how Thane and the employees at Marshall Gold Park teach visitors in daily classes.

Take your pan and gently dig down into the sand. Fill the pan no more than halfway with sediment, then fill it to the 3/4 mark with water. Gently shake the pan and swirl the water—you don’t want to slosh all the solids out with the water yet. Since gold is so heavy, this action will give it a chance to sink to the bottom. 

Next, tilt the pan away from you at a 45-degree angle and dip it slowly into the waterway you’re prospecting until water reaches the ridge in the pan closest to the edge (the one closest to the top). Jiggle the pan while the edge is in the water or dip it repeatedly three or four times. This will allow the water to wash out the lightest sand and dirt. 

[Related: America thrived by choking its rivers with dams. Now it’s time to undo the damage.]

When no more sand and dirt flows out of the pan, level the pan and shake it gently again so everything still inside settles back to the bottom. There should be just enough water to cover the remaining material. Repeat the process, but dip the pan to the second ridge.

Gold pans have two to three ridges. Only dip as many times as there are ridges.

The goal of all this dipping and swirling is to get rid of all the lighter materials in the pan until you have only a thin layer of black sand, which is mostly iron. That’s where gold hides. Once you do, slowly swirl the pan in a circular motion. There should be just enough water in the pan to cover the sand. At this point, you’re no longer trying to get rid of excess material, you’re trying to separate the gold from whatever is still in the pan. 

As the water moves, it will carry the lighter material—the sand—with it and leave the gold where it sits. Once you’ve sufficiently separated the sand and gold flakes, you can pick them out with your fingertips and deposit them in your storage vessel.

Flakes are all you are likely to find in rivers, too, though small nuggets aren’t unheard of. “Gold is a soft metal, so as it is tumbled around the rocks in the river, it’ll get smoothed out,” Thane explains. Over time, this creates smooth yellow pieces of flat flake gold. Don’t expect what you find to be pure, either; gold is always mixed with varying amounts of silver in a metallic alloy called “electrum.” It might also contain minor amounts of other metals such as copper and mercury.

Patience is key

Your chances of striking it rich are slim—most valuable nuggets are discovered via mining, not panning—but the activity can nonetheless be fun and rewarding, especially if you happen to find a few flakes. “Don’t rush it. Have fun with it. Enjoy it,” Thane recommends. “And don’t expect to get rich.”

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How to keep your car clean all autumn long https://www.popsci.com/diy/autumn-weather-car-clean/ Wed, 02 Nov 2022 01:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=483036
Fallen autumn leaves on the windshield of a car
Autumn can be a tricky time for car care. DepositPhotos

Leaves can leave nasty stuff on your vehicle’s paint.

The post How to keep your car clean all autumn long appeared first on Popular Science.

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Fallen autumn leaves on the windshield of a car
Autumn can be a tricky time for car care. DepositPhotos

This article was originally featured on The Drive.

The autumn season is always something to look forward to, particularly because of the spectacularly saturated, beautiful colors that many trees’ leaves produce just before they fall to Earth’s top-most layer of crust where they eventually turn to brown. They’re pretty, but those same leaves can leave nasty stains on your car’s paint.

Even though the mortal coil of their complex existence has come to an end, the chemicals that remain in their lifeless vessels can leave imprints on sheet metal. They can also clog HVAC vents and gutters, and even block air filters and radiator fins if you’re unlucky. Therefore, foliage accumulation is something to keep an eye on or avoid altogether if you’re able to. Plus, while you’ve got combatting foliage on the brain, you might as well be proactive and prepare your car for winter weather.

Mother Nature Doesn’t Mess Around

If you’re inclined to preserve your car’s paint as best as you can, tack on leaf mitigation as part of your DIY service planning.

Leaves contain acids and sap that release and wear your vehicle’s finishes, particularly its paint and trim pieces. The longer they sit, the more damage they do. Like bird poop. Plus, if they’re on there and get rained on for an extended period of time, think of it as a sort of natural wet blasting cabinet. Have you ever seen the prints of big leaves, leave, on a car that’s been parked for a while? Sometimes a standard wash won’t get rid of that, and more drastic measures must be taken, such as thorough buffing and waxing.

The best course of action is prevention. It’s a good idea to store your car under covered parking as much as possible, but if you don’t have this at your residence, consider buying a car cover to throw over it. Frequent washes and waxes help as well by not only cleaning off contaminants but also protecting the paint against them. The same goes for ceramic coatings, which are never a bad thing to invest in.

A quick tip: it’s a good idea to manually lift each and every leaf off of your car, rather than using a leaf blower or hose. This helps prevent them from rubbing across the paint finish, which depending on the intensity of your local flora and fauna can cause very faint scratching.

Leaves Clog Stuff Up

In addition to damaging your car’s paint, leaves also accumulate in any tiny crevice they can find their way into, especially between the hood of your car and its plastic cowling where HVAC intakes often reside.

This puts strain on the HVAC system and gives it a musty smell due to being clogged with moisture and decaying carbon-based material. Plus, if your car’s cabin filter is already clogged and ready to be changed, it could make matters worse if not addressed.

Not only that, but for vehicles that sit for a while, leaf buildup is appealing to critters of the arthropod and mammal variety—nobody wants a spider or mouse infestation in hard-to-reach areas. Leaf material can also jam up door and trunk seals and let rainwater in.

It’s unlikely, but not impossible, that enough leaves could get caught in a radiator, oil cooler, intercooler, or anything with cooling fins really, and block airflow to it causing suboptimal heating. Since ambient temperatures are usually pretty cool in the fall, your engine might not even notice if a big old Canadian flag-looking leaf was blocking a few square inches of your radiator, but it’s worth taking a look in your car’s grille once in a while to make sure you don’t have any big blockages.

By the same token, it’s not a bad idea to take a look at your air filter in the fall and make sure you don’t have a big, fat leaf hindering airflow.

Winter is Coming

Depending on the climate you live in, why not take the opportunity to do some exterior and interior maintenance before temperatures drop, snow hits the ground, and cars get blasted by salt in many areas of the country?

Rapidly rising and falling temperatures can do a number on interior trim pieces and leather, so fall is a good time to clean and condition them. Just imagine the temperature differential between a frigid, Chicago winter night and the proceding sunny day’s warm UV rays. Interiors really are put to the test in the wintertime.

If you’re already in the regular car wash mindset, consider giving your car’s bodywork, wheels, and tires an extra-thorough cleaning, followed by each components’ respective common protectants like wax, tire shine, and more. Especially after all the trees are finally bare—now the challenge lies in protecting against big temperature changes, salt, slushy road grime, and more. Plus, I imagine it might be easier for brake dust to get baked into wheels’ finishes, so don’t forget to clean and protect them as well.

With a little awareness, preparation, and elbow grease, you can ensure your car’s paint stays in tip-top shape no matter what Mother Nature throws at it during the fall and winter seasons.

The post How to keep your car clean all autumn long appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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What your houseplants’ yellowing leaves are dying to tell you https://www.popsci.com/diy/yellow-leaves-on-plants/ Mon, 24 Oct 2022 17:52:40 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=480415
A single large leaf, with some crinkly, brown edges that may be indicative of a nutrient deficiency.
It can be frightening to see your plants leaves looking like this. Vi Tran / Unsplash

Learn to diagnose a struggling houseplant, no medical degree required.

The post What your houseplants’ yellowing leaves are dying to tell you appeared first on Popular Science.

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A single large leaf, with some crinkly, brown edges that may be indicative of a nutrient deficiency.
It can be frightening to see your plants leaves looking like this. Vi Tran / Unsplash

One of the most frustrating things about plant parenthood is the guesswork. You will, with time, get better at figuring out if your leafy little ones are thirsty, getting too much sun, or just not happy with their location—but not before killing some along the way. 

Fortunately, nutrient deficiency is one problem you can interpret a bit more easily if you know how to spot it. If you see a dreaded yellowing or browning leaf, holes, or curling tips, your plant may be victim to the vegetal equivalent of scurvy. 

Knowing how to read these signs will allow you to help your plants by providing proper and timely care. But first, you’ll have some diagnosing to do.

Understanding nutrient deficiencies in plants

Just like us, plants need nutrients to carry out functions like growing and reproducing. If they don’t have enough, they may survive, but they won’t thrive. Undernourished plants may face stunted growth, deformation, or reduced chlorophyll production, which explains signs like yellowing and curling leaves. 

Primary macronutrients are the nutritional foundation for all plants, and they comprise the famous NPK ratio you’re probably familiar with from reading fertilizer labels: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Plants tend to use up these nutrients quicker than others, but that doesn’t mean they’re the most important. Secondary macronutrients, and micronutrients, can also cause nutritional deficiencies and are just as vital to your plant’s health.

[Related: How to keep your houseplants from dying in the summer]

There are many reasons plants become malnourished. They may be using up all the available nutrients in the soil too quickly, or unable to properly absorb nutrients from their roots due to root rot caused by overwatering. In this way, signs of insufficient nutrients can also be a symptom of other issues like improper watering or incorrect soil pH, while also worsening the risk for additional problems, like fungal infections. 

Regardless of the cause, nutrient deficiencies can kill your plants, so understanding what some of these look like can help you get your leafy friend out of trouble and back to soaking up sun on your window sill.

Nitrogen deficiency

Because of its status as a primary macronutrient, low levels of nitrogen are common. Luckily, they’re also easy to spot, generally manifesting as yellowing leaves, says Paul CaraDonna, a conservation scientist at the Chicago Botanic Garden. 

If you think your plant may need more nitrogen, look at the leaves of your plant’s old growth. A lack of this nutrient can affect the entire plant, but in a deficit, the vascular system will prioritize the health of new growth by diverting nitrogen there, resulting in older leaves becoming yellow first. 

As the deficiency progresses, newer growth may become light green and yellow, and older leaves may start to shrivel. 

Phosphorus deficiency

Like nitrogen, phosphorus is a mobile nutrient—one that moves throughout the plant—but a key difference is that when levels of this element are low, leaves turn dark. 

If your plant’s older leaves begin to turn abnormally dark green or adopt a purple hue, your plant progeny might be craving additional phosphorus.

Potassium deficiency

You’ll often notice the lack of the third primary macronutrient along the edges of leaves, where they’ll appear to be scorched and yellow, a condition known as chlorosis.

Calcium deficiency

Although a lack of this secondary macronutrient might not inhibit your plant’s growth as often as the primary ones, calcium deficiencies can still happen. But calcium is an immobile nutrient, meaning the plant can’t redistribute this element in a last-ditch effort to help younger leaves survive. This results in old leaves looking normal, with the signs of deficiency appearing on young leaves instead. In the case of low calcium levels, new growth may look stunted or deformed, curling inward – kind of like a Shrinky Dink that hasn’t been heated up enough to flatten out.

Magnesium deficiency

Magnesium is another secondary macronutrient, and not having enough of it may cause a plant to start yellowing around the edges of older leaves while the veins remain green. This condition is known as interveinal chlorosis. As the deficiency continues, younger leaves may exhibit these signs, and necrotic brown spots can appear on leaves before they fall off.

Iron deficiency

Plants can be anemic, too. Well, kind of. Iron, like calcium, is an immobile micronutrient, so look to the baby leaves to spot this deficiency. Plants experiencing an iron deficit may exhibit yellowing of these leaves, but their veins will remain visibly green in another case of interveinal chlorosis. 

Manganese deficiency

A lack of manganese results in leaves turning yellow while some veins stay green, although they won’t be as clearly outlined as with an iron deficiency. Necrotic brown spots may follow, leading to holes between leaf veins. 

Seven depictions of common plant nutrient deficiencies that can cause yellow leaves on houseplants: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, calcium, and iron.
No need to memorize all the nuances—just save this handy graphic. Paul CaraDonna / Chicago Botanic Garden

How to fix nutrient deficiencies in plants

It’s easy to become overwhelmed by all of the factors that play a role in your plants’ nutrient uptake. Other rarer deficiencies muddy the waters even more, displaying remarkably similar cues on foliage. A molybdenum deficiency, for example, can look a lot like a lack of nitrogen. 

“There’s a reason farmers pay people to figure out what their crops are deficient in,” says CaraDonna.

In other words, figuring out which deficiency you’re dealing with can be hard if you’re not an expert. But that doesn’t mean you can’t help your plants at all.

Once you realize your plant needs help, work step by step. It’s important not to try to fix every possible issue at once, as you’ll risk choosing the wrong treatment. Instead, try isolating your variables and start with the basics. First, try replacing the soil. If that doesn’t change anything after a few weeks, change your watering routine. And if that doesn’t make things better, move the plant to different lighting. 

If your undernourished plant lives in a pot, CaraDonna explains, it’s easy for it to go through the available resources, aka nutrients, quickly. The fix may be as easy as repotting your plants into fresh, nutrient-rich soil, or you can supplement the nutrients in the pot with a general fertilizer that can address multiple common macronutrient deficiencies. 

[Related: Tips for keeping carnivorous plants alive]

And because plants run out of these more frequently than micronutrients, generally treating for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium deficiencies might be enough to get your plant on the right track. It’s not worth it to stress about providing micronutrients, CaraDonna says, unless you have “a really old plant that’s really special to you.”

But if a general treatment isn’t helping your plant go back to its former glory, you can try fertilizers made for specific plants. For example, there are fertilizers made especially for citrus plants, and they should be available at your local home goods store. Doing some research to get to know what your greenery needs is also helpful. Every plant has an optimal level of nutrients, and it differs depending on the species and their native soil pH. So knowing, for example, that your plant naturally grows in acidic soil and might not need much nitrogen, but would enjoy a small sip of iron, can be helpful.

And don’t forget that even if you’re dealing with a nutrient deficiency, it’s possible that the remedy is not about providing more fertilizer but regulating your plant’s water intake instead. 

“The No. 1 killer of houseplants is probably overwatering and then underwatering,” says CaraDonna. “Water allows for a plant to suck up nutrients, [but] It can’t suck up anything from dry soil.”

Build a relationship with your plants

Admittedly, there are a lot of factors to consider that might be making your plant have yellow leaves or not be getting the right nutrients. CaraDonna has some advice: name your plants. 

“At my house, all the plants have names. My daughter said, ‘Oh, Bruno has some yellow leaves.’ And her relationship with the plant is what alerted me to the issue that Bruno has a little bit of a nitrogen deficiency. It’s about knowing your plants and being in touch with them.”

Sure, you don’t actually have to name your plants, but the point is that forming a relationship with them will help you be more in tune with their needs and, in turn, pay closer attention when something is off. 

Patience is key

No matter what kind of deficiency your plant has, remember the ultimate plant-caring tip: Be patient.

CaraDonna suggests taking before and after pictures a couple of weeks apart for every change you make, be that regulating water or lighting, changing the soil, or adding fertilizer. Only move on to try something new if there’s no visible change (or the change is for the worse).

Patience truly is a virtue, so don’t give up hope. “Most houseplants can roll with a lot of punches,” says CaraDonna. So if you see some necrotic spots or interveinal chlorosis, it’s still worth a try.

The post What your houseplants’ yellowing leaves are dying to tell you appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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How to wake up when it’s still dark outside https://www.popsci.com/wake-up-when-dark/ Thu, 20 Oct 2022 13:41:46 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/uncategorized/wake-up-when-dark/
sleeping cat face peeking from under bed covers
You probably won't look this cute when you wake up, though. Kate Stone Matheson / Unsplash

Winter is coming, and getting out of bed in the morning will get increasingly harder.

The post How to wake up when it’s still dark outside appeared first on Popular Science.

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sleeping cat face peeking from under bed covers
You probably won't look this cute when you wake up, though. Kate Stone Matheson / Unsplash

This story has been updated. It was originally published on October 22, 2018.

You’re enjoying a cozy dream until your alarm suddenly blares. But when you peek out the window, it’s still pitch black outside. Did your clock malfunction? Nope, it’s just winter—making the sun rise later so it will be twice as hard to crawl out of bed and into the cold darkness.

“Bright light is the most powerful time cue for influencing the circadian rhythm,” says Neil Kline, a sleep physician with the American Sleep Association, a professional organization that promotes public awareness of sleep health. Specifically, it’s the sun’s rays that tell us to wake up. As Kline explains, when light passes through your eyes, it sends a signal to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a part of the brain positioned next to your peepers, which helps control the sleep-wake cycle.

As the days get shorter, our mornings lose that crucial light cue, so waking up gets harder. That means you’ll need to put in extra effort to either start work or get to work on time. We have a few tips that might help.

Stick to a regular schedule

Summer or winter, you should aim to go to bed at about the same time every evening and wake up at about the same time every morning.

“One of the most valuable actions that we can do to promote maintaining healthy sleep hygiene is to keep a regular schedule,” Kline says. This isn’t the sexiest advice, but it is very effective.

[Related: For better sleep, borrow the bedtime routine of a toddler]

What times should you aim for? Try to give yourself time so that you can get the recommended eight hours of sleep per night. Plenty of research backs this up, so if you pride yourself on requiring only six hours a night, well, it may be time to rethink that.

Getting quality zzz’s extends to your daily routine as well. Start by avoiding drinking too much alcohol, which might make you feel drowsy but can actually disrupt your dozing. Another good habit is to keep a regular exercise regimen.

And, just as bright light can help you wake up in the morning, avoiding that type of glare near bedtime can help you drift off. At night, you should especially steer clear of the blue light from electronic screens. So if you like reading before you close your eyes, try an actual book or an E-ink screen like a Kindle, which doesn’t emit the harsh blue light that phones and tablets do.

Finally, pick a bedtime and stick to it. Once you’ve had a full night’s sleep and trained your body to wake up at a set time, you should find it a bit easier to rise in the morning.

Buy a wake-up light

If you still have trouble with dark mornings, it might be time to introduce more light into your room. There’s no true replacement for sunlight streaming through your windows, but you have some options.

“For those that struggle with keeping a normal sleep-wake schedule and live in a relatively dark part of the world, portable bright light boxes can be helpful,” says Kline. 

Philips makes some popular models that produce daytime light during gray winter days. The company also offers wake-up lights that simulate a sunrise, gradually getting brighter around the time you want to rise. These can cost anywhere from $50 to $300, depending on features like sunset simulation for bedtime, auxiliary cables for your phone, app support, and the number of included background sounds (if you like white noise with your light).

Of course, if you’d rather not pay for a specialized device—or you want to test this practice before you splurge—you can always hook your bedside lamp up to a cheap outlet timer and set it for your preferred wake-up time. I already have a set of smart bulbs in my room, so I just set those to turn on at a certain time using a whiter, more sunlight-esque color instead of the yellowish “soft white” of most bulbs.

Give yourself something to look forward to

Last but not least, waking up is easier when you have a good reason to be conscious. Sure, you might have to get up for work, but you’ll want to be vertical if you’re anticipating a delicious breakfast, or a workout that’s actually fun (the latter kills two birds with one stone, since—as we mentioned earlier—regular exercise helps you sleep better).

[Related: Redesign your bedroom for a better night’s sleep]

Automation makes this easy, too. Program your thermostat to raise the temperature before you wake so getting out of bed will feel pleasant rather than bone-chilling. Set your automatic coffee maker to start brewing before your alarm goes off, so you’ll rise to the aroma of fresh coffee. Just don’t drink too much java over the course of the day.

“Caffeine certainly can help to delay daytime sleepiness,” says Kline, But it’s no substitute for a solid eight hours. As Kline puts it, “We can only delay sleep debt for so long before we have to pay it back.”

The post How to wake up when it’s still dark outside appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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How to ride off on your first bikepacking adventure https://www.popsci.com/diy/bikecamping-guide/ Thu, 13 Oct 2022 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=477211
person-riding-a-fully-loaded bike in the desert
For when you want to turn a casual bike ride into a journey. Patrick Hendry / Unsplash

Pack your camping gear, get on your bike, and ride on.

The post How to ride off on your first bikepacking adventure appeared first on Popular Science.

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person-riding-a-fully-loaded bike in the desert
For when you want to turn a casual bike ride into a journey. Patrick Hendry / Unsplash

For many, there’s a special joy in riding a bike that’s reminiscent of childhood: the freedom to go and do as you please, the feeling of flying down the road at speeds your legs are incapable of, and a sense of limitless exploration. And if there’s one way to amplify those experiences, bikepacking may be it.

But if you’ve never loaded up your camping gear onto a set of pedal-powered wheels and hit the road, you may have some questions. Fortunately, we have answers. 

What is bikepacking anyway

Think of bikepacking as an activity that hovers at the intersection of backpacking and overlanding: a type of trip where you spend a night (or several) camping outdoors carrying everything you need on your back or vehicle. The main difference is that your mode of transportation is two aluminum rims instead of your feet or a gas-powered engine. But beyond that, the details are up to you. 

[Related: What does buying an expensive bike actually get you?]

“There’s no one way to do it,” explains Marley Blonsky, athlete, and co-founder of All Bodies on Bikes, a non-profit organization based in Bentonville, Arkansas, that aims to promote size inclusion in the cycling world. “People get caught up in doing it ‘the right way,’ but just go out and have fun,” she encourages. “There are no rules and no trophies—it’s whatever you want to make of it.”

That means bikepacking can be comprised of road or trail riding, camping at developed sites or off-grid in the backcountry; rides of two days or ten, distances of five miles or 500, or any combination of the above. You can do it solo or with friends and family, and anyone who has the desire can do it. Provided you have the necessary gear, of course.

Start with a bike

What you’ll need will vary from adventure to adventure, but the basics will likely stay the same, and the item at the top of the list is a bike. You don’t need an expensive steed, and Blonsky says that as long as it has two wheels and you can attach a rack and a bag to it, you should be good to go.

That said, if you want to be picky, a bike with a wide range of gears will make conquering different terrains easier, while chunky tires will offer stability if you’ll be riding off-road.

As for other necessary items, Blonsky recommends making packing lists in categories—ask yourself what you’ll need to ride, sleep, eat, and wear.

Riding essentials

In addition to a bike, you’ll need cargo racks and bags that attach to them (such as panniers) to carry all your gear. For safety, bring powerful bike lights for riding in the dark (don’t forget about spare batteries or charging cables) and repair gear for addressing minor maintenance mishaps. At the very least, the kit should include a multi-tool, a patch kit, a spare tube, electrical tape, a pocket knife, and a hand pump.

It’s important to know that you don’t have to be an experienced bike mechanic to go off on your own bikepacking adventure. But you should at least know how to change a flat tire and fix a chain that has fallen off, two of the most common repairs you’ll address. Just don’t think that you can simply search YouTube for an instructional video when it’s time to fix things. You may find yourself with a broken bike part and no cell service when you’re off the beaten path, so make sure you learn before you leave. 

Sleep well

If you’ll be spending most of your nights outdoors, make sure you pack what you need to spend a comfy night under the stars. You’ll need a tent or hammock plus a sleeping pad and bag—the smaller the better. Lightweight backpacking gear is often well-suited for bikepacking, but some manufacturers also offer bike-specific items like tents with shorter poles that fit better on a bike frame.

Fuel your ride

As for what to eat, Blonsky recommends choosing your own adventure. Meaning, if you’re passing through small towns, you may prefer to stop for a meal, but if you’ll be farther from civilization, you may have to pack all your food for the trip. If you’ll be avoiding other human beings and want more than sandwiches and energy bars, you’ll likely need a stove to cook. With that and a small pot or pan, you can whip up any number of dishes using fresh or dried ingredients.

You may want to prioritize quicker meals for lunch and snacks. Make or grab a sandwich or spread hummus and veggies on a tortilla. For snacking, Blonsky recommends “whatever you can eat one-handed while you’re peddling,” like energy bars, fruit, and small bags of trail mix.

And if you like to have a treat at the end of the day, whether that’s a cupcake or a six-pack, bring it! Blonsky encourages new riders especially to pack whatever makes the trip more enjoyable for them.

What to wear

When choosing what to wear, avoid cotton and opt for comfortable, quick-drying and moisture-wicking fabrics that won’t chafe or feel heavy and soggy after a long day on a bike. Keep the weather forecast in mind when choosing clothing and bring an extra layer in case temperatures drop or it rains. 

Blonsky also recommends bringing a change of clothes just for camp, like a lightweight pair of shoes and a cozy outfit that isn’t sticky with sweat. Nothing feels as good after a long day of riding as stripping off your padded bike shorts and salt-crusted shirt to enjoy a meal around the campfire.

Safety and navigation

Planning a trip doesn’t end with a packing list, so don’t forget safety and navigational tools. Bring a first aid kit that includes any personal medication, plus a paper map in addition to any apps you’ll be using on your phone. If you will be relying on digital tools, bring along a power bank to make sure you always have access to them. 

Avoid accidents by doing a safety check every day before you ride: Ensure your wheels are securely attached to your bike, your brakes are in good working order, and nothing needs attention or repair. Finally, always adhere to safe riding practices when sharing the road with motorists.

Finding a route

Once you have the gear and the drive and you’re ready to give bikepacking a go, it’s time to select your route. Organizations like AdventureCycling.com and bikepacking.com both highlight popular routes across the country and offer maps to aid in planning.

[Related: Check out our Bike Week coverage: everything on how to buy, own, and ride a bike]

Or, if you’re already familiar with an area, make your own map by marking bike routes and trails, points of interest, campgrounds, and more on Google Maps. You can also use an app like Ride with GPS that’s specifically designed with bikepackers in mind. If you don’t know where to start, you can always ask around at your local bike shops and organizations—they can likely give you tips and suggestions.

Ease into it

Your first bikepacking trip doesn’t have to be a week-long ride or have an aggressive amount of mileage over wilderness terrain. Start with an overnight not far from where you live, and when you feel comfortable and confident, you can then go farther and faster. 

“There’s no right or wrong way to do it,” Blonsky says. “Figure out what works for you and have fun with it.”

The post How to ride off on your first bikepacking adventure appeared first on Popular Science.

Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made.

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Use the Leidenfrost effect to make your stainless steel pan non-stick https://www.popsci.com/diy/make-stainless-steel-non-stick/ Sat, 08 Oct 2022 15:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=476166
Three burgers getting cooked on a stainless steel pan while a hand with a spatula works with them
Don't worry—those burgers won't stick. TeriVirbickis / Deposit Photos

Science will prevent you from wasting your time scrubbing cookware.

The post Use the Leidenfrost effect to make your stainless steel pan non-stick appeared first on Popular Science.

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Three burgers getting cooked on a stainless steel pan while a hand with a spatula works with them
Don't worry—those burgers won't stick. TeriVirbickis / Deposit Photos

Stainless steel pans are the workhorse cookware in most restaurants. But yours are probably just sitting there, neglected after your last attempt to fry a chicken breast somehow glued the poultry to the metal, resulting in a mangled meal and a burnt-on ring of carbonized protein firmly stuck to the bottom of the pan. 

“There’s got to be a better way!” you exclaim, as if on your own real-life infomercial. And I assure you there is: using science and proper heat management, you can exploit the Leidenfrost effect to give your stainless steel cookware non-stick superpowers. 

We don’t want to oversell this, so let us clarify that you’re never going to be able to crack a raw egg into a cold stainless steel pan with no oil, fry it on low, and slide it right onto the plate. But your food will move when it needs to, and you’ll never again have to add a chisel to your dishwashing tools.

How to use stainless steel pans correctly

Unless you’re just warming something up, you should never put food into a cold stainless steel pan—always pre-heat your cookware before putting anything on it, even oil. 

There are a couple of reasons for this. First, as cold, protein-rich food (like meat or poultry) heats up along with a cold pan, proteins bond with some of the elements in the metal, like iron atoms. This is why your ill-fated chicken ended up glued to the pan last time. There’s no scientific consensus as to why this is, but some believe the same principle applies to eggs and their shells, which is why you should always cook them by lowering them into boiling water rather than starting from cold. When you drop your eggs in cold water, the protein-rich white allegedly bonds strongly with the outer membrane, making the eggs harder to peel once they’re done. But put them straight into boiling water, the theory goes, and the proteins will bind to themselves, allowing the shell to come right off.

[Related: How to season a cast iron pan]

The second reason pre-heating your pan is so important is that, on a microscopic level, stainless steel has a porous surface. But as the pan heats and the metal expands, those pores get smaller and smaller, resulting in a much smoother surface food is less prone to stick to. Pre-heating times will depend on the make of your pan and the power of your stove, so it’s equally important to know when to start adding your ingredients. This is what the water test is for.

At the right temperature, if you toss a drop of water into the pan, it won’t evaporate instantly but roll around like an air hockey puck instead. That’s because the principle, called the Leidenfrost effect, is the same in your kitchen as at the arcade. A thin layer of gas between the puck and the surface below allows the disc to become almost frictionless, while in the case of your droplet, a thin layer of water instantly vaporizes when it touches the hot metal, providing a gaseous coating that allows the rest of the droplet to coast on steam. While it’s most visible using a drop of water, your food gets some of the same sliding superpowers when the moisture in it hits the pan. 

Now that your pan’s hot enough, pour out that droplet, add your cooking oil of choice, and proceed to add your ingredients to the pan. 

But you’re not done. The Leidenfrost effect needs a high and steady temperature, so make sure you don’t add ingredients straight from the fridge, or worse, the freezer. Putting in a big cold piece of meat will likely drop the metal surface temperature to the point that the food will bond with the stainless steel, rendering the whole preheating process useless. That same piece of meat at room temperature will hit the hot oil and quickly begin releasing its water, sizzling audibly as its moisture turns to steam and insulates its surface from the pan. 

Adding in food at room temperature will also minimize the possibility of thermal shock, which is a double whammy of bad news. First, the drastic change in temperature could ruin your pan by warping it, but also result in splashing, dangerous hot oil.

Do I need to season my stainless steel pan?

No. Only cast iron and carbon steel pans need seasoning, which results in layers of slippery polymerized oils. This is not just to make them slicker, but because they’re extremely reactive to water and will rust rapidly without a protective barrier to seal them. A stainless steel pan isn’t reactive and you can toss them in a dishwasher without fear.

I still can’t flip this burger. Help. 

On a stainless steel pan, the rule is to flip your food when you can do so easily. So if your burgers are resisting you, don’t force them. Presuming you’re using a pre-heated and adequately oiled pan, wait, and keep cooking your patties as it takes time for the proteins to bind to each other. The process practically enforces a good sear, so it has flavor benefits, too. 

[Related: 6 metal myths and tips for cooking]

And don’t worry about your burger drying out as you cook it more. In 2020, a group of Korean scientists at Seoul National University found that a good sear has negligible effect on internal moisture and it’s just more delicious. Unfortunately, their reported methodology did not specify what kind of pan they used, making their experiment harder to reproduce faithfully. That being said, should you choose to try this yourself, a stainless steel pan would work wonderfully.

The post Use the Leidenfrost effect to make your stainless steel pan non-stick appeared first on Popular Science.

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8 things you need to know before traveling international for the first time https://www.popsci.com/diy/international-travel-tips/ Thu, 06 Oct 2022 19:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=475310
two hands holding us passports in a plaza in madrid spain
Time to use these little booklets. Spencer Davis / Unsplash

There's an entire world out there.

The post 8 things you need to know before traveling international for the first time appeared first on Popular Science.

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two hands holding us passports in a plaza in madrid spain
Time to use these little booklets. Spencer Davis / Unsplash

Traveling broadens the mind and drains your bank account—but it’s totally worth it. Even so, if you’ve never traveled outside your own country before or just put things on pause for the duration of the pandemic, your first international trip can be a bit intimidating.

But don’t worry, as there are plenty of things you can do to make sure this first great adventure goes smoothly. Or, at least as smoothly as you want—because, as you will soon learn, half the fun of traveling is that things sometimes don’t quite go according to plan.

Get excited

Seriously: travel is awesome. Wherever you’re going, things will be totally different in a good way. Even big cities that seem to have a lot in common, like London and New York City, have totally different vibes. For example, nothing I’d seen at home in Ireland prepared me for the wide-open nothingness of Montana or the sunny sprawl of Los Angeles. And you’re likely to have a similar experience.

[Related: Travel accessories to make your trip way less stressful]

Before you go, take a moment to let yourself get excited about all the new things you’ll see, the people you’ll meet, and the food you’ll try. All this diversity might be overwhelming at first, but you shouldn’t worry—embrace it.

Research and plan—but not too much

There’s a fine line you have to walk when planning a trip: You have to learn enough so that you’re prepared, but not so much that you’re stuck with a rigid plan. 

If you don’t do enough research before you go, you’re likely to miss out on a lot. It’s easy to cross the big tourist highlights off your list no matter where you go, but the most fun things tend to be the smaller places you discover for yourself and cater to your specific interests. If you love photography, find a gallery that features local artists. If your thing is food, don’t just go to the high-end or tourist trap restaurant, and find some of the places that locals eat at. You can do all this on the ground, but it’s easier when you’re at home with a stable Wi-Fi connection and all the time in the world. 

On the other hand, you want to have a list of things your want to see or do, but not a tight schedule. If you’re rushing from one place to another, you won’t ever get time to enjoy the destination and experience serendipity, or happy accidents. You will meet interesting people you might want to chat with for a bit longer, take cool opportunities you didn’t know about, and at some point, you’ll just need a break. And to enjoy all of that, you’ll need a bit of flexibility.

I’ve found the best balance is to plan one big activity every day (like a museum visit, a hike, or a theater show), choose a restaurant nearby for a meal, and have a couple of ideas for things to do during the day. But leave the rest of the schedule somewhat open. This way you’re still going to have a good plan and you’ll cross all the big things you want to do off your list. But if someone invites you to do something epic, you’ll also have the time to say yes. 

Check the visa and Covid requirements

If you don’t have a passport, go and apply for one right now, as it’s a must-have for international travel. 

But while a passport is necessary, it’s not always enough. To enter many countries you’ll also need a visa, eVisa, electronic travel authorization, or pre-approved visa waiver. The easiest way to quickly find out exactly what you need is to visit The Passport Index. This site compares passports from all over the world and lists the entry requirements for any country you’d like to go to using that passport. 

Similarly, while the world is opening up, some countries still require negative COVID-19 tests or proof of vaccination for entry. Make sure to do your research to find out health guidelines at your destination, like mask mandates or local documentation to go to places like restaurants or theaters. Also, plan ahead if you find out you need to take a PCR test before your trip: some countries may require results within no more than 24 hours before departure, which could complicate matters if the lab or medical center you go to can’t assure you a quick turnaround.

Learn a bit of the lingo

If you’re traveling somewhere where English is not the primary language, don’t expect to be able to communicate with everyone. If it’s a big tourist destination, hotel staff and tourism workers will likely have some English skills, but normal people might not. 

Before you go, it’s worth using Duolingo (available for iOS and Android, and on the web) to pick up the very basics of the local language. Grab a phrasebook (or a guidebook with some handy phrases) as well so you can ask for directions, order a meal from a menu, or tell a taxi driver to take you to your hotel. Even just being able to say “Hello”, “Please”, and “Thank you”, in the local language will endear you to a lot of people, as there are few things more embarrassing than watching foreigners talk slowly and loudly at someone who clearly doesn’t understand a word they’re saying. 

And for emergencies, you can always count on Google Translate. Download the dictionary of the language spoken at your destination, and you’ll be able to translate text and speech in real-time and offline. Keep in mind that the platform is not perfect and might have a hard time translating slang or local turns of phrases, but it can certainly help you when basic phrases are just not enough. 

Get things on paper

If you think your smartphone’s battery doesn’t last long enough now, wait until you see how quickly it runs out when you use it to take photos and navigate all day and don’t have access to a charger.

Yes, you can carry around a power bank, but just in case, make sure you have a hard copy of everything important, like booking confirmation slips and a photocopy of your passport. Also, write down contact information for your hotel, recommended restaurants, and anything else you might want to reference. 

I can’t count the number of times my phone has run out of battery while I was exploring somewhere, and I was only able to get back to my hotel because I had the details written down. 

Decide how you’re going to pay

One surprisingly tricky part of travel is paying for things while not getting ripped off with charges and fees. 

Countries that widely use debit and credit cards accept both Visa and Mastercard pretty universally, but unfortunately, that’s not always the case with American Express cards. I’ve seen a lot of confused Americans in Dublin trying to pay for dinner with an Amex, not knowing that they’re usually not accepted anywhere that doesn’t explicitly cater to American tourists, and it’s the same in most of Europe

Whatever card you plan on using, make sure to check what are the foreign transaction and ATM withdrawal fees. You should also check what is your card’s exchange rate, as there’s often a mark-up that means paying with plastic will be more expensive than buying currency and paying in cash. And if you’re not careful, that difference can add up quickly and you can easily spend hundreds of dollars more than you need to. It might be worth talking to your bank to see if they offer a travel card with reduced fees. 

All that’s assuming you can even use a card. Some countries are still heavily cash-based and many small or local businesses won’t accept plastic. If that’s the case, you’ll need to make sure you carry enough cash with you to cover your daily expenses. This is good advice for most countries with a few exceptions—like Sweden, which is mostly cash-free.

Consider your phone

Unless you’re signed up to a (probably expensive) roaming plan, your phone won’t just keep working as usual as soon as you get off the plane, and you certainly won’t be able to rely on it for everything like you do at home. If you want your device to stay usable abroad, it’s worth doing a little bit of planning. 

The best way to use your phone while you’re away is to buy a cheap, local pay-as-you-go SIM card. For about $30 in most countries, you’ll get a gigabyte or two of data you can use to stay online on the go. But this only works if your phone is carrier unlocked. If you’ve been on your current contract for a while, contact your provider and see if you’re eligible to get your phone unlocked. 

If you’re planning to travel a lot, you could also consider switching to a plan with good roaming options. If you don’t know where to start, WhistleOut has a great breakdown of all the best options.

Prepare for the worst

Travel, for the most part, is really safe. You’re highly unlikely to die or lose a leg while you’re abroad, but that doesn’t mean it’s totally without risks. 

Before you go, check the Department of State’s travel advisories—they provide a good overview of everything you should know in terms of safety, including health advisories and the possibility for civil unrest. For example, the entry on France notes that the recent demonstrations and protests may affect your travel plans.

[Related: 6 travel hacks to try for your next adventure]

And, while you’re physically likely to stay safe, your things might not be so lucky. Pickpockets in major cities target tourists, airlines routinely misplace bags, and it’s much easier to lose a phone when you’re out of your daily routine. You’ll have to exercise caution towards all these things but the simplest way to make sure some small problem doesn’t derail your whole trip is to get good travel insurance. If things go wrong, your flight gets canceled, or you have to come home prematurely, at least it won’t cost you too much. Your credit card might already come with a policy, so check that you’re not already insured before buying a one.

Travel insurance is particularly important these days when delayed and rescheduled flights commonly leave people stranded at airports and airlines refuse to refund tickets in case of cancellations. You should also keep in mind that some countries now require travelers to get insurance, as local state-sponsored care for severe cases of COVID-19 may not benefit foreigners. 

Exploring new places and having new experiences is what makes exploring new places so much fun. International travel is especially good because things can be so, well, foreign. Ideas and attitudes you take for granted at home might not exist at your destination, which may be challenging, but also absolutely eye-opening. 

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Altitude sickness can ruin your hike. Here’s how to prevent it. https://www.popsci.com/diy/altitude-sickness-treatment-symptoms/ Wed, 05 Oct 2022 12:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=474916
Young hiker backpacker woman using trekking poles enjoying the Nuptse 7861m mountain during high altitude Acclimatization walk. Everest Base Camp trekking route, Nepal.

Getting high is not always as fun as it sounds.

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Young hiker backpacker woman using trekking poles enjoying the Nuptse 7861m mountain during high altitude Acclimatization walk. Everest Base Camp trekking route, Nepal.

The views from the heights of mountainous regions can be magical and spectacular, but not if you’re bent over, huffing and puffing, nauseated, and nursing a headache. Often referred to as acute mountain sickness, altitude sickness can occur as low as 5,000 feet, and get more severe the closer you get to 10,000 feet. It can take many forms, too: Only some are serious, but all of them can put a damper on your adventures.

If you’re headed up, here’s how to prepare and treat symptoms, and what to look out for to ensure you stay happy and healthy while closer to the sky.

What causes altitude sickness

Contrary to popular belief, altitude sickness doesn’t happen because there’s less oxygen the higher you go.

“You’re still breathing 21 percent oxygen, it’s just more spread out,” explains Graham Prather, education manager at National Outdoors Leadership School (NOLS) and in charge of wilderness medicine courses. 

[Related: Tips for picking the best hiking trail]

It’s not a matter of composition, but concentration. At high altitudes, there’s less atmospheric pressure, which reduces the number of oxygen molecules in a given volume of air compared to the same volume at a lower elevation. For example, at 10,000 feet, you only get 69 percent of the oxygen you’d get at sea level. 

Essentially, the higher you go, the less efficient your breathing becomes, resulting in less and less oxygen every time you inhale. In response, your body tries to get the oxygen it needs, so you start breathing more rapidly. But despite this effort, there’s still less oxygen making it into your blood and muscles, which is why physical activities feel so much harder at higher elevations. This condition is called hypoxia, and it’s what causes altitude sickness symptoms to set in.

What are the symptoms of altitude sickness

Altitude sickness is not fun and it’s definitely not easy to ignore. Symptoms will likely involve a headache, nausea, possibly vomiting, and maybe even loss of appetite. Sometimes it may also be accompanied by the extremely aggravating combination of tiredness and insomnia.

“It felt like a really bad hangover,” says Prather about the first time he experienced altitude sickness.

It’s a feeling that usually hits within a day or two of arriving at a high-altitude destination, but you may still feel mild symptoms like lightheadedness before that, especially when bending over and standing up quickly, or walking up stairs.

In addition to this, great elevations also make you more susceptible to dehydration, which can exacerbate the symptoms of altitude sickness. That’s in part because every time you breathe out you expel moisture, so an increased respiration rate results in your body losing more water than usual. And the dry conditions that come with higher elevations don’t help: the lack of humidity makes moisture evaporate quickly, which can trick you into thinking you’re not sweating as much as you are and don’t need to rehydrate. Drinking a lot of water is crucial, especially in the first few days of acclimatization.

“We cannot hydrate away altitude sickness, but we can at least not be dehydrated on top of it,” Prather offers.

Most of the time, these symptoms are not life-threatening and only require acclimatization to abate. But especially at elevations over 10,000 feet, symptoms can worsen and lead to more severe health conditions: High altitude cerebral edema (HACE) or high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE).

HACE typically comes with a loss of balance, episodes of confusion, and possibly a severe headache. On the other hand, HAPE presents itself with decreased stamina, breathlessness (even at rest), and a persistent cough that starts out sounding dry and transitions to wet, signaling the presence of fluid in the lungs. HAPE is more common than HACE, but both can be deadly, which is why it’s important to head down in elevation as soon as you start experiencing symptoms.

Who’s at risk of altitude sickness

Unfortunately, science hasn’t identified any specific markers for who may or may not suffer from altitude sickness. The only indicator seems to be that if you’ve suffered symptoms before, it could happen again. But at the same time, if you’ve never experienced symptoms it doesn’t necessarily mean you never will.

Not even athletes or people in excellent shape are immune. In fact, Prather says those tend to be who he’s most worried about when leading trips, as non-athletes tend to listen to their bodies and pay attention to symptoms, whereas athletes may try to push through the pain or discomfort.

How to prevent altitude sickness

There are three main factors that affect not only your risk of developing altitude illness, but the magnitude of hypoxic stress you put your body through—elevation, how quickly you’re ascending, and your level of exertion. Fortunately, you can prepare for each of them.

Start by planning ahead and allowing enough time for acclimatization. Don’t expect to land in Quito, Ecuador (9,350 feet above sea level), the Himalayas (29,032 feet), or even Denver (5,279 feet) and immediately set out to summit even a moderate peak. Your body needs between 24 and 48 hours to adjust to new altitudes, but the time it takes you to fully acclimatize may vary. The National Outdoor Leadership School’s curriculum specifies that “if you travel to 10,000 feet or above quickly, take two to three rest days with light exercise.” If you take time to get acclimated, symptoms won’t likely hit as hard.

Once you’ve given your body time to get used to the new conditions, don’t rush into summiting anything—the faster you climb, the more likely you are to suffer symptoms. If you have a multi-day hike to higher elevations ahead of you, Prather recommends spreading the trip across several more days, so that once you’re above 10,000 feet, you and your team can ascend in stages where each night you sleep at altitudes no more than 1,500 feet higher than the night before. Throw in frequent rest days, too.

If you can, consider spending the night at lower elevations, as sleeping at high altitudes is even harder on your body. To do this, you can go on climbing trips during the day, and then go down to your base camp at night.

Before, during, or even after a hike at altitude, avoid alcohol (especially when you first arrive and your body is not yet acclimated) and sedatives to help you sleep, as they can make symptoms worse. Both these substances, Prather explains, depress your drive to breathe by slowing your breathing and making every breath more shallow than usual, which is the opposite of what you need at high altitude.

“You want your respiratory drive to be responsive to the atmosphere you’re in,” he says.

How to treat altitude sickness

Altitude sickness can be sneaky, so even if you tried your best at prevention, you may still experience symptoms. When it comes to feeling better, light exercise can help, so take an easy walk to get your respiratory rate up. Since nausea is one of the most common symptoms, it’s possible you may not feel like eating, but you should also make a point to maintain adequate nutrition to stay in good health.

Over-the-counter pain meds like ibuprofen and acetaminophen can help lessen the severity of headaches, but avoid anything stronger, like opiates, which have a similar effect to alcohol and sedatives, Prather says. 

[Related: Does training at high altitudes help Olympians win?]

If you are expecting to experience altitude sickness, ask your doctor about acetazolamide. This drug can alleviate symptoms of altitude sickness by speeding up your respiratory drive. It works by changing your blood’s Ph to be more acidic, which makes your body believe there’s too much carbon dioxide. As a result, your system makes your breathing faster and deeper in an attempt to eliminate carbon dioxide, resulting in a higher concentration of oxygen.

Finally, if altitude sickness persists or worsens despite your best prevention and treatment efforts, take Prather’s words as your new motto: “Don’t go up until your symptoms go down”. If there’s no improvement, it may be time to head to a lower elevation. Don’t worry—you can always try again next time.

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7 ways to support a kid who wants to care for animals https://www.popsci.com/diy/childs-veterinary-clinic/ Sat, 01 Oct 2022 15:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=474267
A young girl feeding a brown-and-white goat over a wire fence on a farm.
Just helping a kid feel comfortable around animals can nurture their veterinary spirit. Los Muertos Crew / Pexels

If you know where to look, there are plenty of educational opportunities for a child who wants to be a veterinarian.

The post 7 ways to support a kid who wants to care for animals appeared first on Popular Science.

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A young girl feeding a brown-and-white goat over a wire fence on a farm.
Just helping a kid feel comfortable around animals can nurture their veterinary spirit. Los Muertos Crew / Pexels

Ever since my 8-year-old daughter understood that people had jobs, she’s wanted to be a veterinarian. Animals appear in every school writing assignment, and she loves to ride and be around horses. But she’s terrified of most creatures that don’t live on farms.

My daughter is not unique in her career interest. Google the most popular job for young kids, and nearly every poll has veterinarian among its top 10, quite often among the first three jobs. Despite this, many children don’t get any real world opportunities to work with animals between kindergarten and college, so they lose out on the chance to experience and explore what a veterinarian actually does.

Letting even the youngest child watch and learn about veterinary work will allow them to better realize their dream.

Opportunities for the youngest future vets

It’s useful to show kids early on that there are many facets to and opportunities in veterinary work. Michelle Moyal, a veterinarian and assistant clinical professor at the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, recommends television shows like Pop Goes to the Vet and Critter Fixers to get a more complete grasp of the profession.

“Just exposing them to animals and animal care is key,” says Moyal.

But she also emphasized the importance of participating in sports and club activities, as kids need social skills to work in the veterinary field. Veterinary science is more of a team endeavor than just standing in a room by yourself treating a cat’s broken paw. There’s collaboration in everything from research to rehabilitation, and veterinarians spend a large amount of time communicating with humans such as farmers or pet owners, Moyal says.

For more direct, hands-on education, consider trying to get your child’s school to partner with a local veterinarian or veterinary organization that can provide trusted kid-focused curricula. One such group is the League of VetaHumanz, based out of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Purdue University. Inspired by the metahumans of the DC comics universe and created by the school’s associate dean, Sandra San Miguel, the VetaHumanz “wield their superpowers to prevent threats to animal and public health across the globe,” the team’s origin story says.

[Related: A veterinarian explains what dog and cat years really mean]

Essentially, with support from the National Institute of Health, San Miguel’s team sends trained veterinary practitioners into K-4 classrooms around the country to educate students with age-appropriate and culturally-responsible curriculum.

“We’re not visiting [once a year] on career day and you never see us again,” says San Miguel. It’s a partnership between the League and selected schools or community centers, where veterinary role models work with young students at least once a month. Alongside education, one of San Miguel’s primary goals is diversifying the profession, so VetaHumanz specifically aims to serve under-resourced and underrepresented students.

The League also offers “Superpower Packs” filled with veterinary problem solving games and literature. The packs, San Miguel says, informs kids that “I can be a vet. I’m doing vet stuff.” San Miguel was inspired by research on the so-called Batman Effect, where researchers asked young subjects to impersonate an exemplary character, like Batman. Kids in the study who took on a commendable character’s perspective persevered in their work, as compared to children who did not. “If you take on an alter ego,” says San Miguel, summarizing the research, “you lose your personal insecurities.” So of course, the pack includes a cape.

While the packs are only available to qualified institutions, VetaHumanz offers all of the lessons and books on their website for free to young children interested in the profession.

Topical day trips, vacations, and extracurriculars can help too. Kids in and around the southeast US, for example, can watch real veterinary superheroes work at the Georgia Sea Turtle Center on Jekyll Island, Georgia. Within a glass-walled laboratory, veterinarians and marine biologists treat cold-stunned Kemp’s ridley and other sea turtles. Kids can watch as turtles receive physical exams, have their wounds cared for, get blood drawn from their bodies, and have X-rays completed. Educational explanations accompany each procedure and treatment.

After watching the vets treat live turtles, children can head to a station that allows them to make virtual medical decisions for three hypothetical turtle patients by conducting a physical exam, drawing blood, and studying x-rays in order to diagnose the turtle’s health problem. If you can’t get to Georgia, check your local zoo or aquarium for similar programs. 

How teenagers can prepare for veterinary school

As students enter middle and high school, Moyal suggests they volunteer to work with animals in any capacity: at a farm, a kennel, or a veterinarian’s office to better understand all facets of the job. “Veterinarians do clean cages,” she warns.

VetaHumanz, meanwhile, offers a podcast for older kids; one that offers a look into the profession and veterinary colleges.

Veterinary schools, like Cornell and Purdue, often host yearly open houses for prospective students, (as well as family events that expose young children to animal care). Many colleges with veterinary programs also have summer camps for high school students, some of which showcase how specialized the profession can be.

Specialization was a great relief to my daughter—not every vet treats every animal. Upon learning this information, she declared that she was going to be a veterinarian for farm animals only, allowing her to keep her dream alive while decidedly avoiding sea and land creatures with pointier teeth.

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Now’s the time to get your van-life ride ready for winter https://www.popsci.com/diy/how-to-winterize-a-camper/ Wed, 28 Sep 2022 12:13:12 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=473452
A white camper van with curtains parked on a flat, open expanse of snow under blue skies, near some low mountains or hills.
We're not sure this is a great camping spot, but the covered windows mean they're doing something right. Arisa Chattasa / Unsplash

Whether your camper is cruising or sitting, you won't want any cold air getting in.

The post Now’s the time to get your van-life ride ready for winter appeared first on Popular Science.

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A white camper van with curtains parked on a flat, open expanse of snow under blue skies, near some low mountains or hills.
We're not sure this is a great camping spot, but the covered windows mean they're doing something right. Arisa Chattasa / Unsplash

With winter looming, van-lifers have one of two choices: park the rig for a few months and end the road trip season, or continue cruising through the cold. No matter which category you fall into, you’re here because you’re looking for information on how to winterize your camper.

If you’re staying put, you’ll need to ready your rig for several months of sitting, potentially in wet or freezing temperatures. If not, you’ll need to figure out how to keep your vehicle cozy as temperatures drop.

We’ll start by looking at how you can stay warm on the road, then provide a few essential tips for readying your van to hibernate for the winter.

Seal everything up tight

To help ensure your van retains as much heat as possible during cold winter nights, make sure there aren’t any spots where heat can leak out and cold air can slip in. This is also essential if you plan to store your van, as it prevents water from leaking in and causing mold and other issues.

The job is largely a matter of checking that your windows and doors are sealed properly. You should be able to see if the rubber around them has any wear or gaps, and you can also check for water leaks after it rains. If you find any holes, you can close them up with the window sealant available at any hardware store. For more severe problems, like large sections of missing rubber or no seal at all, consider replacing the rubber seals entirely. Depending on your vehicle, you may be able to do this yourself, but some seal brackets require specific tools and you may need help from a shop.

Cover the windows

Uncovered glass allows a lot of heat to seep through, so cover it up. The van life community’s preferred solution tends to be Reflectix, which is easy to cut to size and doubles as a window cover to provide privacy. This flexible insulation not only keeps heat inside your vehicle during the winter, but it also blocks the heat of the sun in the summer, so you can use the stuff year-round.

[Related: The safest ways to stay warm in a power outage]

The shiny aluminum surface, however, can make the atmosphere inside your rig feel a bit sterile and claustrophobic when it’s in place, so most people paint it to add a dash of color and make things feel homier. I recommend painting the exterior face black so your van will look less conspicuous when parked in an urban setting, then painting the interior side whatever color you enjoy most.

Insulate all around

Paneling the interior walls is a common way to improve a van’s aesthetics (you’ll feel less like you’re living in a car), but you can add insulation at the same time. This is easiest to do the first time you panel the interior, rather than waiting until you’ve put some miles on your rig. As you put the panels up, fill the space behind them with spray foam, boards of polystyrene foam, or even just recycled fabric. If you already have panels in place, you may have to take them down to get the job done.

The more insulation, the better, but keep in mind that every inch of insulation you add takes away an inch of livable interior space. Try to strike the right balance based on your vehicle’s design.

Get a carpet

Whether your camper’s floor is uncovered or you’ve layered on wood paneling, that surface will get cold and uncomfortable. Covering the floor with some sort of carpet will not only help retain heat, but it will offer a cozier surface for your feet, hands, knees, and anything else that touches the ground. Thicker is better, but a small area rug will do well in a pinch.

Use a quality sleeping bag

While a lot of van-lifers prefer to feel more at home by sleeping in a bed that has normal sheets, you may find you prefer a well-insulated sleeping bag when winter hits.

For moderate temperatures, I really like the duck down sleeping bag that Marmot made with the renowned fabric designer Pendleton. It looks and feels great, which helps make your van life feel less like typical camping. If you’re looking for a more spacious double-wide sleeping bag, the Kelty Tru.Comfort 20 is outstanding. For extreme cold, you’ll want to look for something with a cold rating of zero degrees Fahrenheit or lower, like the Kelty Mistral 0.

Set up a space heater

For most van-lifers, keeping warm on a day-to-day—and night-to-night—basis involves merely bundling up. For some, however, long nights without a source of heat can make the lifestyle unbearable. That’s where a space heater can become essential.

Space heaters tend to be an imperfect solution, however, because they require a constant source of fuel. Propane heaters are the most effective, but they require you to lug around a bunch of fuel, operate inconsistently at high altitudes, and some models have safety issues. Electric heaters offer more safety and function more reliably, but they suck up a lot of energy from your power station, and high-efficiency models won’t heat larger vans. And while there are some out there who take on the potentially difficult task of installing wood-burning stoves, doing so requires lots of space and can have safety issues. So it’s really about weighing pros and cons and choosing the option with the flaws that least discourage you.

If you’re looking for options, Lasko makes a portable space heater that won’t suck your battery dry too fast. The Mr. Heater Buddy is a popular propane option. And if you have the space and budget for it, Cubic has some solid wood stove setups.

How to prepare your van for storage

If you decide to park your van for the winter, first make sure there are no air or water leaks. I discussed this in more detail above, so if you skipped that section, go back and take a look. Otherwise, run through this checklist before you let it sit:

  • Test the engine coolant mix to ensure proper antifreeze levels. A ratio of equal parts coolant and water will work in most climates, but if you plan on parking in colder temperatures you can adjust that to 60/40.
  • Drain your plumbing system, if you have one, including the water tank, heater, and lines, to keep it from freezing and bursting. This water should be pretty clean, so feel free to dispose of it by watering plants or pouring it down a sewer drain.
  • Remove the vehicle battery and power station and store them someplace warm, or keep the battery plugged into a Battery Tender. Batteries can lose their charge when sitting for long periods, or become corroded if sitting in wet weather.
  • Store your rig in a garage or outdoors covered with a heavy tarp, if possible.
  • Check your van monthly for condensation, mold, pests, and other issues. Maintain it as necessary.

The post Now’s the time to get your van-life ride ready for winter appeared first on Popular Science.

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Voyagers made it to Hawaiʻi thousands of years ago with no compasses. Here’s how. https://www.popsci.com/technology/deep-sea-canoe-navigation-polynesia/ Tue, 27 Sep 2022 13:00:00 +0000 https://www.popsci.com/?p=462336
illustration of woman navigator
Meryl Rowin

Members of the Polynesian Voyaging Society use traditional wayfinding methods to cross the open ocean.

The post Voyagers made it to Hawaiʻi thousands of years ago with no compasses. Here’s how. appeared first on Popular Science.

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illustration of woman navigator
Meryl Rowin

THE MOST IMPORTANT moments of a day on Hōkūleʻa, a 62-foot-long deep-sea canoe, are sunrise and sunset. That’s when the navigator can know for sure where the sailboat is headed. In between, the swell—the direction of the waves—helps hold course, but “you have to have known what direction it’s coming from based on where the sun rose,” says Kaʻiulani Murphy. At night, the stars are an important guide: “The sky kind of gradually changes with your latitude,” Murphy says. But on cloudy days, it is impossible to find a true path without sunrise and moonrise.

Murphy is a watch captain for the Polynesian Voyaging Society, the oldest and best-known group dedicated to the wayfinding methods that first brought humans to Hawaii as early as 300 CE. Originally from Waimea, a small community on the Big Island, Murphy’s been navigating thousand-mile stretches of open sea without so much as a compass for decades.

In 1997, as an 18-year-old undergrad at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa on Oahu, she attended a lecture by Nainoa Thompson, the Voyaging Society’s chief navigator. “I was just so enthralled with the stories he was sharing,” she says. By the following spring, she was doing her first trials on the open water. “I was one of the few people who didn’t get seasick,” she recalls. She cut her teeth as an apprentice navigator in 2000, when she served on part of the return leg of a trip to the remote Rapa Nui (Easter Island). She’s spent many of the days since then following the solar rhythm that led her ancestors across the ocean.

The founding members of the Polynesian Voyaging Society—which include historian Herb Kawainui Kāne, anthropologist Ben Finney, and expert canoer Tommy Holmes—crafted Hōkūleʻa in the mid-1970s. Knowledge of Hawaiian culture was at a nadir after decades of violent colonial influence that, among other things, denied or obscured the fact that ancient Polynesians sailed thousands of miles of open waters. “Hōkūleʻa was built at a time when I think we in Hawaii needed her most,” Murphy says. The boat’s design mimics that of the double-hulled vessels that once traveled more than 2,500 nautical miles from the Marquesas Islands and Tahiti. “When you step on board you almost feel like you’re stepping back in time,” Murphy says. “I think, This is what our kupuna, our ancestors, would have been sailing.

While no one on Hawaii knew exactly how those first epic trips had unfolded, other Oceanic communities had maintained an unbroken chain of wayfinding knowledge. Traditional Micronesian navigator Mau Piailug offered to share the techniques his ancestors had preserved as oral history. In 1976, he joined Kāne, Holmes, and Finney on their newly built vessel and guided them along the historical route, which takes 20 days or more to travel.

Piailug passed on his skills to the Polynesian Voyaging Society’s navigators, who would eventually teach Murphy how to read the stars and swells. Hōkūleʻa—named for the North Star—has now sailed more than 140,000 nautical miles and has a larger sister named Hikianalia, constructed in 2012. The two canoes have traversed the Pacific on 10 major voyages, strengthening ties between Hawaiians and other Indigenous groups such as the Maori.

Growing up in a small community and watching her family farm taro, a traditional root vegetable, made Murphy eager to connect with pre-colonial Hawaiian culture. That fascination led her to Thompson’s lecture, and then into the swells. The group is “kind of what kept me on Oahu,” she says. But it also took her around the world—quite literally, as she served on several legs of a circumnavigation of the Earth in the 2010s. She eventually started teaching, first at Honolulu Community College and then at UH Mānoa, where she oversees the same class on ancient sailing she took at 19.

At sea, Murphy’s primary kuleana, or duty, varies. As watch captain, she coordinates the movement of the canoe and its crew, which ranges in number from eight to 14. Folks work in four-hour shifts; the rest of the time, they write in journals, practice music, craft gifts, and watch the ocean.

When Murphy serves as navigator, the job starts on land. The first step is plotting a detailed reference course—complete with an estimated schedule—using nautical charts and specs like currents and average wind. It’s something her ancestors wouldn’t have had on those first trips to Hawaii, but then again, today’s voyagers lack the multigenerational experience those explorers surely leaned on.

Once at sea, Murphy relies solely on ancient methods to keep to the plan. “As a navigator, you have to be really in tune to what’s going on in nature,” she says. For example, she often takes cues from seabirds: A pale, pigeon-like Manu o Kū means the boat is probably less than 120 miles from a coastline. The small, sooty noio has a much shorter range, so it’s a reliable harbinger of land. Seeing either helps the crew confirm its location relative to the islands and continents it cruises by.

Murphy says it’s “beautiful” to watch the renaissance of traditional Polynesian navigation. “In the beginning, there was a lot of trying to prove things, especially this ability to navigate,” she says. Today, multiple groups explore the seas in canoes modeled after their kupuna’s vessels. “Now we [have relearned] this knowledge, we want to make sure it is never lost again,” Murphy says. That means maintaining boats and building new ones, continuing the practice of voyaging, and teaching it to future generations.

But it’s not just about cultural preservation, she says—it’s about a way of connecting with the planet. For Murphy it all comes down to time with Hōkūleʻa, watching the sun rise and set, keeping an eye out for birds, and relying on the natural world for guidance. “There’s so much magic in that,” she says.

This story originally ran in the Fall 2022 Daredevil Issue of PopSci. Read more PopSci+ stories.

The post Voyagers made it to Hawaiʻi thousands of years ago with no compasses. Here’s how. appeared first on Popular Science.

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